Blockchain-based Voting Research Articles

Enhancing Security and Transparency in Online Voting through Blockchain Decentralization

Most existing e-government services are centralized and rely heavily on human control. This centralized approach makes the system more susceptible to external attacks and compromises data integrity by rogue insiders. Additionally, relying on individuals to monitor and control workflows introduces errors and corruption risks. In order to guarantee security and transparency, this study proposes an automated and decentralized online voting system that makes use of blockchain technology. Compared to conventional voting techniques, it is more efficient and cost-effective, because it eliminates the need of intermediaries. The primary goal of this research is to use blockchain technology to develop a transparent and safe online voting system. In this paper, a decentralized voting system will be developed utilizing ethereum blockchain and smart contracts to ensure the voting process’s integrity. The system can be evaluated with simulated voting data to reflect real-world scenarios, focusing on security, scalability, and user-friendliness. The study also explores potential future enhancements, such as incorporating biometric authentication to further improve accessibility and security. The insights provided will be valuable to policymakers, researchers, and practitioners involved in the development, implementation, and regulation of blockchain-based voting systems.

An Enhanced Blockchain-based Voting System Using Blake3 Cryptographic Hash Function

An Enhanced Blockchain-based Voting System Using Blake3 Cryptographic Hash Function

E-Voting System Using Blockchain and Face Recognition

Abstract: Voting systems have evolved over time, with paper voting becoming the most common worldwide. The introduction of electronic voting in the last decade has brought long-term solutions, but problems remain, especially in terms of security, trust, transparency and operation. Estonia has emerged as a leader in electronic voting despite limited blockchain integration. Blockchain technology offers a promising solution to these challenges through immutability and decentralization. However, current blockchain-based voting technology often lacks good solutions or lacks adequate measurement and evaluation. This article presents a new blockchain-based electronic voting platform designed to solve these problems in many elections. Our platform, which uses blockchain technology, prevents external intervention when starting the election by completing the administrative process in the central distribution system. Always be transparent while protecting voters' identities with homomorphic encryption. Our extensive testing and comparisons on our independent blockchain projects show that there is little difference between public and private blockchains. The main innovation of our solution is the provided management system using blockchain and homomorphic encryption, transparent process and stable security and self-assessment. This research contributes to the development of electronic elections to increase the security, transparency and efficiency of the democratic process.

Implementing a Blockchain-based E-Voting System for India: Mitigating Security Challenges through Aadhaar Card Authentication

Abstract: Positive developments have resulted from the incorporation of technology into many elements of social life. Blockchain technology is a significant game shift in this area. Blockchain has transformed many organizations by creating a fair playing field for both customers and large entities such as corporations and governments, thanks to its decentralized architecture and immutability. The blockchain's decentralized structure allows for transparency and independent verification of election results, while immutability ensures the integrity of the voting process by eliminating the possibility of interference. While blockchainbased voting systems have benefits such as decentralization, immutability, and transparency, several difficulties must be addressed. Scalability is one of these difficulties that requires careful consideration. Furthermore, it is critical to ensure the security of the voting process, which includes voter fraud, cyberattacks, and vote manipulation. However, by implementing robust safeguards like voter identification via Aadhaar card authentication and advanced security protocols like multifactor authentication and encryption,

Online Voting System using Blockchain Technology

Voting stands as a cornerstone of democracy in any nation, empowering citizens to select future leaders and express their views within their communities. It fosters an understanding of civic duty and citizenship significance. Online voting systems, digital platforms designed to conduct elections securely, streamline the voting process by eliminating traditional paper ballots and in-person gatherings. These systems safeguard the integrity of each vote by preventing multiple submissions. Contrasting paper-based methods, electronic voting, or e-voting, offers inherent advantages such as heightened efficiency and reduced errors. Such systems promote broader participation by enabling individuals to vote from any location with internet access. Blockchain technology, an emerging decentralized innovation with robust cryptographic underpinnings, holds promise for enhancing various industries. Integrating e-voting with blockchain could address existing e-voting concerns. Here, we propose a blockchain-based voting system to curb fraud and enhance the simplicity, security, and efficiency of the voting process. Keywords: Blockchain, Ethereum, Smart-contracts, Online-voting, Privacy, Trust, Security

