Biodiesel Blends Research Articles

Thermodynamic and exhaust emission studies of CI engine powered by neem oil methyl ester blends doped with nickel oxide nano additives

AbstractAssessment of alternate fuel is categorized on thermophysical aspects and performance—emission derived due to its combustion. Data derived from such analysis is short as the energy expenditure to available chemical exergy of fuel is rarely studied. The study of energy derived from fuel energy gives a detailed picture of fuel efficiency and broadens the field of fuel search criteria. The current article aims to find the thermodynamic effects in terms of energy and exergy utilization of neem biodiesel blends and nickel oxide nano additive dosed neem biodiesel blends. Neem biodiesel was transesterified using standard procedures and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Later, neem biodiesel was blended with diesel in three volumetric proportions, that is, NB25, NB50, NB75, and pure Neem Oil Methyl ester was investigated as an engine fuel, and later synthesized nickel oxide nano additives of 25 mg/L was added to all the above fuels and further studied for energy, exergy utilization on a TV‐1 VCR engine test rig under varying engine CR. Nickel oxide additives were manufactured using homogenous addition method and were thoroughly studied for formation and presence of constituents using XRD, FE‐SEM, and EDS methods. The usage of nano additives does prove reduction in exergy destruction and entropy generation for NB25 base blend with 25 mg/L NiO leading to a reduction of 8.2% and 9.7% when compared to base blends. Also, the emission found for hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide for all base fuel blends reduced by an average of 16.8% and 7.35%.

Influence of hydrogen-assisted combustion in compression ignition engines fueled with fuel blends of pine oil and waste cooking oil biodiesel using toroidal combustion chamber

In this research study, fuel blends of pine oil and waste cooking oil biodiesel (P/WCO) were examined for combustion analysis, engine performance, and emission characteristics tests. Improved combustion and engine performance were achieved using a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber (TCC) and hydrogen supply as a dual fuel. The combustion behavior of fuel blends and hydrogen fuel was examined by varying the engine load at a constant speed. The results revealed that significant reduction in the specific fuel consumption for rich pine oil. Thus, a slightly lesser energy share from the fuel blends and a higher energy share from the hydrogen fuel was required for the engine to maintain the same brake power. Lower viscosity, higher flash point, and presence of oxygen in the pine oil enhance the combustion rate and brake thermal efficiency. Furthermore, hydrogen induction in the engine improves the flame velocity. A lesser crevice volume in the TCC can trap the unburnt fuel which can further increase the combustion efficiency. Thus, rich pine oil with the support of hydrogen induction in TCC causes advanced ignition, improved combustion, and more heat release during the combustion. The investigation results revealed that hydrogen induction increases the heat release rate and peak pressure by 7.4% and 2.67%, respectively. Similarly, the maximum of 24.55% increase in BTE and 18.22% reduction in BSFC was observed due to a constant 10 lpm hydrogen induction. Furthermore, hydrogen fuel significantly reduces the emissions such as CO, HC, CO2, and smoke. However, more NOx was generated due to more heat release rate during combustion. Thus, pine oil and waste cooking oil biodiesel blends with the support of hydrogen induction in TCC improve the engine performance and mitigate the toxic pollutants and can be a suitable alternative to diesel fuel.

Engine Behavior Analysis on a Conventional Diesel Engine Powered with Blends of Lemon Grass Oil Biodiesel–Diesel Blends

<div>Fossil fuel usage causes environmental pollution, and fuel depletion, further affecting a country’s economy. Biofuels and diesel-blended fuels are practical alternatives to sustain fossil fuels. This experimental study analyses lemongrass oil’s performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics after blending with diesel. Lemongrass oil is mixed with diesel at 10 (B10), 15 (B15), and 25% (B25) and evaluated using a 5.20 kW direct injection diesel engine. B10 brake thermal efficiency is 36.47%, which is higher than other blends. The B10 displays an 8.73% decrease in brake-specific fuel consumption compared to diesel. An increase in exhaust gas temperature for B10 than diesel is 4.5%. It indicates that higher lemongrass oil blends decrease exhaust gas temperature. The decrease in average carbon monoxide emissions in B10 to diesel is 22.19%. The decrease in hydrocarbon emissions for B10 to diesel is 7.14%. Biodiesel with lemongrass oil increases nitrogen oxide (NOx) because of increased temperature and poor combustion. Apart from NOx emissions, all other parameters of lemongrass oil blends are suitable for practical diesel applications. The significant findings benefit the biodiesel community toward the efficient combustion of biodiesel blends.</div>

