Characteristics Of Blockchain Research Articles

Land Registration using Blockchain Technology.

Land registration authorities face frequently criticism for the alleged mismanagement or manipulation the land records across various nations. Pakistan, out particular, grapples with the heightened susceptibility the falsification and corruption its property records due to economic challenges. This vulnerability results of conflicting claims of authority over specific parcels of land. consolidation of the data further exacerbates this susceptibility to the security threats. A land administration system (LAS) is the structured framework designed to the govern of management of land resources in a specific region or country. However, LAS faces challenges like the inefficiencies, of a lack of transparency, and the susceptibility to fraud. Digitization of land records improved efficiency but failed to address manipulation, centralized databases, and the double-spending issues. Traditional lease and mortgage management systems also suffer from complexity, errors, and a lack of real-time validation. At present, a significant influx of land transactions produces substantial data, classifiable as big data due to the constant minute-to the-minute occurrences like the land transfers, acquisitions, document verification, and leasing/mortgaging transactions. In that context, we present the Blockchain-driven system that not only tackles alteration and double-spending issues in atraditional systems but also a implements distributed data and management. Current state-of-the-art solutions do not fully incorporate crucial features of the Blockchain, such as transparency, prevention of double-spending, auditability, immutability, and user and their participation. To the tackle this problem, this the research introduces a comprehensive Blockchain-powered framework for the lease and the mortgage management, addressing transparency, user and their involvement, and the double-spending the prevention. Unlike existing solutions, ourused framework integrates the key Blockchain characteristics for the holistic approach. Through their practical use cases and involving property owners, banks, and financial institutions, they establish a secure, distributed, transparent method for the property financing

Crowdfunding for Social Impact using Blockchain

Abstract: In the realm of philanthropy and social impact, crowdfunding has emerged as a powerful tool for mobilizing resources towards meaningful causes. This project investigates the fusion of crowdfunding into technology that uses blockchain to engender a platform for social giving which is transparent and efficient. The system enables users to donate funds securely using Ethereum cryptocurrency through the MetaMask wallet, ensuring transparency and traceability of transactions. At its core, the project leverages Solidity smart contracts deployed on the Sepolia network via Alchemy to manage donation campaigns. Next.js is employed to develop an intuitive user interface that simplifies the donation process. Each campaign on the platform represents a social cause, and donors can contribute directly to these campaigns. One of the characteristics of blockchain, decentralization makes sure that donations are transferred in a secure manner to the intended recipients or campaign creators, reducing intermediary costs and enhancing trust. The system promotes accountability by providing donors visibility into how their contributions are utilized. By utilizing blockchain technology, this project not only streamlines the donation process but also addresses concerns around transparency and accountability in traditional philanthropy. It empowers individuals to support causes they care about directly, fostering a more inclusive and impactful approach to social giving. This abstract aims to elucidate the essence of the project in a clear and accessible manner, inviting readers of all backgrounds to understand and appreciate the innovative intersection of blockchain and social impact crowdfunding.

Smart contract: Revolutionizing transactions in the digital age

Blockchain technology is a revolutionary concept that has transformed various industries, offering decentralized and secure solutions for data management. At its core, a blockchain is a distributed and immutable ledger that records transactions across a network of computers. One of the key features of blockchain is its transparency, as each participant in the network has access to the same information. The application of blockchain technology extends across diverse sectors, with finance being the most promising and well-known application domain. Cryptocurrencies, like Bitcoin and Ethereum, rely on blockchain to facilitate secure and transparent transactions. The decentralized nature of blockchain eliminates the need for intermediaries, reducing transaction costs and increasing efficiency. Beyond finance, blockchain is making significant strides in supply chain management. The emergence of blockchain technology has paved the way for a transformative innovation in the realm of digital transactions: smart contracts. These self-executing contracts encoded in blockchain have garnered significant attention for their potential to revolutionize the way agreements are made, executed, and enforced. This paper explores the concept of smart contracts, delving into the underlying technology, finding applications across various industries, legal implications, and future prospects.

