Blind Spot Research Articles

Multi-mode high resolution TFM imaging of microdefects based on laser ultrasonic full matrix capture

The identification and visualization of submillimeter microdefects have long been a critical focus within the realm of ultrasonic testing. The utilization of high-frequency signals is imperative due to the small acoustic interaction structure. An additional benefit of using lasers is their non-contact nature and ability to utilize multiple imaging modes, effectively reducing false or missed detections and enhancing credibility. This study proposes an advanced optimization algorithm for imaging and quantitative evaluation of submillimeter microdefects using laser ultrasonic full matrix capture (FMC) and total focusing method (TFM). The analysis of acoustic directionality under laser excitation and detection provides a foundation for mode selection. In preprocessing, the multi-scale principal component analysis (MSPCA) method is introduced to suppress coherent noise and blind spots. Moreover, phase coherence methods are implemented to further reduce mode artifacts, background noise, and residual surface acoustic wave (SAW). Additionally, multi-mode imaging and mode fusion are achieved using reflected longitudinal waves, reflected shear waves, converted longitudinal waves, and converted shear waves. Experiments were carried out on two different types of microdefects, namely side drilled holes (SDHs) and blind holes (BHs), resulting in high resolution TFM imaging with a minimum BH size of 0.3 mm. The outcomes demonstrate the efficacy of MSPCA in suppressing coherent noise, with further enhancement in imaging quality after phase coherence weighting. In addition, the −6 dB threshold of multi-mode images also provided the size information. This research is poised to contribute to the resolution of quality assessment challenges in powder metallurgy, welding, and additive manufacturing processes.

Accounting for the Obstructive Activity of Experience: Aspiring, Projecting and Agency Development in a Context of Adversity

ABSTRACT This article approaches the mystery of preference formation – a blind spot in the capability approach – from the angle of aspiring. I argue that aspiring – actively engaging with desirable representations of potential futures – can be helpful to analyse the social processes involved in preference formation under two conditions. Firstly, we need to clarify the conceptual confusion around aspiring that can be found in the capability literature and beyond. Secondly, we need to consider the social and temporal embeddedness of aspiring, which can be done by examining the relationships between aspiring and people’s lived experiences. Building on a critical discussion of the contribution of sociologists Alfred Schutz and Pierre Bourdieu to the study of projecting, I propose a framework to (a) analyse why aspiring may happen to lead to conceiving conservative aspirations despite adversity – thereby aligning with adaptive preferences in the sense of Sen, A. 2002. Rationality and Freedom. Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press and Elster, J. 1983. Sour Grapes: Studies in the Subversion of Rationality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press – and to (b) envision the pathways along which aspiring could, alternatively, lead to emergent aspirations, i.e. geared at enhanced well-being.

Technologies, professions de santé et réformes publiques : les projets professionnels des techniciens ambulanciers paramédics et des inhalothérapeutes au Québec, 1990-2022.

A blind spot in the history of the healthcare professions is the evolution of "technical" professions, particularly after 1970. However, these professions underwent major changes at the end of the 20th century. We propose two case studies, on Quebec's paramedics and respiratory therapists' professional projects. The projects and strategies of the two groups, which had previously differed, tended to converge after 1995. From then, both groups minimize their relationship with machines and technology. Instead, they claim new tasks focused on clinical evaluation and first-line intervention. Public reforms appear to be shaping this evolution in the political strategies, professional projects and even clinical preferences, of these healthcare professions after 1995.

Blinded by the Light: A critique on the universality, normativity, and hegemony of paradox theory and research

This paper intervenes in paradox theory and research by problematizing the taken-for-granted premises that currently dominate the field. Building on the “growing pains” of paradox theory, the paper offers three provocations for current paradox theory and research: it questions the conceptual universality of paradox, reveals the implicit normativity of some of its key assumptions, and problematizes the hegemony of the conception of both/and as core to responses to paradox. Deliberately stepping beyond the established guardrails of paradox theory, the paper critically assesses these premises and reflects on their potential risks and blind spots. Building on these three provocations, the paper offers in turn a set of distinct pathways for theoretical development, including interpreting presupposed features of paradox in light of ontological positions, integrating normative approaches into paradox management, and introducing much greater granularity to the study of paradox responses.

Twenty Years of International Research on First Aid: A Bibliometric Visualization of Scientific Outputs.