Engine performance evaluation and emission test with B10 biodiesel blend from Chlorella vulgaris cultivated with aquaponics wastewater

Engine performance evaluation and emission test with B10 biodiesel blend from Chlorella vulgaris cultivated with aquaponics wastewater

Investigation of bionano additives in red algae Cyanidioschyzon merolae ultrasonified MgO/MWCNT catalyzed biodiesel in optimized engine performance

Renewable energy research is burgeoning with the anticipation of finding neat liquid fuel. Ultra sonification assisted biodiesel was derived from red algae Cyanidioschyzon merolae, with biodiesel yield of 98.9%. The results of GC MS of the prepared biodiesel showed higher concentration of methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and stearate. This composition is appreciable, as this plays significance in desirable pour & cloud point properties. NMR spectrum revealed the ester linkages, presence of olefins, and α methyl position in olefins. Mixture of 30 wt% of biodiesel in diesel exhibited work efficiency, and also exhibited low pour point and, lower viscosity values. CeO2 and Fe2O3 nano particles were bio reduced, and were added as nano additive in biodiesel. 1:1 ratio of CeO2 and Fe2O3 added to biodiesel maximised the combustion ability of fuel owing to the oxygen storage capacity of CeO2. Further, this combination produced a satisfactory calorific value. Imbalanced ratios disrupted the catalytic and oxygen storage effects, reduced the overall energy release and calorific value of the biodiesel blend. Pour point and cetane number value of biodiesel blend ultrasonifacted with 1:1 mass ratio of Fe2O3 and CeO2 was observed to be around −7 °C and 53 °C respectively, and was better than other compositions. 1:1 mass ratio of NPS blended with 30 wt% BD in diesel showed tremendous increase in brake thermal efficiency, torque, and power. HC, NOX, and SOX emissions were reduced by 42.8%, 19.3%, and 57% respectively with 1:1 Fe2O3 and CeO2 mixed biodiesel blend. CeO2 favourably improved the oxygen storage capacity of the fuel, whereas Fe2O3 showed decrease in formation of gums and sediments in biodiesel.

Inhibition effect of biodiesel on the formation of oxidized insoluble matter in diesel: characteristics and mechanism

ABSTRACT To address the problem that oxidized insoluble matter in diesel is easily generated in the process of using, we proposed the idea of blending biodiesel into diesel to inhibit the formation of oxidized insoluble matter. We also studied the effect of the biodiesel blending ratio on the generation of oxidized insoluble matter and revealed the mechanism of biodiesel inhibiting the formation of diesel oxidized insoluble matter. According to the results, the color of the blended fuel became darker with the increase in oxidation time for B0–B100 blended fuel. The generation of oxidized insoluble matter during the oxidation of B0–B30 was obvious since the amount increased with the enhancement of biodiesel ratio. The formation phenomenon of oxidizing insoluble matter in diesel disappeared, however,when the addition ratio of biodiesel increased from 0%–30% to 40%–100%. Based on the results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, the main component of oxidizing insoluble matter was tetralone. At low blending ratios, small molecule compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones, were rapidly generated with the oxidation process of biodiesel, which maybe acted as precursors for formation of oxidation insoluble matter, thereby increasing the amount of oxidized insoluble matter. For high blending ratios, oxidized insoluble matter was gradually dissolved in biodiesel, because the polarity between biodiesel and oxidized insoluble matter was similar. The dielectric constant of biodiesel was 3.35, which indicated that biodiesel was a weak polar liquid. Meanwhile the oxidized insoluble matter was a polar substance, and its dielectric constant was 6.28–13.59. The results showed that the blending of biodiesel was expected to slow down the appearance of oxidized insoluble matter in diesel, thereby optimizing the performance of diesel and reducing the carbon emissions of diesel.