Decentralized Voting System Using Ethereum Blockchain

Electronic voting, or e-voting, offers fundamental advantages over paper-based systems, including increased efficiency and reduced errors. The electronic voting system aims to boost user participation by enabling individuals to cast their votes from any location using any device with an internet connection. Blockchain, an emerging decentralized technology with robust cryptographic foundations, holds the potential to enhance various industries. Integrating blockchain technology into e-voting systems could address current concerns and challenges, providing a promising solution for improvement. This paper proposes a blockchain-based voting system designed to mitigate voting fraud, simplify the voting process, and ensure security and efficiency through face recognition. The lack of adequate transparency in many voting systems presents a significant challenge to building trust among voters, making it difficult for the government to secure their confidence. The failure of traditional and current digital voting systems lies in their susceptibility to exploitation. To address this, the paper suggests a framework employing effective hashing techniques to ensure data security. The concept of block creation and sealing is introduced, emphasizing the implementation of hashing algorithms. The proposed framework discusses the effectiveness of the polling process, detailing the implementation of an adjustable blockchain method involving utility establishment, contract formation, block creation and sealing, data accumulation, and results declaration. This approach ensures a dynamic and flexible application of blockchain technology. Key Words: Blockchain, E-Voting, Smart Contract, Face Regconition.

Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting System: Significance and Requirements

In a democratic regime, voting is crucial to making collective decisions. Unfortunately, although this activity has great significance and value, little effort has been made to improve the way we vote. Paper ballots are still the most used method, although this method is relatively simple, brings many inconveniences, and represents a contradiction to the modern world and its advances. This paper mostly focuses on a review study of blockchain-based voting systems. It aims at identifying the strategies and the guidelines as well as provides a comprehensive end-to-end electronic voting system based on blockchain, with the help of cryptographic techniques such as zero-knowledge proofs to improve privacy. The novelty of this paper is that we tackle the limitations of electronic voting systems found in the literature, including cost, identity management, and scalability problems. Our purpose is to provide key elements for organizations on how to design their proper electronic voting system based on blockchain technology.

Remote electronic voting in elections in Russia: State, problems, prospects

The paper examines the Russian experience of introducing remote electronic voting into the electoral process. By referring to the experience of other countries, we highlight the positive and negative aspects of remote electronic voting. The interest of states therein is due to the capability of combating the electorate absenteeism at polling stations for voting. Along with that, the results of surveying Russians on the use of remote electronic voting in elections show that some voters do not trust the outcomes of such voting for fear of fraud. We accumulated preferential provisions that constitute the interest of states in remote electronic voting. Blockchain technologies used in electronic voting are diverse and affect the public’s attitude to the voting results in different ways, many electoral process participants do not understand the technical component of the electronic program. Russia uses a closed blockchain, therefore only the electoral process participants having a special key can view the data. It turned out that blockchain-based voting does not solve fundamental security problems, but on the contrary is technically more vulnerable than traditional paper ballot voting or postal voting. In Russia, legal regulation relates more to the technical aspects of organizing and implementing remote electronic voting in elections, but does not solve all the problems, leaving many gaps for the guarantees of citizens’ electoral rights. Currently, the optimal model will be the combination of both traditional (paper ballot) and remote voting forms in order to reduce the risks of the latter, i. e. to apply a hybrid voting format in elections. Russian electoral legislation needs to be adapted to the hybrid format of elections with a paper ballot and an electronic ballot, providing voting rights of citizens and remote electronic voting.

Ballot and Beyond: Exploring Blockchain Voting

Abstract: The conventional voting system faces widespread distrust, necessitating a shift towards democratic voting in nations. The suggested platform offers a framework that can be used to perform blockchain-based digital voting without the need for actual polling places. Our suggested design makes use of adaptable consensus algorithms to enable a scalable blockchain. The voting process can be made more secure by the voting system’s application of the Chain Security Algorithm. In the process of carrying out a transaction in the chain, smart contracts offer a safe connection between the user and the network. It has also been argued how secure the voting mechanism based on blockchain is. Furthermore, elaborated are the methods for preventing 51 percent attack on the blockchain and encrypting transactions using cryptographic hashes. Additionally, using Blockchain, the procedure for conducting blockchain transactions during the voting process has been developed. Ultimately, the suggested system’s performance review demonstrates that a sizable population can use the system. In conclusion the proposed blockchainbased voting system aims to build trust between government and voters, make the voting process transparent and trustworthy, and improve the level of the electoral system’s reliability, traceability, and trust.