Although first aid research is a wide-ranging and diverse field within medical science, so far no attempts have been made to provide a holistic view of international scientific outputs in the first aid domain. To determine strategic directions for conducting future studies, it is important to understand the status of the research, including its frontiers and blind spots. This study explored the global landscape of first aid research using bibliometric visualization analysis of relevant literature published within the last 20 years. The search yielded a total of 2,057 relevant papers. There was a trend of increasing annual numbers of publications throughout the 20 year period. The following topics were identified as the mainstream directions of first aid research: cross-sectional studies on attitudes and knowledge of first aid; cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation; bleeding and hemorrhage control; burns, scalds, and their management; envenomations and their management; and systematic evaluation of the scientific evidence. Evidence evaluation is one of the main frontiers of first aid research. Studies concerning first aid for the most common and deadliest diseases, including myocardial infarction and stroke, are not in the scope of contemporary international first aid research. Considering that effective implementation of first aid can reduce morbidity and mortality, it is advisable to advance research on first aid management of major emergencies that are the most common potentially avoidable causes of death.

Can Consciousness Have Blind Spots? : A Renewed Defence of Sri Aurobindo's Opaque Cosmopsychism

This article defends the cosmopsychist doctrine of the Indian philosopher-mystic Sri Aurobindo, arguing that it has distinct advantages over rival panpsychist positions. After tracing the dialectical trajectory of recent philosophical debates about panpsychism up to the present, I bring Aurobindo into dialogue with Miri Albahari, who has defended a form of panpsychist idealism based on the classical Advaita Vedānta philosophy of Śankara. I critique Albahari's panpsychist idealism from an Aurobindonian standpoint, arguing that its Śankaran metaphysical commitments and eliminativist implications make it an unsatisfactory account of consciousness. I then summarize Aurobindo's cosmopsychism and explain its distinctive solution to the individuation problem, which is widely considered to be the most serious problem for all forms of cosmopsychism. According to Aurobindo, Divine Consciousness individuates into multiple creaturely consciousnesses through the twin processes of 'self-limitation' and 'exclusive concentration'. I conclude the paper by addressing several potential objections to Aurobindo's cosmopsychism.

Based on coverage evaluation design method study of factor low-orbit infrared remote sensing constellation configuration

Abstract To satisfy the infrared detection coverage demands of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites in global missile surveillance, we have devised a comprehensive evaluation system for global missile infrared remote sensing coverage performance. By referencing Walker’s extensive and uninterrupted global coverage constellation layout, we conducted a thorough analysis of various constellation configuration parameters. This analysis aimed to assess the coverage efficiency of differently configured LEO networking satellites. Following a detailed comparative analysis, we settled on an LEO infrared remote sensing constellation configuration featuring an orbit height of 1150 km and an orbit inclination of 60°. After an in-depth examination of the capabilities of the infrared remote sensing constellation and the characteristics of the detection zone, we constructed a Blind Spot Compensation Constellation. This was achieved by integrating four additional LEO satellites with a 0° orbit inclination to bolster coverage in low-latitude regions. Using our comprehensive coverage evaluation system, we rigorously evaluated the ground coverage capabilities of multiple constellations. Notably, the Blind Spot Compensation Constellation achieved impressive coverage, reaching 100%, and excelled particularly in the latitude belt of 20° or less. Although the Original Constellation performed better in the 40° latitude belt compared to the Blind Spot Compensation Constellation, it showed some deficiencies in coverage at a 50 km altitude. Specifically, it averaged 18.417 gaps per day, with a coverage rate slightly below 100%. However, it achieved full coverage at other altitudes. To validate our findings, we conducted scenario simulations. For missile targets, the Original Constellation offered a maximum coverage multiplicity of 6, with a total access duration of 4539.1 seconds. On the other hand, the Blind Spot Compensation Constellation boasted a maximum coverage multiplicity of 8, with a total access duration of 5465.9 seconds. Importantly, both constellations fully covered the missile’s entire 1056-second lifecycle, showcasing commendable performance. In conclusion, the LEO infrared remote sensing constellation and its complementary counterpart, developed and rigorously tested in this study, not only meet the demands of continuous global detection but also cater to the priority detection needs of diverse geographical regions.