Glycerol-Free Biodiesel via Catalytic Interesterification: A Pathway to a NetZero Biodiesel Industry

Conventional biodiesel manufacturing uses alcohol as an acyl acceptor, resulting in glycerol as a side product. The increased demand for biodiesel has led to the production of a substantial surplus of glycerol, exceeding the market need. Consequently, glycerol is now being regarded as a byproduct, and in some cases, even as waste. The present study aims to suggest an economically viable and ecologically friendly approach for maintaining the viability of the biodiesel sector. This involves generating an alternative byproduct of higher value, rather than glycerol. Triacetin is produced through the interesterification of triglycerides with methyl acetate, and is a beneficial ingredient to biodiesel, reducing the need for extensive product separation. The primary objective of this research is to improve the interesterification reaction by optimising process parameters to maximise biodiesel production while using sulphuric acid as an economically viable catalyst. The study utilised the Box–Behnken design (BBD) to investigate the influence of various process variables on biodiesel yield, such as reaction time, methyl acetate to oil molar ratio, and catalyst concentration. An optimisation study using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) focused on key process reaction parameters, including the methyl acetate to oil (MA:O) molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and residence time. The best conditions produced a biodiesel blend with a 142% yield at a 12:1 MA:O molar ratio, with 0.1 wt% of catalyst loading within 1.7 h. The established technique is deemed to be undeniably effective, resulting in an efficient biodiesel production process.

Unlocking the potential of low concentration biodiesel blended with green synthesized novel carbon black nanoparticles from Ricinus communis outer shell: An experimental study under different compression ratios and EGR concentrations

AbstractThe outer prickly shells of the Ricinus communis (castor plant) have intrigued researchers interested in the synthesis of carbon black (CB) nanoparticles because of their excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, and widespread availability. Both chemical and physical synthesis methods, such as pyrolysis and ball milling, are employed to obtain the fine‐sized CB nanoparticles. The ball milling process is done for 5 h to reduce the size of the biochar from the pyrolysis process. The as‐synthesized CB nanoparticles are characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. The energy dispersive spectrum also confirmed that the nanoparticles are highly composed of carbon and oxygen. CB nanoparticles made from green materials are added to a low‐concentrated biodiesel blend of waste fried edible oil at a rate of 100 ppm. The experiment was performed in a single‐cylinder diesel engine under varying compression ratios (CRs) (16:1–18:1), loads (0–16 kg), and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates (0%, 15%, and 25%). The results revealed that the existence of carbon in nanoparticles increased the mean gas temperature, and the mass fraction burned was also slightly higher than diesel. Raising both CR (16:1–17:1 and 16:1–18:1) and EGR (25%) boosted the cylinder pressure of CBB30 (1.844% and 10.391%, respectively). In contrast, it lowered the net heat release rate (7.88% and 14.56%, respectively). Similar to this, smoke emissions decreased by 6.38% and 15.02%, respectively, at the same CR and EGR parameters. On the other hand, brake thermal efficiency slumped by 7.22% and 10.13% concurrently.

Experimental investigation on diesel engine performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics with Tucuma and Ungurahui biodiesel blends

The study conducted an experimental investigation of diesel engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics using Tucuma and Ungurahui biodiesel blends. Higher yield (greater than 99.4%), lower viscosity than diesel, and higher cetane number of these fuels have motivated a comprehensive investigation of the effect of these fuels on diesel engines. Four blends were tested in the engine by keeping diesel as the benchmarking fuel. The engine was operated at full load conditions, and the results were investigated with respect to brake power (BP). Results indicate that biodiesel blends showed similar combustion behaviour to that of diesel. Next to diesel, TB10 and UB10 showed better brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and lower brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Higher peak pressures and heat release rates (HRR) are observed for the TB10 compared to the diesel operation. Moreover, prolonged combustion was observed for the four biodiesel blends during the diffusion and late combustion phasing. With the increase in BP, slightly higher HC emissions are observed for all the blends except for TB10 compared to diesel. Similarly, a slight increase in CO emissions is also observed for all the blends at higher BP. Higher acid values of both fuels are the likely cause of increased HC and CO emissions at higher BP. NOx emissions are slightly higher for both fuels, among these UB10 has shown lower NOx than other blends. The study concludes that TB10 has demonstrated better performance (near diesel) and combustion rates (better than diesel); however, emissions like CO and NOx are slightly higher than others. The study recommends blending TB10 and UB10 with the alcohols, ethers, and nanoparticles as they can reduce NOx and CO emissions.

