Blend Words Research Articles

A classification of blended words: Thematic aspect

A classification of blended words: Thematic aspect

Investigation of Neologism in Promotional Text on Instagram

The development of information technology has impacted any aspect of life including marketing products and services. One platform which has become popular is Instagram. Recently, advertisements tend to use new words to promote their goods or services. There are many ways to make a new word which is commonly called a neologism. One of them is a blend. Blend means combining two or more words using clipping, overlapping, or both clipping and overlapping. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the frequent blended words found in online advertisements, especially on social media and websites. The present project used the qualitative method since the data of this study was in the form of text which is a characteristic of qualitative methods. The data were taken from promotional texts in the “Giladiskonn” account on Instagram in 2021. Using the morphosemantics approach, the results of the analysis showed that portmanteau words were created using various types of clipping. The clipping process may occur on the first, second, or both words. The findings can be used to improve learners’ vocabulary and the model to create new words in promotional texts.

Conjugate word blending: formal model and experimental implementation by XPCR

Conjugate word blending: formal model and experimental implementation by XPCR

The Neural Blending of Words and Movement: Event-Related Potential Signatures of Semantic and Action Processes during Motor-Language Coupling.

Behavioral embodied research shows that words evoking limb-specific meanings can affect responses performed with the corresponding body part. However, no study has explored this phenomenon's neural dynamics under implicit processing conditions, let alone by disentangling its conceptual and motoric stages. Here, we examined whether the blending of hand actions and manual action verbs, relative to nonmanual action verbs and nonaction verbs, modulates electrophysiological markers of semantic integration (N400) and motor-related cortical potentials during a lexical decision task. Relative to both other categories, manual action verbs involved reduced posterior N400 amplitude and greater modulations of frontal motor-related cortical potentials. Such effects overlapped in a window of ∼380-440 msec after word presentation and ∼180 msec before response execution, revealing the possible time span in which both semantic and action-related stages reach maximal convergence. These results allow refining current models of motor-language coupling while affording new insights on embodied dynamics at large.

Word Blending using Sliding Word Lock to Enhance Reading Fluency

Word Blending using Sliding Word Lock to Enhance Reading Fluency

Слова-бленды в газетных заголовках

In modern Russian, word blends can be found in fiction, journalism, advertising, as well as in scientific terminology and in everyday language. This study presents the press titles of the daily “Коммерсанть” (from 2020 and 40 issues from 2021; online version) in which lexical blends were used. Structural analysis shows that the dominant role in their construction is played by haplologic blends and blends based on tmesis (“matryoshka” words and quasi-tmesis words). An interesting procedure is the simultaneous transformation of precedent texts (substitution) and the use of word blends. Noun derivatives are most frequently represented in the entire illustrative material. Next to them we also find adjective, verb and adverb blends.

Word Blending in Formal Languages*

Word Blending in Formal Languages*

A-16 Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) Scores are Associated with Pre-Reading Skills in Preschoolers

Abstract Objective Executive function (EF) skills are an array of cognitive abilities that have been linked to future scholastic achievement. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) is used to assess EF in young children. The aims of the current study are to assess whether males and females differ in BRIEF-P scores, and to measure the relationship between EF and pre-reading skills. Method 11 typically developing males (M = 53.13 months, SD = 3.74) and 12 typically developing females (M = 54.71 months, SD = 3.14) participated in the study. Children completed a cognitive-linguistic battery, while parents completed the BRIEF-P. Independent sample t tests were employed to investigate differences between males and females, and Pearson correlations were employed to examine the relationship between BRIEF-P and cognitive-linguistic scores. Results Males scored significantly higher than females on the Blending Words subtest t(21) = 2.97, p = .007, 95% CI [5.83, 32.92]. Males and females also significantly differed in BRIEF-P scores: Shift t(21) = 6.43, p < .001, 95% CI [36.42, 71.26] and Emotional Control t(21) = 3.02, p = .006, 95% CI [11.44, 61.86]. In males, Blending Words was associated with Inhibit r = -.77, p = .005, Emotional Control r = -.75, p = .008, and Plan/Organize r = -.638, p = .035. In females, Memory for Digits subtest was associated with Inhibit r = -.632, p = .027, and Plan/Organize r = -.595, p = .041. Conclusions Male and female preschoolers differed in Blending Words, Shift, and Emotional Control. Interestingly, EF was associated with pre-reading measures in both males and females; however, EF measures were associated with Blending Words in males and Memory for Digits in females. This study adds to the body of research suggesting the importance of EF in early development.