From Liberating Leader to Shared Leadership: A Process of Role Distribution

A liberated company is an emerging concept, which is based on trust and autonomy and is radically opposed to hierarchical principles. The empirical literature describes liberation as a complex process of cultural and organizational transformation, wherein managerial functions are questioned or even eliminated, and blind spots are a source of numerous pitfalls. Against this backdrop, the central issue of transforming leadership, and the roles it entails, remains underexplored in liberated companies, whereas reflections are primarily focused on the liberating leader. Using a single case study and a processual, multilevel approach to liberation, this study analyzes the evolution of key leadership roles at the individual (supporting), collective (catalyst), and organizational (driving) levels. The results show that the distribution and sharing of leadership roles is an evolutionary and dynamic process rather than a tipping point and question the opportunities and limits of role distribution at different stages of the process.

Implementation of Wide Angle FoV Radar Module for ADAS Systems

In this study, we propose the wide field of view (FoV) radar module for autonomous vehicles. The proposed wide FoV radar (WFR) module was constructed using of an RF module comprising wide beamwidth microstrip patch antennas, an AWR1642 radar sensor chip, and a control module. To achieve a wide FoV of 150° using the fabricated radar module, the 3-dB beamwidth characteristic of the applied microstrip patch antenna had to wider than 150°. The patch antenna was designed using a comb-line structure along 10-by-1 array structure, each radiator characterized by a shorted patch structure, such as a planar inverted-F antenna. The designed antenna was then fabricated on the same board surface as the sensor chip. To identify the characteristics of the implemented radar module, a trihedral corner reflector with a radar-cross-section of 180 m2 was used as the reflector target, and the CA-CFAR (cell averaging constant false alarm rate) target detection algorithm was applied. The measurement results, showed good detection performance of the radar in the view angle of 150°, from -75° to +75°, and a broad bandwidth of 4 GHz in the 77–81 GHz millimeter band. Therefore, the proposed WFR is applicable for used in blind spot detection sensors in autonomous vehicles.

Rethinking the “Conspiracy Crisis”: Use and Misuse of “Conspiracy Theory” Labels After Covid‐19

Against the backdrop of the Covid-19 pandemic, this article undertakes a critical evaluation of a series of shortcomings of the view of conspiracy theories that is predominant among scholars and the general public. Reviewing numerous studies on the topic, we critically assess: (a) how justified the claim is that we are in a conspiracy-thinking emergency, (b) how the label of conspiracy theorist can be weaponized to delegitimize heterodox views, and (c) the practical consequences, for academic research and the well-functioning of democracies, of unpopular ideas being labeled as conspiratorial. The empirical sources reviewed here suggest that beliefs in conspiracy theories have not increased over time and are less consequential than commonly believed, even in times of a global pandemic. Instead, the concept of conspiracy theory has become more prevalent and its derogatory connotation evokes a stigma that tilts the democratic playing field against dissenting viewpoints. The stigmatization and political leveraging of this notion, we argue, lead to biases not only in the public discussion on various sensitive topics but also in the academic literature on conspiracy theories themselves. We analyze these academic blind spots in light of the diminishing political diversity in academia and recent perspectives on scientific censorship. We propose to complement the research on conspiracy theorists with an analysis of individuals at the opposite end of the spectrum, who are inclined to systematically trust institutional authorities and are highly prejudiced against heterodox opinions. Proposed solutions include promoting balanced news coverage, fostering critical thinking through debates, and piercing information bubbles to provide access to diverse perspectives.

Exploring Scotopic Microperimetry as an Outcome Measure in Choroideremia.

Choroideremia is an X-linked outer retinal degeneration. Early symptoms include nyctalopia and progressive visual field loss, but visual acuity is preserved until late disease stages. Dark-adapted two-color fundus-controlled perimetry (also known as scotopic microperimetry) has been developed to enable spatial assessment of rod and cone photoreceptor function. This study explores the use of scotopic microperimetry in patients with choroideremia. Twenty patients with choroideremia and 21 age-matched healthy controls completed visual acuity and scotopic microperimetry testing, which used the Scotopic Macular Integrity Assessment (S-MAIA) microperimeter. A subset of participants completed repeat scotopic testing to enable Bland-Altman repeatability analyses. Test reliability was assessed using fixation stability, fixation losses, and assessment of the rod-free zones. Pointwise sensitivity, mean sensitivity, and volume sensitivity indices were analyzed. False positive responses were the main source of poor test reliability, indicated by stimuli responses in the physiological blind spot and lack of rod-free mapping. Scotopic cyan and red sensitivities were significantly reduced in choroideremia participants (n = 17) compared to healthy controls (n = 16) (P < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test). Scotopic cyan sensitivity was statistically lower than scotopic red sensitivity in both healthy controls and choroideremia (P < 0.01, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Interpretation of scotopic cyan-red differences should be used with caution due to high test-retest variability. Scotopic microperimetry could be a useful outcome measure in patients with early choroideremia. Careful selection of test grid design and sensitivity indices is required. Scotopic microperimetry may be a useful outcome measure in clinical trials for patients with early stage choroideremia.