Evaluating the vibrational properties of an engine powered by diesel–biodiesel mixtures containing aluminum oxide nanoparticles

Much research has been done on the performance and emissions of engines using renewable fuels. In some cases, nano additives have been added to these fuels. Although the research results are essential, these fuels should be considered from other aspects. One of these aspects is engine vibrations, which can be related to engine ignition and knocking. In this research, the vibration of an engine and its relationship with knocking and combustion using diesel and alumina nano additives with 30, 60, and 90 ppm dosages in the diesel–biodiesel blend (B5, B10) were evaluated. Experiments were carried out using precise vibration measurement equipment in a single-cylinder, four-stroke engine. The frequency domain transformation, Welch test, Kurtosis, and RMS of acceleration were used to analyze the vibrations. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were investigated on the vibrations of each fuel blend. The results showed that despite being more complicated, the Welch test better shows the difference between fuels and their vibration. By this method, it was found that diesel fuel has the lowest vibrations at frequencies below 10 kH, but it has the highest vibrations at frequencies above 10 kH. Also, with diesel and adding alumina nanoparticles to the fuels of B5, the engine performance becomes more erratic despite increasing engine power.

Artificial intelligent-based analysis of VCR engine with biodiesel blends and modelling using uncertainty techniques

Artificial intelligent-based analysis of VCR engine with biodiesel blends and modelling using uncertainty techniques

Impact of injection pressure on a dual-fuel engine using acetylene gas and microalgae blends of chlorella protothecoides

The amount of fossil fuel usage in compression ignition (CI) engines is greatly reduced when biodiesel is used. The primary disadvantage of using biodiesel is that, due to its high viscosity, which causes fuels to remain unburned during the premixed combustion stage, leads to lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE). Gaseous fuels predominantly reducing emissions in CI engines due to its complete burning without leaving any carbon traces. Fuel injection pressure (FIP) is one of the factors which is influencing the combustion phase because they are used to optimize fuel particle atomization. The current study examines engine parameters for a dual fuel engine that runs on biodiesel blends made from 20 % methyl ester of chlorella protothecoides micro algae (B20MEOA) and acetylene gas under variable Fuel injection pressure (FIP) ranging from 200 bar to 240 bar with 10-bar steps. According to the experimental results, when 3 LPM of acetylene gas is supplied along with the intake air and B20MEOA supplied at a FIP of 240 bar, the emissions such as smoke opacity, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) are reduced by 16.9 %, 8.3 %, and 15.4 %, respectively, whereas the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) increases by approximately 7 % when compared to B20MEOA alone operation.

Impact of ammonia energy fraction on improving thermal efficiency and emissions of ammonia/biodiesel in dual fuel diesel engine

Ammonia (NH3) and Cashew Nut Shell Oil (CNSO) biodiesel blends are used in a four-stroke, single-cylinder Internal Combustion (IC) engine to examine combustion characteristics, engine performance, and emissions. NH3 is an encouraging alternative fuel, considering its high energy density and carbon neutrality. Biodiesel derived from cashew nut shells is an environmentally friendly fuel option with substantial unsaturated fatty acid content. An investigation was executed with NH3 at a flow rate of 3 and 6 liters per minute (LPM) at 50 % CNSO, 50 % diesel (50CNSO50D), and 100 % CNSO. With the addition of NH3 to diesel, peak in-cylinder pressures increased from 63.412 bar to 68.87 bar at 3 LPM and 70.239 bar at 6 LPM, respectively. In comparison to diesel, CNSO biodiesel exhibited a minor decrease in peak pressure (62.034 bar) and a slight delay in ignition. Compared to diesel, thermal efficiency increased significantly with NH3, rising from 31.1 % to 33.3 % and 34.8 % at 3 and 6 LPM NH3, respectively.CO emissions analysis revealed that CNSO biodiesel reduced emissions to 17 g/kWh, comparatively diesel's 19 g/kWh, with NH3 further reducing them. The NOx emissions from CNSO biodiesel blends are higher (16 g/kWh for CNSO) than diesel (13 g/kWh), but the addition of NH3 reduces NOx emissions across all fuels. The low energy content of CNSO leads to higher CO2 emissions, but NH3 reduces these emissions. CNSO and NH3 blends had lower hydrocarbon (HC) emissions than diesel. It has been found that using NH3 and CNSO biodiesel improves the performance of diesel engines and reduces emissions, contributing to the reduction of global emissions and helping to create a more sustainable future.