Blockchain-based secure communication of internet of things in space–air–ground integrated network

Under the Internet of Things (IoT) era, the cooperation of multiple service providers has facilitated the development of large-scale distributed IoT with a strong demand for reliable and real-time communications. The Space–Air–Ground Integration Network (SAGIN) can be seen as an extension of the traditional terrestrial network with open and ubiquitous connectivity that can be used to support the future IoT in the 6G era. However, the deployment of SAGIN is fraught with numerous challenges, particularly in terms of security. As an emerging technology, blockchain has received academic attention in mitigating the trust problem of SAGIN communication systems. In this paper, we introduce a decentralized data transmission framework that combines the characteristics of SAGIN and blockchain. This framework leverages the increasing computational and communication capabilities of low Earth orbit satellites. Subsequently, we provide an overview of the three-layer structure of this framework and detail the four working steps of the transmission mechanism. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme has excellent performance in terms of latency and throughput while ensuring the security of data transmission.

Blockchain technology for supply chain traceability: A game-theoretic analysis between e-platforms.

In view of the rapid development and application of blockchain technology, this paper considers a secondary supply chain system consisting of a single upstream supplier and a downstream e-tailer that implements blockchain technology and a traditional e-tailer that does not implement blockchain technology. We establish the demand function of two channels based on consumers' sensitivity to the blockchain and use the Stackelberg game model to compare and analyse the e-tailers' profits from the two channels. For the basic properties, interestingly, we find that there exists a critical threshold on the cost sensitivity to effort that helps each e-tailer decide whether to implement effort. If the cost sensitivity to effort is high, the two-sided e-tailers will reduce their effort as much as possible to obtain greater profits. Conversely, if the cost sensitivity to effort is low, they will increase their effort to obtain more benefits. We also discuss the role of blockchain technology in competition between e-tailers and analyse the impact of the product brand effect brought by the traceability characteristic of blockchain on the competition between e-tailers. To check the robustness of the core results and to investigate different forms of supply chain configurations, this paper further develops the analysis of the supplier entering agency agreements with two-sided e-tailers. Under this scenario, the supplier sells their products directly to consumers through two-sided e-platforms and shares revenue with e-tailers as platform agency fees. These core ideas remain valid in the extended model.

INNBC DApp, a decentralized application to permanently store biomedical data on a modern, proof-of-stake (POS), blockchain such as BNB Smart Chain

BackgroundA blockchain can be described as a distributed ledger database where, under a consensus mechanism, data are permanently stored in records, called blocks, linked together with cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash function of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data, which are permanently stored in thousands of nodes and never altered. This provides a potential real-world application for generating a permanent, decentralized record of scientific data, taking advantage of blockchain features such as timestamping and immutability.ImplementationHere, we propose INNBC DApp, a Web3 decentralized application providing a simple front-end user interface connected with a smart contract for recording scientific data on a modern, proof-of-stake (POS) blockchain such as BNB Smart Chain. Unlike previously proposed blockchain tools that only store a hash of the data on-chain, here the data are stored fully on-chain within the transaction itself as “transaction input data”, with a true decentralized storage solution. In addition to plain text, the DApp can record various types of files, such as documents, images, audio, and video, by using Base64 encoding. In this study, we describe how to use the DApp and perform real-world transactions storing different kinds of data from previously published research articles, describing the advantages and limitations of using such a technology, analyzing the cost in terms of transaction fees, and discussing possible use cases.ResultsWe have been able to store several different types of data on the BNB Smart Chain: raw text, documents, images, audio, and video. Notably, we stored several complete research articles at a reasonable cost. We found a limit of 95KB for each single file upload. Considering that Base64 encoding increases file size by approximately 33%, this provides us with a theoretical limit of 126KB. We successfully overcome this limitation by splitting larger files into smaller chunks and uploading them as multi-volume archives. Additionally, we propose AES encryption to protect sensitive data. Accordingly, we show that it is possible to include enough data to be useful for storing and sharing scientific documents and images on the blockchain at a reasonable cost for the users.ConclusionINNBC DApp represents a real use case for blockchain technology in decentralizing biomedical data storage and sharing, providing us with features such as immutability, timestamp, and identity that can be used to ensure permanent availability of the data and to provide proof-of-existence as well as to protect authorship, a freely available decentralized science (DeSci) tool aiming to help bring mass adoption of blockchain technology among the scientific community.