Deformation measurement of aero-engine rotating twisted blade based on multi-vision overlapping area feature registration method

Due to the complexity of the spatial surface of the twisted blade of the aero-engine, there are occlusions and shadows between the blades, resulting in visual blind spots. This causes the loss of certain information in the deformation measurement of twisted blade. A deformation measurement method of rotating twisted blades based on multi-vision overlapping area feature registration is proposed. It aims to solve the problem of limited field of view (FOV) in the deformation measurement of twisted blade, and overcome the problems of small measurement range and difficult measurement of traditional contact sensor method in the rotating state of the blade. First, a calibration and image-matching method based on multi-vision digital image correlation method is proposed. Under the premise of ensuring the simultaneous calibration of multi-vision camera stereo calibration, the matching of image detection points on the twisted blade surface is realized. Second, a three-dimensional reconstruction method based on the feature registration of the overlapping area of the FOV is proposed. It is used to solve the problem that the traditional image stitching method is prone to mismatching and to provide complete point cloud information for the deformation field calculation. Finally, the strain of each point is solved by piecewise point-by-point fitting of the local subdomains of the discrete displacement data, which suppresses the amplification of noise and improves the accuracy of blade strain calculation. In this paper, the deformation measurement experiment is carried out for the rotating twisted blade (up to 6000 rpm). The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve a displacement measurement accuracy of 5 μm and the strain measurement accuracy of 50 με. This method can provide an important guarantee for the accurate evaluation and safe operation of the key performance parameters of the engine.

Focus on the blind spots of clinician-patient interactions: A critical narrative review of collusion in medical setting.

Collusions, interpersonal phenomena with an impact on patients, significant others, clinicians, and care, are mainly described in the psychotherapeutic literature but also occur in the medical setting. Comprehended as an unconscious bond between two or more persons from a psychotherapeutic perspective, definitions and collusive situations described in the medical setting vary. The question arises whether medical collusions, compared to collusions occurring in the psychiatric setting emerge in different clinical situations or are not identified as transference-countertransference experiences, since there is less sensitivity for the unconscious dimensions of care. We systematically reviewed the medical literature on collusions. Even though a read threat, avoidance of unpleasant feelings (mainly anxiety), runs through the described collusions, the unconscious dimensions and associated defensive maneuvers are rarely evoked. Given the expressed desire to act on collusions in medicine, involving third-party psychiatric liaison clinicians, who supervise clinicians, and hereby help to disentangle collusions, could be beneficial.

Dual stage MRI image restoration based on blind spot denoising and hybrid attention

BackgroundMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is extensively utilized in clinical diagnostics and medical research, yet the imaging process is often compromised by noise interference. This noise arises from various sources, leading to a reduction in image quality and subsequently hindering the accurate interpretation of image details by clinicians. Traditional denoising methods typically assume that noise follows a Gaussian distribution, thereby neglecting the more complex noise types present in MRI images, such as Rician noise. As a result, denoising remains a challenging and practical task.MethodThe main research work of this paper focuses on modifying mask information based on a global mask mapper. The mask mapper samples all blind spot pixels on the denoised image and maps them to the same channel. By incorporating perceptual loss, it utilizes all available information to improve performance while avoiding identity mapping. During the denoising process, the model may mistakenly remove some useful information as noise, resulting in a loss of detail in the denoised image. To address this issue, we train a generative adversarial network (GAN) with adaptive hybrid attention to restore the detailed information in the denoised MRI images.ResultThe two-stage model NRAE shows an improvement of nearly 1.4 dB in PSNR and approximately 0.1 in SSIM on clinical datasets compared to other classic models. Specifically, compared to the baseline model, PSNR is increased by about 0.6 dB, and SSIM is only 0.015 lower. From a visual perspective, NRAE more effectively restores the details in the images, resulting in richer and clearer representation of image details.ConclusionWe have developed a deep learning-based two-stage model to address noise issues in medical MRI images. This method not only successfully reduces noise signals but also effectively restores anatomical details. The current results indicate that this is a promising approach. In future work, we plan to replace the current denoising network with more advanced models to further enhance performance.