Effect of antioxidants on CI engine characteristics of safflower biodiesel with varying fuel injection pressures

A product of microorganisms, crop plants, and animal-based oil, biodiesel holds excellent promise as a sustainable energy resource and a solution to the world's rising energy issues. Biofuel resembles the qualities of fossil diesel, while it is also proven to be a greener fuel and viable alternative. To enhance the properties of biodiesel, the additives, mainly antioxidants, were added to the 20 % blend of safflower biodiesel (B20) at various injection pressures (190, 200, and 210 bar). At a concentration of 1000 ppm, the antioxidants, namely BHA (butylated hydroxy anisole) and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), were added to the B20 blend of higher IP. Investigation on the effects of antioxidants with biodiesel on the performance and emission characteristics were tested in CI diesel engines at different injection pressures (IP). The findings from this study indicate that antioxidants added to biodiesel significantly improved the engine's performance. Higher IP resulted in higher BTE (1.6 %) with lesser emissions of CO (33.33 %), HC (10 %) and smoke (19.5 %) than diesel. But it emits higher NOx emissions (2.5 %). The addition of the antioxidant BHA showed a decrease in NOx emissions by 5 % to higher IP. Thus, the safflower biodiesel B20 added with antioxidant BHA will likely be a tremendous alternate fuel for the CI engine.

Comparative thermal assessment and emission analysis of various green biodiesel from novel feedstocks for CI engines: a sustainable approach towards emission reduction.

In order to replace conventional diesel, biodiesel from various feedstocks is being researched for diesel engines. This study explores novel biodiesel blends produced from unconventional resources such as mentha piperita (peppermint), pontederia crassipes (water hyacinth), tamarindus indica (tamarind), and trichosanthes cucumerina (snake gourd) to assess the outcomes of a diesel engine. The fuel samples are designated as MP20, PC20, TC20, and TI20, which consist of 80% biodiesel and 20% diesel. The assessment is carried out on a four-stroke, one-cylinder diesel engine that is water-cooled and set to operate at 1500rpm with a 17.5 compression ratio under various engine loading scenarios with quarter-incremental loading from one-fourth to full loading conditions. The fuel samples are injected with 220bar injection pressure into the combustion chamber 23° before TDC. An extensive analysis of engine parameters is performed using engine configuration, fuel characteristics, and applied boundary conditions. This comprises brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC), fuel consumption (BSFC), thermal efficiency (BTE), cylinder pressure (CP), heat release rate (HRR), particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. At 100% load, the biodiesel blends show an increase in BSFC (2.8-12.6%) and BSEC (1.1-7.1%) but a minor decrease in CP (0.9-6.9%), HRR (0.8-16.2%), and BTE (1.2-2.9%). For biodiesel blends at full engine load, the emissions of PM (8.9-21.4%), NOx (1.4-16.2%) and CO2 (2.4-7.9%) are all significantly reduced. The results emphasize the distinct benefits of biodiesel blends, demonstrating enhanced engine performance and substantial decreases in emissions, which supports the aim of providing sustainable energy solutions.

Impact of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on hybrid biodiesel blends for cleaner combustion in CI engines

This study investigates the influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and hybrid biodiesel blends on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine. The hybrid biodiesel comprises waste frying oil methyl ester (WFOME), sesame oil methyl ester (SOME), and ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) blended at 20 %:80 % by volume (B20). MWCNTs were added into B20 at 25 ppm and 50 ppm concentrations (B20-25MWCNT and B20-50MWCNT). Experimental analysis was conducted under varying engine loads and injection pressures, complemented by CFD simulations. Results demonstrate that the addition of MWCNTs significantly enhances B20 blend performance, with B20-50MWCNT exhibiting a 25 % increase in brake thermal efficiency and a 17 % reduction in brake specific fuel consumption compared to neat B20. Additionally, the incorporation of MWCNTs resulted in notable reductions in harmful emissions. NOx emissions for the B20 + 50MWCNT blend were reduced by up to 36 % compared to diesel and 43 % compared to B20. Smoke opacity and particulate emissions also showed significant decreases, highlighting the cleaner combustion facilitated by the presence of MWCNTs. The CFD simulations provided detailed insights into the combustion process, validating the experimental findings and elucidating the mechanisms behind the observed improvements. The enhanced fuel atomization, better fuel-air mixing, and catalytic properties of MWCNTs were identified as key factors contributing to the superior performance and reduced emissions.