Blend Words and Their Influence on the Lexicon and Future of English Language

This research studies the widening range of forming and using blend (portmanteau) words in English language. It sheds light on the fact that most blend words are exocentric not only for second language learners but also to natives too, since they have not been listed in English dictionaries. Even if listed; still the continuous process of forming blend words will leave no room to catch up with listing all of them. English nowadays has become the most dominant language and at the same time it has been influenced by some factors as much as it has been influential. In terms of word formation processes especially blending, one can realize how rapidly and unexpectedly new words are coined for new purposes in accordance with daily life needs. In this era of speed; English native speakers, as their nature, do like to economize in their word choice especially in their word formation processes such as blending, acronyms, clipping and all types of abbreviations. In fact, the inevitability of life change as the result of daily life’s needs inventions influences English language in many ways. In addition, the policy of economizing and being selective reflects well on letter choice and word forming processes. In relation to this, the consequences of life change can be noted in studying blend forms in English. Some simple examples are: blunch, chexting, spork, feminar, brinner, brunch, fanzin, hubot, smog, etc. In a nut shell, the research states the inevitable and intriguing change of English words in the process of blending in which two or more words are cut and mixed together to form a new form, called a blend word. One basic point here is that a blend word is not simply one word; brinner as an example is formed from three other words (breakfast + lunch + dinner) to describe a situation in which you just have one meal instead of the three. Most of blend words have not so far been listed in English dictionaries. So this continuous process of forming new words does a great change to English vocabularies now and in the upcoming years.

The comparative study between Indonesian blend words and English blend words

Generally, blending can be defined as combining two clipped words. Kvetko in Bednarova defines blending as a word formation process similar to shortening combined with merging two different words. There are many types of blending words both in Indonesian and English context. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the comparison between Indonesian blend words and English blend words in terms of its types, its similarities and differences and also how its formed. In this paper the researcher use descriptive qualitative method as the method of the research. The source of the data is taken from some journal articles that relevant with blend words both in Indonesian and English context. The result showed that Indonesian blend words and English blend words not only have similarities in the forming word, but also have their differences that make them unique to each other. The writer hopes that the reader of this article gets more information about both Indonesian and English blend words based on its types and the similarities and the difference between them.

The Chutnification of English in Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children: A Stylistic Analysis

Salman Rushdie has been lauded for his energising use of language. In Indian writing in English, Rushdie is generally accepted as an initiator and catalyst of a style that saw English being used imaginatively and with ease. Rushdie’s use of the expression “chutnification” epitomizes his use of language in the novels, with special reference to Midnight’s Children. The process of chutnification of English provides a tasty flavour to Rushdie’s works, which is obviously made possible through the abundant blending of Hindi and Urdu words with English, thereby reflecting India’s hybrid culture. The present paper proposes to make a comprehensive attempt to scrutinise the linguistic experiments conducted by Rushdie in this novel. An examination of the language of Midnight’s Children within the ambit of Stylistics, will yield a rich dividend, and an analysis and a study of this kind will add new insights to the novel.

Nowe kontaminaty leksykalne w prasowym dyskursie politycznym (od 25 października 2015 roku do 5 maja 2017 roku)

The subject of this article is blend words — neologisms, appearing in the press political discourse from October 25, 2015 to May 5, 2017. In the text the scope of the concept of blend is depicted while explaining what the phonemic overlaps are and defining types of blends. Later, after presenting the method of excerption of neologisms and the principles of their description, the eight expressions: ciamajdan, deforma, koderaści, kodomici, misie-pisie, pisiewicze, posiewicze, Szyszkodnik, were analyzed in detail in terms of their constructions, meanings and characteristics. Based on the research conclusions were drawn regarding the cause of presence of blend words in the press and in the political persuasion.

СЕМАНТИЧНІ ТИПИ КОНТАМІНОВАНИХ ЛЕКСИЧНИХ ОДИНИЦЬ СУЧАСНОЇ НІМЕЦЬКОЇ МОВИ

The article is devoted to the semantics of lexical units, formed as a result of blending in Modern German. Blending is understood as a word-building process of intentional creation of a new word by combining parts of two words after clipping and/or phonemic overlap of the constituents. The semantic interpretation of blended words deals with the detection and semantic classification of the relations between motivating morphemes, constituents of blends. The blended lexical units with coordinative and subordinate relations between constituents were distinguished. In case of the coordinative interpretation we differentiate between the following types: endocentric or additional reading (the blend denotes a pair consisting of both constituents); exocentric reading (the blend denotes a hybrid object possessing some features of both constituents), synonym reading (the both constituents have almost the same meaning) and antonym reading (constituents denote opposites). In case of the subordinate interpretation we distinguish between attributive, adverbial (the first constituent can verbalize a place, a mean, a purpose or a cause of the nominated phenomenon), possessive, associative and situational semantic relations between the constituents of the blended words. The observed semantic types of blends evidence that blending is developing according to the semantic patterns of compound words in the modern German language.

