Paving Blocks Research Articles

Water Absorption Rate in Porous Concrete Paving Block as a Permeable Pavement Structure

Controlling surface water runoff is one way to maintain environmental sustainability. Rainwater on the road surface is one of the problems that must be controlled. Most road surfaces are covered with waterproof material so that rainwater cannot infiltrate into the ground, which then accumulates and causes flooding. This research aims to study porous concrete paving blocks to prevent flooding. This paving block material is made from a coarse aggregate of 4 – 9.5 mm as the main component for making porous concrete paving blocks with height variations of 6 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm. Concrete Paving Block is used to compare the performance of Porous Concrete Paving Block. Compression, porosity, and infiltration rate tests have been carried out to see its characteristics. Based on tests that have been carried out, porous concrete paving blocks have a porosity ranging from 19 - 23% and an infiltration rate ranging from 0.17 - 0.42 cm/second; however, porous concrete paving blocks experience a decrease in compressive strength of 58 - 60% when compared to concrete paving blocks conventional.

Investigating the effect of elevated temperatures on the utilization of demolished paving block powders as supplementary cementitious materials

The study investigated the effects of construction waste powders exposed to elevated temperatures on the properties of cement mortar. The waste powders were obtained from demolished granite and clay blocks after more than 15 years of their service life. The exposure temperatures were 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C. The heat-treated and untreated waste powders replaced cement in mortars at 10% and 20% by weight. The use of untreated recycled granite and clay powders adversely affected the mechanical strength and transport properties of the cementitious mixtures. On the other hand, the effects of thermal exposure varied for the two powder materials. As the exposure temperature increased, the performance of mixtures containing granite powder gradually deteriorated, while mixtures containing clay powder improved. The efficiency was both worst and best at 800 °C. For instance, a mixture containing 10% clay powder treated at 800 °C exhibited compressive strength equivalent to the reference mortar with no waste material. In contrast, under the same conditions, the compressive strength of the mixture containing granite powder was 33% lower. These results indicate that identifying the type and characteristics of recycled materials is essential for their utilization and application of enhancement methodsThe study investigated the effects of construction waste powders exposed to elevated temperatures on the properties of cement mortar. The waste powders were obtained from demolished granite and clay blocks after more than 15 years of their service life. The exposure temperatures were 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C. The heat-treated and untreated waste powders replaced cement in mortars at 10% and 20% by weight. The use of untreated recycled granite and clay powders adversely affected the mechanical strength and transport properties of the cementitious mixtures. On the other hand, the effects of thermal exposure varied for the two powder materials. As the exposure temperature increased, the performance of mixtures containing granite powder gradually deteriorated, while mixtures containing clay powder improved. The efficiency was both worst and best at 800 °C. For instance, a mixture containing 10% clay powder treated at 800 °C exhibited compressive strength equivalent to the reference mortar with no waste material. In contrast, under the same conditions, the compressive strength of the mixture containing granite powder was 33% lower. These results indicate that identifying the type and characteristics of recycled materials is essential for their utilization and application of enhancement methods.

The Influence of Curing Treatments on Compressive Strength and Durability of Geopolymer Paving Blocks

The current study focused on developing geopolymer paving blocks for infrastructure facilities utilizing industrial wastes. This research investigated the effect of various curing treatments on the compressive strength and durability of geopolymer paving blocks. Three curing methods, such as laying to room temperature, moist curing covered by a wet cloth sheet and total immersion in artificial acidic water, were studied. The geopolymer paver specimen was produced by mixing low calcium of fly ash, sand, and alkali activator, such as sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) with 8M and 10M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with a ratio of 2.5. The hydraulic press machine was then used for pressing the specimen. The evaluation of these specimens included assessing their compressive strength, water absorption, resistance to sodium sulfate, and density following recommended standards. The results indicated that the geopolymer paver cured by total immersion in artificial acid water exhibited worse performance in strength and durability than the other two curing methods. The highest compressive strength, exceeding 35 MPa, categorizing it as class A, was achieved by the specimens subjected to moist curing. All geopolymer paving block specimens are suitable for various applications, pedestrian zones and city parks.