Web3.0 Document Security: Leveraging Blockchain Technology

In the quickly developing landscape of Web3.0, ensuring the security and integrity of digital documents has become paramount. This abstract introduces a groundbreaking solution, "Web3.0 Document Security: Leveraging Blockchain Technology," which harnesses the power of blockchain to revolutionize document transmission and protection. This innovative system leverages the inherent characteristics of blockchain, such as immutability, transparency, and decentralization, to develop a secured and sealed environment for the exchange of digital documents. By utilizing smart contracts, cryptographic hashing, and decentralized storage, this application guarantees the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of documents in an interconnected Web3.0 world. This paper provides an overview of the key features, benefits, and implications of adopting a decentralized application as the foundation for secure document transmission in the era of Web3.0 . Keywords— Documents, Data Security, Data Integrity, Secure Transmission, Cryptography, Blockchain, Cloud Technology, Web3

A Proposed High-Level Methodology on How OSINT is applied in Blockchain Investigations

The characteristics of blockchain established a desirable platform for entities to innovate and operate in a secure, transparent, and decentralised manner. However, cybercriminals have increasingly found refuge in the decentralised environment of blockchain technology. Cryptocurrencies are increasingly misused in malicious activities that encompass the trade of illicit goods, money laundering, various types of scams and ransomware attacks. The total cryptocurrency value received by illicit addresses reached an all-time high of $20.6 billion in 2022 according to Chainalysis. The inherent privacy and anonymity features of many blockchain networks make it challenging for law enforcement and regulatory agencies to track and apprehend wrongdoers. Consequently, a pressing need arises not only to initiate investigations on the blockchain to identify unlawful activities, but also to discover connections between these activities and the identities of the responsible individuals. Due to blockchain data being publicly available, the application of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) techniques is proposed to facilitate these types of investigations. In the context of blockchain, OSINT, together with investigation tools hold the promise of unearthing valuable information that could aid in attributing malicious activities to the individuals responsible for those actions. By analysing and synthesizing data from publicly accessible sources, such as data from blockchain explorers and link analysis tools such Chainalysis, Maltego or Spiderfoot, investigators could potentially unveil valuable clues that assist in building a comprehensive picture of blockchain-related criminal activities. Ultimately, with sufficient information and actionable intelligence collected, the main goal is to link it to Know Your Customer (KYC) data, that could be obtained from cryptocurrency exchanges via a subpoena from law enforcement agencies. This paper delves into the mechanisms of various OSINT tools and techniques, to determine their adaptability to the specific demands of blockchain investigations. This study provides a methodology and recommendations with insights into how these tools can be wielded to bridge the gap between blockchain's pseudonymity and real-world identities.

Blockchain in asset management: An extensive review of opportunities and challenges

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative force within the financial sector, particularly in asset management. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the opportunities and challenges associated with integrating blockchain in asset management practices. The opportunities presented by blockchain in asset management are multifaceted. The decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain enables increased transparency and security in the tracking and transfer of assets. Smart contracts, a key feature of blockchain, automate and streamline various processes, reducing operational costs and minimizing the risk of errors. This technology also facilitates real-time settlement and enhances liquidity, contributing to increased efficiency in asset management workflows. However, along with these opportunities come substantial challenges. Regulatory uncertainties, interoperability issues, and the need for industry-wide standards are significant hurdles that the asset management sector must overcome to fully harness the potential of blockchain. Security concerns related to the custody and protection of digital assets, as well as the scalability of blockchain networks, also demand careful consideration. Moreover, the integration of blockchain in asset management necessitates a paradigm shift in organizational structures and industry practices. Stakeholders must adapt to new ways of managing and transferring assets, embracing the cultural and technological changes inherent in blockchain adoption. Education and collaboration among industry participants are crucial for navigating the complexities of this transformative technology. In conclusion, this extensive review highlights the immense potential of blockchain in revolutionizing asset management while shedding light on the formidable challenges that need to be addressed for successful implementation. As the industry continues to explore and adopt blockchain solutions, collaboration and proactive measures will be essential in maximizing the benefits and mitigating the risks associated with this groundbreaking technology.