Survey on Decentralized Democracy: Blockchain Voting System

Voting is a fundamental pillar of democracy, but traditional voting systems face numerous challenges, including concerns related to security, transparency, and accessibility. In recent years, blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution to revolutionize the voting process. By leveraging the inherent characteristics of blockchain technology, a blockchain-based voting system can enhance the integrity and trustworthiness of the voting process. Blockchain-based voting systems offer several key features and benefits. One of the main advantages is the security and immutability of voter data, which makes it virtually impossible to tamper with or manipulate. Each vote is recorded as a transaction on the blockchain, creating a transparent and auditable ledger that can be accessed by all stakeholders. This eliminates the need for intermediaries such as government agencies or third-party voting providers, reducing the risk of interference and tampering. Another advantage of blockchain-based voting systems is increased accessibility. Remote and mobile voting can help improve voter turnout and participation, especially for individuals who may have difficulty accessing traditional polling stations. Moreover, blockchain technology can maintain the anonymity of voters while ensuring the verifiability of their choices, which guarantees the privacy of their decisions. Despite these benefits, challenges persist, including concerns about identity verification and cybersecurity. Addressing these issues is crucial for the widespread adoption of blockchain-based voting systems. In conclusion, a blockchain-based voting system has the potential to transform the way elections are conducted by providing a secure, efficient, and transparent platform that empowers citizens and strengthens the democratic process. As the technology continues to evolve, it is essential to address its limitations while harnessing its advantages to build a more robust and inclusive electoral system. Keywords: Blockchain, voting, election, decentralized, secure, transparency, immutability, privacy.

E-VOTING SYSTEM USING ETHEREUM BLOCKCHAIN

Ethereum introduced decentralized applications (DApps) to leverage blockchain's potential, distinct from the cryptocurrency buzz dominating discussions. Ethereum offers a robust platform for DApp development, utilizing the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). With increasing smart contract integration, Ethereum's ecosystem strengthens, as these self-executing contracts govern transactions while ensuring consensus among all participants. In democratic societies, the demand for a transparent and secure electronic voting platform is high. Ethereum, with its expansive network, is an ideal choice for such projects. Our implementation focuses on a decentralized, blockchain-based voting system. Multiple nodes collectively store voting data, ensuring redundancy. In case of node issues, users can access their data from operational nodes, enhancing system reliability. This contrasts with traditional centralized servers, prone to hacking or failures that compromise data accessibility and integrity. Blockchain's immutable data storage prevents tampering, as nodes independently verify each block using cryptographic hash codes. Unauthorized changes trigger immediate alerts, enhancing security and trust in the voting system.

ElectAnon: A Blockchain-based, Anonymous, Robust, and Scalable Ranked-choice Voting Protocol

Remote voting has become more critical in recent years, especially since the COVID-19 outbreak. Blockchain technology and its benefits such as decentralization, security, and transparency have given rise to proposals for blockchain-based voting systems. However, the traceability of blockchain transactions violates voter anonymity in existing proposals. Besides, transaction costs also need to be considered. Solutions that may cause repeated elections should be avoided for a low-cost scalable voting system. In this work, we propose ElectAnon, a blockchain-based, self-tallying, and ranked-choice voting protocol focusing on anonymity, robustness, and scalability. ElectAnon achieves anonymity by enabling voters to register with identity commitments and cast their votes via zero-knowledge proofs. Robustness is realized by removing the direct control of the authorities in the voting process by using timed-state machines. Each voter encodes the ballot into a single integer and blinds the vote off-chain while making the verification on-chain. This makes the protocol infinitely scalable in the number of voters. ElectAnon is also a solution for governance in Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO): It includes a candidate proposal module and an algorithm-agnostic mechanism to plug-in different tallying methods easily. The Merkle forest extension is proposed for conducting even more trustless elections. ElectAnon is implemented with smart contracts based on Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and a zero-knowledge gadget, Semaphore. The implementation also includes two different sophisticated tallying methods, Borda Count and Tideman. Experimental results show that a 40-voter and 10-candidate election can be implemented with the gas consumption reduced up to 89% compared to previous works. While other studies could not exceed a 25,000-voter setup, ElectAnon has been observed to run safely for 1,000,000 voters. The implementation can be found at https://github.com/ceyonur/electanon .