Training On Making Plastic Powder Mixture Paving Blocks

Abstract. Community service activities in the Minggir area, Sleman district, Yogyakarta Special Region province, including training on making paving blocks in the shape of a quadrilateral mixture of used plastic, have been completed properly. The activity began with the manufacture of plastic shredders in the resik plus workshop. After the shredding machine can be functioned, then training is carried out for the youth of the region to step aside to try to operate the tool, so as to get maximum results. The next activity was a training attended by 5 youth of Minggir Village 2 Sendangagung Minggir Sub-district which began with making rectangular paving blocks with a width of 10 cm, length of 20 cm and thickness of 6 cm. The composition of the paving mixture to be made is 1 Pc (cement): 8 Ps (sand), then added 5% plastic powder from the volume of sand. Paving block printing is done manually with a mash system to facilitate printing without special capabilities. The activity of making plastic mixed paving blocks has been completed well and is useful for residents to step aside

Pemberdayaan Karang Taruna Tebat Giri Indah dalam Pemanfaatan Sampah Plastik Menjadi Paving Block Refleksi

Background: This service aims to provide an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution for reducing and utilizing plastic waste in Tebat Giri Indah Village by utilizing plastic waste in paving blocks. Method: This activity uses the Critical Success Factor (CSF) and Value Chain methods required to achieve the mission of an activity or research. Results: Apart from producing paving blocks, this service also creates paving blocks as a reflection medium. It becomes an alternative for public health because it is a therapeutic medium and can also be used to improve the condition of roads or parks. Conclusion: Using plastic waste as a basic material for reflective paving blocks by Karang Taruna in the Tebat Giri Indah subdistrict provides significant environmental, social, and economic benefits for youth. Apart from that, product packaging and naming innovations will be carried out so that the products to be sold become more attractive and easy to recognize.

Planning of Plastic Waste Management System For Darmayasa Village Community

Abstract. The location of the community service activity (PKM) is in Darmayasa Village, located in the Pejawaran sub-district, Banjarnegara, Central Java. Currently, the village government is planning to build a market to accommodate the daily needs of the community, as residents of the village must travel a considerable distance to reach the nearest market. Apart from its usefulness, the market also presents a potential problem, namely the emergence of waste, especially plastic waste that cannot be decomposed in the soil. The village officials and community leaders are seeking assistance from academics to prepare a plastic waste management system, both for the market and household waste. This community service aims to address the plastic waste problem in Darmayasa Village, through planning a waste management system based on a waste bank and a waste donation program. The methods used in this activity are socialization, training, and mentoring to build awareness of the importance of proper waste management. Additionally, mentoring is also conducted to build and operate a waste bank and a technology for processing plastic waste into paving blocks. The result of this activity is the establishment of a waste bank and a program for transforming plastic waste into paving blocks by the people of Darmayasa Village. It is hoped that this activity can serve as an example for other villages in a better and more environmentally friendly plastic waste management.

Dolomitic Limestone Powder: Cement Substitute in the Production of Structural Concrete Paving Blocks

Manufacturers are replacing or combining cement with mineral additives such as slags, natural pozzolans, sand, diatomaceous earth and limestone to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and energy usage. Due to its high magnesium content, dolomitic limestone has long been utilized in concrete production to reduce costs and environmental risks associated with making cement. This study aimed to produce a reliable and appropriate concrete mixture for concrete paving blocks using dolomitic limestone powder that passed the no. 24 sieve as cement replacement at replacement levels of 0 (control mix), 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32%, satisfying the minimum compressive strength requirement for structural concrete of 20.7 MPa (3,000 psi). The ASTM E877-13 was used to sample the dolomitic limestone, and the 1:1.5:3 concrete class combination was utilized to proportion the quantities of cement, sand and aggregates (3/8”). After 28 days, the specimens were cured and the compressive strength, through the varying water-cement ratios in the concrete mixture, was determined. Results showed that dolomitic limestone powder can substitute cement by 16% by weight, using a concrete mix of 523-g cement, 936-g sand, 1,868-g gravel, 100-g dolomitic limestone powder, and 166-g water with a water-cement ratio of 0.318, exceeding the minimum necessary compressive strength of concrete of 20.7 MPa by 24.9% or 5.16 MPa. Therefore, it is advised to utilize this proven concrete mixture as a basis for a potential business venture in the production of concrete paving blocks for structural concrete applications such as walkways, sidewalks, parking lots and commercial areas, as well as in places where loads are very high, like airports, courtyards, docks and freight yards.

Behaviour of Paver Block by Addition of Waste Rubber

Concrete is one of the widely used construction material in the construction industry. The durability and aesthetics aspects of concrete made it to use in making paver blocks which are used in outdoor versatility application as street road, sidewalks, and other Construction places. Paver block has low cost maintenance and easily replace with a newer one at the time of breakage. The quality of concrete used to make paver block may be the major issue, so that the durability of paver block depends on quality of concrete. Rubber is used in different fields throughout the world. But the utilization or disposal of waste rubber after its regular. Thus an attempt is made by inclusion waste rubber into the concrete and to measure how rubber affects the properties of paver block. This research study presents the information about the development of the rubber mould paver block with inclusion waste rubber.