Reversing accidents involving pedestrians: an epidemiological investigation and cluster analysis using a novel database derived from Swedish National Register data

Objectives In contemporary urban environments, the intersection between Vulnerable Road Users, specifically unprotected pedestrians, and motor vehicles poses a persistent challenge to road safety. Reversing accidents, characterized by vehicles moving backward, often result in severe consequences for pedestrians due to limited visibility and inherent blind spots for the driver. This paper aims to provide a thorough examination of reversing accidents involving pedestrians in Sweden between 2000–2021; shedding light on the magnitude of the problem, contributing factors, consequences, and potential mitigation strategies. Method Using a national database, reversing accidents were compiled by classifying free text descriptions of traffic accidents reported to the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition. The database was then used to describe reversing accidents and their consequences for struck pedestrians using descriptive epidemiology and cluster analysis. Results The results show that reversing accidents accounted for 12% of all pedestrians injured in a collision with a motor vehicle in Sweden during the studied period. In terms of personal characteristics, the struck pedestrians were more often female and of old or young age, whilst the drivers of the reversing vehicles were more often between 18–54 years and men. Most accidents were non-fatal, with only roughly 2% resulting in fatalities. Through a cluster analysis, four distinct accident types were identified. Two of these were identified as particularly important to prioritize in future preventative work: accidents that are characterized by occur during daylight hours in the urban environment (often low speeds) and often result in fatality or serious injury. Conclusions Due to the low speeds, reversing accidents are rarely fatal. However, they account for a large proportion of accidents with pedestrians and can be grouped into clearly distinguishable accident types that can function as templates in road safety development in Sweden.

Analysis of Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems for Safe and Comfortable Driving of Motor Vehicles.

This paper aims to thoroughly examine and compare advanced driver-assistance systems (ADASs) in the context of their impact on safety and driving comfort. It also sought to determine the level of acceptance and trust drivers have in these systems. The first chapter of this document describes the sensory detectors used in ADASs, including radars, cameras, LiDAR, and ultrasonics. The subsequent chapter presents the most popular driver assistance systems, including adaptive cruise control (ACC), blind spot detection (BSD), lane keeping systems (LDW/LKS), intelligent headlamp control (IHC), and emergency brake assist (EBA). A key element of this work is the evaluation of the effectiveness of these systems in terms of safety and driving comfort, employing a survey conducted among drivers. Data analysis illustrates how these systems are perceived and identified areas requiring improvements. Overall, the paper shows drivers' positive reception of ADASs, with most respondents confirming that these technologies increase their sense of safety and driving comfort. These systems prove to be particularly helpful in avoiding accidents and hazardous situations. However, there is a need for their further development, especially in terms of increasing their precision, reducing false alarms, and improving the user interface. ADASs significantly contribute to enhancing safety and driving comfort. Yet, they are still in development and require continuous optimization and driver education to fully harness their potential. Technological advancements are expected to make these systems even more effective and user-friendly.

‘The economics of singularities’ by Lucien Karpik: debts and criticisms

This article examines ‘the economics of singularities’ by Lucien Karpik, which is a sociological theory explaining the functioning of markets for a specific type of goods, labeled as ‘singularities’, defined according to three criteria: the plurality of qualities, quality uncertainty and the primacy of quality. According to Lucien Karpik, singularities complement the typology of goods traditionally used by economists, consisting of homogeneous and differentiated goods. He argues that singularities represent a ‘blind spot’ of what he calls ‘neoclassical economic theory.’ According to him, while neoclassical economic theory is adequate for studying homogeneous and differentiated goods, an autonomous framework is indispensable for studying singularities. In this article, we propose a comprehensive overview of the economics of singularities, and we formulate a critique of Karpik’s positioning in relation to neoclassical economic theory.