Investigating accounting professionals’ intention to adopt blockchain technology

PurposeBlockchain’s potential is so significant that business activities across all industries can be drastically altered. Furthermore, the characteristics of blockchain appear to be well-suited to accounting requirements. However, accounting professionals’ attitude and intention toward blockchain adoption are not clear, particularly in India. Thus, this study aims to investigate and evaluate accountants’ intention to adopt blockchain technology in accounting activities.Design/methodology/approachThis study examined and assessed accountants’ intention to use blockchain in accounting. To effectively measure usage intention, this study extended the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model by including context-specific constructs. To empirically test and validate the proposed model, data were collected from “369” professional accountants in India.FindingsThe findings revealed that facilitating conditions, performance expectancy and initial trust had a significant impact on adoption. Furthermore, the regulatory framework materially moderated the association between usage intention and its predictors.Originality/valueThese findings provide new empirical evidence about the impact of different predictors of usage intention by extending the UTAUT model. Relevant stakeholders can refer to this pioneering study to increase the adoption of blockchain as an efficient and trustworthy system among professional accountants, particularly in developing countries such as India.

Supply Chain Management in Agriculture using Blockchain

Block chains are now firmly established as a digital technology that combines cryptographic, data management, networking, and incentive mechanisms to support the verification, execution, and recording of transactions between parties. While block chain technologies were originally intended to support new forms of digital currency for easier and secure payments, they now hold promise as a new foundation for all forms of transactions. Agribusiness stands to become a key beneficiary of this technology as a platform to execute ‘smart contracts’ for transactions, particularly for high-value produce. First it is important to distinguish between private digital currencies and the distributed ledger and block chain technologies that underlie them. The distributed and cross- border nature of digital currencies like Bit coin means that regulation of the core protocols of these systems by central banks is unlikely to be effective. Monetary authorities are focused more on understanding ‘on-ramps’ and ‘off-ramps’ that constitute the links to the traditional payments system rather than being able to monitor and regulate the currency itself. In contrast to the digital currency feature of block chain, the distributed ledger feature has the potential for widespread use in agribusiness and trade financing, especially where workflows involve many different parties with no trusted central entity

Security Challenges in the Application of Blockchain Technology in Energy Trading

This paper examines the interplay between blockchain technology and the energy sector, focusing on security limits, barriers, and challenges. The authors discusses the primary components of cyber risks, including threats, vulnerabilities, and impacts that plague blockchain systems and their application, network, and data layers. Further, anonymity is a key feature of blockchain, ensuring that blockchain users, nodes, and miners remain unidentifiable by any measure. Therefore, perpetrator-focused measures are not viable when assigning responsibility for dangerous and illegal conduct. There are concerns that the concealment of identity will broaden blockchain attack surfaces and pose risks to energy security. The authors also emphasises the need for a well-defined and consistent legal and regulatory framework to address the complexities of blockchain development in the energy sector and assert that the maturity of blockchain in this industry will depend on balancing security and user rights and suggest implementing ex-ante and ex-post measures. This paper is novel; the author seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the security challenges faced by blockchain-based energy applications and offer practical solutions for mitigating these cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities.

Design and evaluation of architectural framework for a secured local energy market model based on distributed ledger technologies

AbstractBlockchain‐based local energy markets have been proposed in recent years to provide a market platform for local prosumers and consumers to exchange their energy in a secured, transparent and tamper‐proof manner. However, there are still some challenges regarding the scalability of blockchain to handle high computational models/algorithms/contracts as this may result in the extension of the block size of the blockchain network and very high gas costs. Also, there is still the problem of transparency as regards General Data Protection Regulation because the full visibility of data in the blockchain may collide with privacy in some settings. A framework is presented that combines the on‐chain features of blockchain with trusted execution environments to develop a transparent, tamper‐resistant, low operation cost, scalable and resilient hybrid model architecture for local electricity trading. The model architecture was simulated in German community case scenarios for a varying number of prosumers and consumers to show its applicability. The simulation results show that the model was able to solve the scalability problem of blockchain for the local energy market application as the market model is run in a trusted environment where the integrity of the model can be verified by the participants.