Stabilized municipal solid waste as an alternative to natural sand in paver block construction

A large amount of stabilized municipal solid waste (SMSW) obtained in landfill mining operations constitutes about 60–70% of total mining waste. In this study, attempts were made to use SMSW in paver block construction, a unique solution for unpaved urban surfaces considering its ease of handling and low cost. The mechanical and durability properties of the paver block, along with microstructure and mineralogical analysis, were investigated in which various dosages of SMSW vary from 10–50% by the weight of natural sand. The results of various tests, i.e., compressive, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, water absorption, and analysis of microstructure and mineralogical, revealed that SMSW as a partial replacement of natural sand up to 30% replacement could be satisfactorily used in the paver block construction, especially in the low volume roads. Also, the replacements, 40% and 50%, can be used for footpaths, cycle paths, garden parks, domestic drives, and embankment slopes. The geometrical properties and visual aspects were checked to confirm the production standardization of the paver blocks. All the samples have shown promising results in respect of all dimensions. The statistical analysis exhibited that the SMSW had a significant effect on the compressive and flexural strength of the paver block. Therefore, incorporating SMSW as a natural sand replacement will be a sustainable and economical construction solution for light-traffic roads. It also promotes a ‘Circular economy’ as it recycles the stabilized municipal solid waste.

Interlocking concrete block pavement as an alternative to flexible and rigid pavement in medium traffic condition: comparative assessment based on sustainability

Highway pavements are one of the most energy and resource intensive infrastructure in the world. Hence, studies related to sustainability of pavements are gaining much importance. Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement (ICBP) is a widely accepted technology used extensively for constructing parking lots, walkways and roads. Compared to other conventional pavement methods, ICBP has many advantages such as less maintenance cost, high dimensional accuracy and will not be affected by thermal expansion and contraction. At present, the researches dealing with ICBP are focused mainly on the structural aspects only. However, it is necessary to study a pavement system in terms of its structural, environmental and economic aspects. Through this work, an attempt is made to study all these three aspects of ICBP which is meant to carry medium traffic. The design of ICBP was carried out based on IRC SP63: 2018. Both rigid and flexible pavement systems for the same traffic conditions were designed following IRC58: 2015 and IRC37: 2018 respectively. Comparison of these three pavement systems were carried out in terms of their material, construction as well as environmental aspects. Cradle to gate Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) of three pavement systems were studied using OpenLCA software. The economic aspect was evaluated by preparing material quantity estimates assuming single lane road for a 10m stretch. The results indicate that ICBP is a competitive option to rigid and flexible pavements in medium traffic conditions.

Utilization of Disposable Diaper Waste with Added Naphthalene Formaldehyde Sulfonate into Paving Blocks in an Effort to Minimize Waste to Reduce Environmental Pollution

This research aims to determine the best classification and composition of paving blocks mixed with baby diaper waste in terms of compressive strength and water absorption of paving blocks based on SNI 03-0691-1996, the effect of variations in baby diaper waste on compressive strength and water absorption tests and to determine the quality comparison. paving blocks mixed with baby diaper waste and commercial paving blocks. The method used in this research is an experimental method, using a quantitative approach. The materials used to produce paving blocks are cement, sand, water, a mixture of baby diaper waste and the added ingredient sikacim concrete additive. The samples were tested to determine the relationship between physical characteristics and mechanical properties with material composition in accordance with the quality of Paving Blocks produced based on SNI 03-0691-1996. In this research, it was determined based on the planning ratio between cement and sand, namely 3:7. Baby diaper waste added to the paving blocks was 0 grams, 5 grams, 10 grams, 15 grams and 20 grams. The best classification and composition for adding baby diaper waste to paving blocks if viewed from the compressive strength of paving blocks is by adding 10 grams of baby diaper waste with a compressive strength of 36.76 Mpa which meets the SNI 03-0691-1996 quality classification A, where this paving block can be used for roads, container terminal land pavement at ports, non-structural and structural needs with other heavy loads. Meanwhile, if we look at the water absorption capacity of the paving blocks, the best classification and composition of adding 5 grams of baby diaper waste with the lowest water absorption capacity of 1.41% meets the SNI 03-0691-1996 quality classification standard A.

Impression of ABS waste (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Strene) as an alternative material eco-friendly paving block manufacturing

Impression of ABS waste (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Strene) as an alternative material eco-friendly paving block manufacturing

Utilization of andesite stone waste and fly ash as geopolymer pavement block materials

Utilization of andesite stone and fly ash waste to be used as pavement block products has been carried out. The aim of this research is to utilize the residual waste of andesite stone and fly ash handicraft production as environmental building material products. The stages of this research included experimental design, material analysis using the XRF and XRD methods, testing prototypes and making pavement block prototypes. The experimental design used for the most optimal pavement block composition was the ratio of aggregate to binder of 65:35 with 14M NaOH. The water absorption test for pavement blocks with a composition of 65:35 14M is included in class A quality for a curing time of 28 days (SNI 03-0691-1996) while the converted compressive strength value is included in the quality between A and B for a curing time of 28 days. Pavement block prototypes printed in the form of square pavement 20x20x8 cm or rectangle 22x11x6 cm require 1 hour of mixing time to finish printing. The results on manual prints are 4 square pavement and 4 rectangular pavement with 36 kilograms of material.