Investigation of the effect of antioxidant on carbon deposition of compression ignition engine for carbon emissions reduction

The study aimed to assess carbon deposition tendencies in mustard biodiesel with varying oxidation levels by examining residual carbon and existent gum content. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and infrared spectrometry were used to analyze the chemical components of residual carbon and existent gum in mustard biodiesel and an antioxidant before and after oxidation. The research investigated carbon deposition on the exhaust valve of a compression ignition engine using mustard biodiesel blended with clove oil as an antioxidant. The engine ran for 100 h on each fuel sample: diesel (D100), biodiesel blended fuel (B30), and clove oil (3000 ppm). After completing 100 h on each sample, engine exhaust was analyzed for carbon deposition using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Microscopy (EDX).The findings revealed increased carbon deposition when using biodiesel blended fuel compared to diesel fuel. However, the addition of an antioxidant to the biodiesel blend resulted in reduced carbon deposition. This suggests that the use of antioxidants effectively mitigated carbon buildup in the engine’s exhaust when using biodiesel blends. The aim of this study is to enhance engine performance, increase engine life, and reduce pollution in the environment.

Predictive modeling of engine performance and emissions for castor oil ethyl ester biodiesel blends: A Gaussian process regression approach

Replacing fossil fuels with cleaner alternatives is essential. This study examines a biodiesel-diesel blend containing 8 % castor oil ethyl ester (COEE8) and its impact on engine performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust emissions. A single-cylinder diesel engine was tested under consistent conditions: an engine speed of 1500 rpm, varying engine loads (25 %, 50 %, and 75 % of maximum torque), and compression ratios (16, 17, and 18). Engine-out emissions were measured with Testo flue gas analyzers. The results showed that COEE8 combustion significantly decreased HC, CO, and smoke emissions compared to diesel fuel but increased NOx emissions. Additionally, COEE8 exhibited comparable brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) to diesel fuel. The optimal engine operating parameters were determined using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II), a multi-objective optimization technique. Due to limited data availability, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), a machine learning algorithm for small datasets, modeled the multi-objective functions with compression ratio and engine load as input variables. The GPR model demonstrated high prediction performance across all output parameters (BSFC, BTE, HC, smoke, NOx, and CO) for both diesel and COEE8 fuels, with average coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.9896 and 0.9953, respectively, indicating a strong correlation between predicted and actual values. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was also low, averaging 3.11 % and 2.26 %, respectively, demonstrating the model's accuracy. Using the GPR model, the NSGA-II identified the optimal trade-off between NOx and smoke index for both diesel and COEE8 fuels. The optimal compression ratio was 16 for both fuels, while the optimal engine load varied, ranging from 20 % to 30 % for COEE8 and around 30 % (almost 40 %) for diesel fuel.

Prediction of Physico-Thermal Properties of Combined Biodiesel Blends using Waste Fish Oil and Coconut Oil

Prediction of Physico-Thermal Properties of Combined Biodiesel Blends using Waste Fish Oil and Coconut Oil

Cloud point and oxidation stability analysis of turpentine oil and ethanol in b40 biodiesel blend using response surface methodology

Abstract Given the availability and the potential of bioresources as blending components of diesel blends, the synergy of turpentine oil and ethanol in the B40 biodiesel blend is presented in this work. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the influence of both bioresources on the important characteristics of B40 biodiesel blends, i.e., cloud point and oxidation stability. Based on the result, the relationship between turpentine oil and ethanol on cloud point was best expressed with a two-factor interaction (2FI) model. Meanwhile, the quadratic model was more suitable for oxidation stability The most ideal cloud point was found at 10.6 °C in 8% v/v and 0.5% v/v of turpentine oil and ethanol concentration, respectively and the most ideal oxidation induction time was found at 250 minutes in 5% v/v and 0.7% v/v of turpentine oil and ethanol, respectively. It is believed that the rigid structure of turpentine oil is responsible for preventing crystal formation and the ethanol-biodiesel blend attraction also enhances their liquid-phase stability. Furthermore, the oxidation stability of B40 biodiesel blends continues to be maintained at sufficient levels.