An AI-enabled secure framework for enhanced elder healthcare

The healthcare sector has been revolutionized by Information and Communication Technology (ICT), leading to increased patient life expectancy and reduced healthcare costs. In the realm of cutting-edge research, Digital Twins (DT) technology holds great promise for improving healthcare. This study introduces a new approach to securing adult healthcare data by combining the Internet of Things (IoT), DT technology, and blockchain technology. Specifically, a context-aware physical activity monitoring framework is proposed for adult healthcare, incorporating an Artificial Intelligence-inspired Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) technique to analyze real-time abnormalities in the elderly. The CNN is trained on a large dataset, learning to recognize patterns and anomalies associated with abnormal conditions or behaviors in the elderly. The framework also ensures data security through the advanced features of blockchain, employing the Reputation-based Byzantine Fault Tolerance (RBFT) method for the consortium network. Experimental simulations validate the proposed technique, demonstrating its superior efficacy compared to state-of-the-art techniques. The results exhibit betters statistical measures of Delay Latency (121.23s), Prediction Efficacy (Precision (93.357%), Specificity (93.58%), Sensitivity (94.15%), and F-measure (94.58%)), Reliability (89.62%), and Stability (71%).

Enabling Attribute-based Access Control for OpenStack Cloud Resources through Smart Contracts

The increasing complexity of cloud computing has prompted a greater emphasis on protecting the privacy, integrity, and security of data stored and processed in the cloud. Data privacy is safeguarded through access control, but existing models such as Role Based Access Control (RBAC) and Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC) rely on a centralized server. If this server is compromised, it poses significant risks to data security. To address this issue, there is a need for Distributed ABAC (DABAC) system for OpenStack services based on blockchain. The unique features of blockchain enables access control systems which ensures data integrity and privacy. Additionally, blockchain offers a level of transparency for both the resource owner and a user. In this work, we propose a smart contract based ABAC system. We implemented the proposed work using an Ethereum blockchain and OpenStack cloud. Furthermore, we evaluated two consensus algorithms for scalability analysis of DABC mechanism. The results demonstrate that DABAC performs better than ABAC in ensuring fine-grade access control with proof of stake consensus algorithm providing better scalability.

Blockchain technology as a tool for countering illicit use of website access

This paper introduces an innovative approach to cybersecurity, integrating blockchain technology with economic analysis to address the burgeoning challenges in website security, such as unauthorized access and data breaches. The study delves into the existing security measures, highlighting their limitations and proposing a robust solution through the unique features of blockchain, like immutability, decentralized data storage, and cryptographic encryption. To analyze the distribution of access to web resources, it employs the Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve, which aids in identifying potential vulnerabilities and provides a quantitative foundation for evaluating the security system’s effectiveness. In a significant advancement, the paper describes the creation of a Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagram and a class structure design to conceptualize the integration of blockchain and economic analysis within the cybersecurity framework. Additionally, it discusses the development of a Python-based algorithm, illustrating its functionality and efficiency in real-world scenarios. The algorithm’s performance was meticulously tested using authentic data sets, with the results demonstrating a marked improvement in websites’ ability to counteract cyber threats. By incorporating practical aspects such as UML schematics, class structure development, and Python coding into the research, this paper not only proposes a theoretical model but also showcases its application potential. The research has substantial practical implications, offering a new paradigm for website protection across diverse web applications, including corporate portals and e-commerce. It also makes a pivotal contribution to the academic community, merging cybersecurity, blockchain technology, and economic analysis, and opening new avenues for future research.