Quality of paving blocks soaking water made from medical waste incineration ash

Given the ash level of medical waste incineration utilized as a raw material mixture that contains metal compounds, dumping the paving block immersion water into rivers could result in a drop in water quality. The purpose of this study is to evaluate water quality during immersion of paving blocks made from medical waste incineration ash. Water quality was measured by five measurements in water before immersion, soaking for 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days. The test method used is in accordance with SNI 6989-84:2019. The metal compounds examined in this study were Pb (lead), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd). Laboratory tests were conducted at the Jasa Tirta I Environmental Laboratory and the Sukoharjo Environmental Service. It can be concluded that there is no pollution due to heavy metals contained in paving blocks. The results show that the soaking water for 7 to 28 days is still below the specified quality, so paving block-making activities using a mixture of medical waste incineration ashes can be carried out. The need for other studies measuring the levels of other metals such as Cr, Hg, Sn, Ti, and Zn.

Technological methods for pavement block repairs in road bridges

Pavement block is a part of bridge a bridge superstructure. During the service life damage accumulates and there is need to repair. The aim of the article is to discuss the types of pavement blocks and to present the results of a study on the most common design solutions for realisation of the repair works. Factors influencing the choice of construction technology are systematized. Information about novelty formwork solutions and types of equipment for working at heights in Bulgaria is provided. A particular example of a bridge structure is presented and a conclusion is drawn regarding the preferred method of work in our country.

Permeable Blocks with Waste Glass as Coarse Aggregate

In order to reduce the negative impact of waste glass and urban heat on the environment, this research aims to use waste glass cullet as an aggregate in concrete paving blocks. This work aims to produce porous pavement using two sizes of waste glass and ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Two layers of paving blocks with different aggregate sizes were planned. The first part of the work was to determine the best OPC content. The results showed that the largest aggregate-based porous paving block had the highest compressive strength and acceptable permeability. Then, designed porous block (DPB) was designed, which consisted of two layers, with the upper layer consisting of small aggregates and the lower layer consisting of large aggregates, and cement mortar (80 wt% cement powder and 20 wt% glass powder) was used as the binder. Compressive strength and permeability were the criteria. The pavement can release heat better than conventional pavements and is safe because of the skid resistance, which meets the criteria.

The effect of mixture composition on the compressive strength and absorption of geopolymer paving blocks

The effect of mixture composition on the compressive strength and absorption of geopolymer paving blocks

Mechanical Behavior of Compression-Compacted Dry Concrete Paver Blocks Making Use of Sea Sand and Seawater

Dry concrete is a kind of concrete whose fresh mixture has almost no flowability and is widely used in the production of small-size unreinforced compression-compacted concrete blocks in plants. Considering the shortage of natural river sand and freshwater for concrete production, this study proposes that sea sand and seawater can be directly used in the manufacture of compression-compacted dry concrete paver blocks. The idea was verified in the laboratory to find suitable mix proportions and forming pressure, which are two key parameters for the production of paver blocks. Furthermore, the effect of sea sand replacement ratio and seawater replacement ratio is investigated, where compression and flexural tensile tests were conducted on lab-made paver blocks at different ages. The experimental results reveal that both the compressive and flexural tensile strengths of paver blocks increased when sea sand and seawater were adopted. It is finally suggested that sea sand and seawater are suitable for the production of unreinforced paver blocks with enhanced mechanical performance.

GREEN PAVEMENT: ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF WASTE MATERIALS IN PAVEMENT BLOCK MANUFACTURING

Pavement blocks are increasingly popular in construction due to their durability, versatility, and aesthetics. However, their conventional production process heavily relies on natural resources like sand, cement, and aggregates, raising sustainability concerns. The construction industry faces growing pressure to adopt eco-friendly practices that minimize environmental harm and conserve resources. This study explored using waste materials in making interlocking pavement blocks. It found that replacing some cement with bagasse ash, fly ash, and brick kiln dust improved compressive strength compared to traditional blocks after 28 days. Substituting some aggregate with crushed waste plastic slightly reduced tensile strength, particularly at 7 and 28 days, with lower replacement ratios performing better. Overall, using waste materials in pavement block production has the potential to promote sustainable construction by reducing environmental impact and costs, aligning with sustainable development principles and resource efficiency.

Development of Paver Block by Using Plastic Waste

Development of Paver Block by Using Plastic Waste