Secure Voting Website Using Ethereum and Smart Contracts

Voting is a democratic process that allows individuals to choose their leaders and voice their opinions. However, the current situation with physical voting involves long queues, paper-based ballots, and security challenges. Blockchain-based voting models have appeared as a method to address the limitations of traditional voting methods. As blockchain is distributed and decentralized, which uses hash functions for securing transactions, it dramatically improves the existing voting system. These digital platforms eliminate the need for physical presence, reduce paperwork, and ensure the integrity of votes through transparent and tamper-proof blockchain technology. This paper introduces a blockchain-based voting model to enhance accessibility, security, and efficiency in the voting process. The research focuses on developing a robust and user-friendly voting system by leveraging the advantages of decentralized technology. The proposed model employs Ethereum as the underlying blockchain platform through an innovative and iterative approach. The model uses Smart contracts to record and validate votes, while AI-based facial recognition technology is integrated to verify the identity of voters. Rigorous testing and analysis are conducted to validate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed blockchain-based voting model. The system underwent extensive simulation scenarios and stress tests to evaluate its performance, security, and usability.

Voting Application using Blockchain Technology

Abstract: Voting plays a crucial role in democratic societies, allowing individuals to voice their opinions and shape the direction of governance. However, traditional voting systems encounter challenges regarding transparency, security, and trustworthiness. In recent years, blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution to address these issues and revolutionize the voting process. This research paper presents a novel voting application that leverages blockchain technology to enhance the integrity and efficiency of elections. By utilizing the decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain, the proposed system aims to provide a transparent and trustworthy voting process. Each vote is recorded as a transaction on the blockchain, ensuring a transparent and tamper-resistant ledger that can be verified by all participants. The implementation of smart contracts, which are self-executing and self-enforcing digital agreements, automates and streamlines the voting process. This eliminates the need for intermediaries, such as election authorities, and enables verifiable and auditable results. Additionally, the integration of cryptographic techniques further enhances the security and privacy of the voting system, safeguarding the confidentiality of voters' choices. The paper thoroughly examines the advantages and challenges associated with implementing blockchain technology in the voting domain. It explores the benefits offered by blockchain, including transparency, immutability, and decentralized governance, while also addressing concerns related to scalability, voter identification, and accessibility. Through a comprehensive analysis and evaluation, this research paper aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of blockchain-based voting systems and their potential impact on democratic processes. By harnessing the power of blockchain technology, it becomes possible to create a voting system that is more secure, transparent, and inclusive, ultimately strengthening the foundations of democracy.

Digital Forensic Readiness Model for Internet Voting

Voting is an exercise of choosing a preferred candidate through a process called an election. In many countries, this exercise is a basic human right. In every election process, there are some pre-requisite processes and procedures which must be set up first. These are essential in the pre-vote-casting stage, during vote-casting and post-vote-casting stage. Electoral disagreements amongst stakeholders and parties of interest are usually experienced in each of the above-mentioned voting process stages. The main points of conflict in an election process are vote rigging and vote fraud. Failure to amicably mitigate these issues can result in a criticised/rejected election result. Therefore, this research aims to address the problem of vote rigging and vote fraud allegations in an election process. The resolution thereof is achieved through the introduction of an online based voting system which is supported by a digital forensic readiness mechanism. Online voting system gives citizens the flexibility to use internet-enabled devices such as cell phones and laptops to cast their votes in a safe, secrete and secure protocol. To address the problem of vote rigging and vote fraud, the online voting system is integrated with cyber security and vote protection mechanisms. The cyber security and vote protection mechanism is based on Blockchain algorithms. A Blockchain-based voting process is a peer-to-peer mechanism where a decentralised database is used to store data. Tokens move directly from one peer (voter) to another peer (candidate). The results are tallied by counting the number of tokens paid to each candidate. Each voter is allocated a Bitcoin token and each candidate is allocated a Bitcoin address. During vote casting, the voter transfers their Bitcoin token into the wallet of a registered candidate. At the end of the voting process, the total number of Bitcoin tokens transferred to each candidate is counted and tallied up. The wallet is loaded with only one Bitcoin token, hence there is no possibility of double voting. The model ensures vote security, anonymity, auditability, accountability, accuracy and uniqueness.