An Overview of Blockchain-Based Electronic Health Records and Compliance with GDPR and HIPAA

The healthcare sector plays a pivotal role in both generating and relying on vast amounts of data, emphasizing the significance of collecting, managing, and sharing information. Technological advancements have facilitated the transformation of healthcare data into electronic health records (EHRs). These digital records are disseminated among various stakeholders, including patients, healthcare professionals, providers, insurance companies, and pharmacies. Given the sensitivity of healthcare information, the assimilation of new technologies is paramount. Blockchain technology, with its immutable nature and decentralized features, has emerged as a promising solution to instigate changes in the healthcare system. In the healthcare domain, where confidentiality is crucial, strict regulations are in place to safeguard patient privacy. Frameworks like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) are designed to mitigate the risks associated with health data breaches. Although blockchain's characteristics, such as enhanced interoperability, anonymity, and access control, can improve the overall landscape of health data management, it is imperative for blockchain applications to adhere to existing regulatory frameworks for practical implementation. This paper delves into the examination of the compliance of blockchain-based EHR systems with regulations like HIPAA and GDPR. Additionally, it introduces a Blockchain-based EHR model specifically crafted to seamlessly align with regulatory requirements, ensuring its viability and effectiveness in real-world scenarios.

Application of Sustainable Blockchain Technology in the Internet of Vehicles: Innovation in Traffic Sign Detection Systems

With the rapid development of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), traffic sign detection plays an indispensable role in advancing autonomous driving and intelligent transportation. However, current road traffic sign detection technologies face challenges in terms of information privacy protection, model accuracy verification, and result sharing. To enhance system sustainability, this paper introduces blockchain technology. The decentralized, tamper-proof, and consensus-based features of blockchain ensure data privacy and security among vehicles while facilitating trustworthy validation of traffic sign detection algorithms and result sharing. Storing model training data on distributed nodes reduces the system computational resources, thereby lowering energy consumption and improving system stability, enhancing the sustainability of the model. This paper introduces an enhanced GGS-YOLO model, optimized based on YOLOv5. The model strengthens the feature extraction capability of the original network by introducing a coordinate attention mechanism and incorporates a BiFPN feature fusion network to enhance detection accuracy. Additionally, the newly designed GGS convolutional module not only improves accuracy but also makes the model more lightweight. The model achieves an enhanced detection accuracy rate of 85.6%, with a reduced parameter count of 0.34×107. In a bid to broaden its application scope, we integrate the model with blockchain technology for traffic sign detection in the IoV. This method demonstrates outstanding performance in traffic sign detection tasks within the IoV, confirming its feasibility and sustainability in practical applications.

S3EF-HBCAs: Secure and Sustainable Software Engineering Framework for Healthcare Blockchain Applications.

Blockchain applications in healthcare have grown rapidly. They include record-keeping, clinical trials, medical supply chains, patient monitoring, etc., where blockchain characteristics are needed to improve safety, privacy, and security. Blockchain technology is one of the most significant disruptive technologies today. However, Porru et al.1 reported that it lacks processes, tools, and techniques. Therefore, this paper provides a systematic framework for a secure and sustainable software engineering framework for healthcare blockchain applications (S3EF-HBCA). S3EF-HBCA is a significant contribution that includes requirements engineering for healthcare, business process modeling for healthcare, domain modeling for healthcare, a reference architecture for healthcare, and validation by a case study on electronic healthcare record management system (EHR), and simulation with business process modeling notation (BPMN) tools. The simulation shows it has taken 10.45 min to process 100 instances of real-time data and service requests. The overall result shows encouragement regarding process, tools, standards, and testing.

Blockchain and Business Process Management (BPM) Synergy: A Comparative Analysis of Modeling Approaches

Blockchain technology has become a powerful disruptive force that upends established ideas in several industries. A fascinating point of convergence is that of blockchain technology and Business Process Management (BPM), where the distributed and immutable characteristics of blockchain promise to completely transform the modeling, implementation, and oversight of business processes. This symbiosis offers a singular chance to develop corporate processes that are more efficient, safe, and transparent. Nevertheless, to guarantee that blockchain-specific components are accurately represented in these processes, modeling techniques need to be critically examined as part of integrating blockchain into BPM. This literature review examines blockchain-BPM integration using different modeling methodologies. Though well-established, traditional BPM approaches may need help with blockchain-specific aspects. Blockchain-oriented modeling includes smart contracts and decentralized consensus. Hybrid models with blockchain and traditional elements are popular. Adaptability, model clarity, and blockchain integration are evaluated in the analysis. This literature review aims to improve corporate processes’ efficiency, security, and transparency by investigating how to model the integration of blockchain and BPM better.