A reassessment of graduation modeling for policy design

A vast and diverse literature estimates graduation chances using logistic models set in an arbitrary timeframe, where a graduation indicator is checked at a conventional point in time and associated with covariates measured at some date. Survival models emerged over time as a robust alternative, for being able to estimate time-to-degree and time-varying effects of predictors. This paper reconsiders the effectiveness of both modeling approaches in addressing policy-relevant questions, particularly in light of the increasingly automated and algorithm-based educational policies. We find that both methods exhibit blind spots and limitations, but that adopting a simple pragmatic approach logistic models can achieve a comparable level of effectiveness at depicting graduation dynamics while also being capable of answering questions that are problematic for survival models. We exploit a unique dataset and the nature of discrete-time survival models as combinations of logistic regressions run at different times to illustrate how arbitrary timeframes impact the estimates of a logistic model of graduation. Conversely, we illustrate how separately running and analyzing all the distinct logistic regressions provides insights that are unlikely to come from a survival model.

Research on Automatic Recharging Technology for Automated Guided Vehicles Based on Multi-Sensor Fusion

Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) play a critical role in indoor environments, where battery endurance and reliable recharging are essential. This study proposes a multi-sensor fusion approach that integrates LiDAR, depth cameras, and infrared sensors to address challenges in autonomous navigation and automatic recharging. The proposed system overcomes the limitations of LiDAR’s blind spots in near-field detection and the restricted range of vision-based navigation. By combining LiDAR for precise long-distance measurements, depth cameras for enhanced close-range visual positioning, and infrared sensors for accurate docking, the AGV’s ability to locate and autonomously connect to charging stations is significantly improved. Experimental results show a 25% increase in docking success rate (from 70% with LiDAR-only to 95%) and a 70% decrease in docking error (from 10 cm to 3 cm). These improvements demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed sensor fusion method, ensuring more reliable, efficient, and precise operations for AGVs in complex indoor environments.

›Less Voice, more Viewpoint‹ – Towards a Cognitive Reconceptualization of the Centres of Orientation in Poetry

Abstract Analysing the centres of orientation in a literary text, narratologists since Genette have always worked with the distinction between voice (who speaks?) and viewpoint (who sees?). In contrast, nearly all lyricologists have remained entirely focussed on the category of voice, trying to identify, apart from the speaking voice, at best further speech instances in the poems under discussion. The present article challenges this voice-restricted tradition. It criticizes the deficiencies of various traditional one-voice-models (such as the identification of the speaking voice with the poet, a persona or the ›lyric I‹) as well as those of more recent voice-oriented approaches (by Hempfer and by Culler). It also discusses the blind spots of the multi-voice models developed in the course of lyricology’s ›narrative turn‹ (by Hühn and by Burdorf) and rejects Zymner’s recent suggestion to replace the notion of ›voice‹ by the purely textual concept of an ›addresser‹ as a ›structure of signs‹. Subsequently, the framework of an alternative, viewpoint-oriented lyricology is sketched by adopting from Cognitive Linguistics such key-concepts as viewpoint-multiplicity, mental spaces and deictic markers as well as from Cognitive Grammar the notions of ›viewing arrangement‹ and ›split conceptualiser‹. Further instruments that can help to account for those poems in which the centre of perception seems to unite in itself the viewpoints of different ›voices‹ are such concepts as ›viewpoint-blends‹ and ›viewpoint-zooms‹. More akin to cognition, in which there are no strict boundaries, but only transitions, they can help to overcome long-lasting, hardly successful attempts to establish rigid divisions in the lyric (e. g. between personal and impersonal, monologic and dialogic, biographical and non-biographical or lyric and narrative poems). Instead, the viewpoint-framework does justice to the fact that such binaries constitute no polar oppositions but mere scales of difference. Moreover, a viewpoint-approach makes possible a much more fine-grained analysis of poetry – in a way better even than an earlier attempt by Petzold (2012) to extend lyricology’s voice-centred methodology by integrating into it a Genette-inspired distinction of three types of focalization. The last section of this article is devoted to the complex problem of viewpoint-taking by the readers, which is aggravated by the underdetermined deixis and situational generality of many poems. As is finally illustrated by drawing on a poem with a particularly complicated deictic set-up (Eichendorff’s »Lockung« [»Lure«]), readers will admittedly not always be able to process all viewpoints contained in a text. Nevertheless, it can be shown with the help of this example that viewpoint-perception is often an indispensable prerequisite for a full understanding of a poem’s meaning.