Online Voting System Using Blockchain Technology

Abstract: An online voting system that utilizes blockchain technology is a promising solution for conducting elections in a secure and transparent manner. The decentralized and distributed nature of the blockchain ledger ensures that every vote is recorded accurately and cannot be tampered with or altered without detection. This is because every node on the blockchain network has a copy of the ledger, making it virtually impossible to manipulate election results. One of the biggest advantages of blockchainbased voting systems is that they allow voters to cast their ballots from anywhere, as long as they have an internet connection. This makes voting more accessible and convenient for people who might have difficulty getting to a polling station. Additionally, blockchain technology allows for the verification of voter identity and prevents double voting, ensuring that every vote is legitimate and counted accurately. Another benefit of blockchain-based voting systems is their resistance to cyber attacks. The decentralized nature of the blockchain network makes it extremely difficult for hackers to compromise the system, as they would need to gain control of a majority of the nodes on the network. Additionally, the transparent nature of blockchain-based voting systems makes them more trustworthy and helps to prevent voter fraud.

Investigating the Effectiveness of Using Blockchain Technology for Secure and Transparent Voting Systems

The use of blockchain technology for secure and transparent voting systems has been a topic of increasing interest in recent years. This paper aims to investigate the potential benefits and challenges of utilizing blockchain technology for voting and to examine the effectiveness of blockchain-based voting systems. Through a comprehensive literature review, this paper analyses the advantages of using blockchain technology in voting systems, such as security, transparency, and accountability. Additionally, the challenges associated with blockchain technology, such as scalability and coding errors, are discussed. The paper concludes that blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize voting systems by providing a secure, transparent, and auditable platform for elections. However, further research and development are required to address the challenges and explore new applications for blockchain technology in the context of electronic voting.

SECURE ONLINE VOTING BASED ON BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

This paper is based on electronic voting machines, which are often used in elections and offer the ability to execute the process safely using blockchain technology. The prime aim of this system is to ensure security, integrity as well as transparency. One of the main considerations in the electronic voting site that offers a blockchain-based voting system to address a number of shortcomings of the current voting methods is voter privacy. The portal also offers a simple, dependable, rapid, and economical e-voting solution. Key Words: Blockchain technology, EVM’s, authentication, validation, security, decentralized voting.

Decentralized governance and artificial intelligence policy with blockchain-based voting in federated learning.

Fruit losses in the supply chain owing to improper handling and a lack of proper control are common in the industry. As losses are caused by the inefficiency of the export method, selecting the appropriate export method is a possible solution. Several organizations employ only a single strategy, which is mainly based on a first-in-first-out approach. Such a policy is easy to manage but inefficient. Given that the batch of fruits may become overripe during transportation, frontline operators do not have the authority or immediate support to change the fruit dispatching strategy. Thus, this study aims to develop a dynamic strategy simulator to determine the sequence of delivery based on forecasting information projected from probabilistic data to reduce the amount of fruit loss. The proposed method to accomplish asynchronous federated learning (FL) is based on blockchain technology and a serially interacting smart contract. In this method, each party in the chain updates its model parameters and uses a voting system to reach a consensus. This study employs blockchain technology with smart contracts to serially enable asynchronous FL, with each party in the chain updating its parameter model. A smart contract combines a global model with a voting system to reach a common consensus. Its artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things engine further strengthen the support for implementing the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) forecasting model. Based on AI technology, a system was constructed using FL in a decentralized governance AI policy on a blockchain network platform. With mangoes being selected as the category of fruit in the study, the system improves the cost-effectiveness of the fruit (mango) supply chain. In the proposed approach, the simulation outcomes show fewer mangoes lost (0.035%) and operational costs reduced. The proposed method shows improved cost-effectiveness in the fruit supply chain through the use of AI technology and blockchain. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, an Indonesian mango supply chain business case study has been selected. The results of the Indonesian mango supply chain case study indicate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in reducing fruit loss and operational costs.

Trustful Blockchain-Based Framework for Privacy Enabling Voting in a University

In this study, we explore the challenges and potential solutions to blockchain-based voting. As a first step, we present a comparison of the relevant platforms for implementing smart contracts in decentralized applications (dApps). We analyze the top platforms, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, their architecture, and which are more reliable for developing smart contracts. The goal is to find a technology that offers various facilities to the developer and multiple functionalities and performance in the development of smart contracts in a field that has seen an incredible pace of innovation. Based on the findings from our research, we propose a framework based on blockchain technology and smart contracts for university-level voting based on blockchains.