Commerce Register Analysis of Minangkabau Vernacular in a Colloquial Conversation: A Sociolinguistics Study

This research was aimed at identifying register used in the colloquial commerce conversations among sellers and buyers. The research was conducted in Bukittinggi (Pasa Ateh-Pasa Bawah) and Padang (Pasar Raya Padang). The data were any register utterances of sellers and buyers in the colloquial commerce conversation. The observational method of note-taking, recording, and interviewing was used to collect data. The analysis was done by Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) approach applied to examine the linguistic features viewed from the aspect of field, tenor, and mode of discourse proposed by Halliday. Findings show that in the field of discourse, registers release the experiential domain of nouns, verbs, idiomatic expression, and word blending. The goal orientation appears to have both short and long-term while the social activity results in exchanges among participants. Furthermore, in the field of tenor, participants have an equal agentive role as they have the same social function. The social role is non-hierarchic, and the social distance is minimal. Finally, in the mode of discourse, both constitutive and ancillary language role formed in present simple, past simple, and future simple. The channel is phonic, and the medium is spoken with visual contact as it is characterized by the use of back-channel signs. The SFL approach employed in this research could be used as the parameter for educators in teaching Sociolinguistics especially in conducting discourse analysis in various colloquial discourse contexts.

Assessing phonological awareness in Italian children with and without developmental dyslexia: The contribution of a new pseudo-word blending task

The current study investigated the capacity of a new test assessing phonological awareness to detect differences between Italian children with and without developmental dyslexia. Specifically, the task involves blending of a list of pseudo-words, and excludes lexical knowledge as a source of task performance. Fifty-four third to fifith Italian graders were presented a battery of tests assessing phonological awareness, reading, writing, and verbal short-term memory abilities. A multivariate analysis of covariance, with age as a covariate, revealed that proficient readers outperformed students with developmental dyslexia in all cognitive measures considered, except verbal short-term memory. Moreover, high concordance was found between the new pseudo-word blending task, and well-known word blending, writing, and reading tests, respectively. In conclusion, the new phonological awareness task seems to be a useful tool for the detection of poor blending abilities of Italian children and thus it could be used to screen phonological awareness in primary schools. Implications for school psychology research and practice, including across linguistic contexts, are emphasized; for example, the new blending task could aid discrimination of proficient and dyslexic readers speaking other languages characterized by a transparent orthography, such as Greek, Spanish, Turkish.

Thematic Progression of Higher Education Advertorials: A Case Study in English and Bahasa Indonesia

Many researchers do their research on advertorial but the one discussing thematic progression in advertorial is still limited. The word advertorial comes from two English words; they are advertisement and editorial as an English blending words. This research data focuses on higher education both in English and Bahasa Indonesia advertorials. This article tries to figure out the types of the thematic progression and the types of the theme in advertorial for higher education both in English and Bahasa Indonesia advertorials. The research method applied in this research is descriptive analysis. The data taken from advertorial both in English and Bahasa Indonesia are collected and they are analyzed based on the Halliday’s theory of thematic progression and the types of the each theme found in the data. The research discusses two main questions; firstly what type of thematic progression found in Bahasa Indonesia and English advertorials for higher education, and secondly what types of theme found in each theme in English and Bahasa Indonesia for higher education advertorial. After doing classification and analyzing the data, it is found that the thematic progression in English and Bahasa Indonesia advertorials has different pattern. The dominant thematic progression found in Bahasa Indonesia advertorial for higher education is zigzag theme pattern while the dominant one found in English advertorial for higher education is reiteration theme pattern. From the data found, both of Bahasa Indonesia or English advertorial, it is found that the dominant theme found in each clause of the data is ideational or topical theme.

A study on the ‘wordgasm’: the nature of blends’ splinters

The aim of this work is to study the nature of blends’ splinters, elements that have been often referred to as ‘final combining forms’, whose status remains unclear. Our specific objective is to analyze blends containing the element ‘-gasm’ to check tendencies in their formation. We intend to prove that the sequence ‘-gasm’ possesses a high degree of productivity and is used recurrently in the formation of new words. Through the analysis of the bases to which the splinter is attached and the study of the relationship existing between the component parts of the blends, we aim at discovering which mechanism is at work, while attempting to accommodate the operation within the theoretical framework of Construction Morphology, an approach to morphology within the overarching theory of Construction Grammar. This approach, proposed by Geert Booij, acknowledges the existence of constructions as pairings of form and meaning at word level, and thus it considers that abstractions allowing speakers to coin new complex words are based on actual instances of words that are memorized. We have compiled our own 200-sample corpus of novel English blends coined by native speakers of English and taken from a variety of sources (online corpora, websites listing neologisms, social networks, including Twitter, and even online discussion threads). For the data analysis, we proceed as follows: (i) identify the cases of hapax legomena in the corpus in order to account for the productivity of the process; (ii) recover the source words of all the blends subject to study and contextualize the items in our corpus, by providing an instance of each word in a wider context; (iii) analyze the relationships existing between the first and the second component of the novel coinages, according to different factors, such as the notion of causality and the cognitive and experiential relationship of cause and effect, the syntactic behaviour of the source words and the semantic roles fulfilled by these units; (iv) identify blends exhibiting a similar behaviour and propose constructional schemas to account for their creation. The results of our analysis show that the splinter analyzed appears to be highly productive, and that blends ending in ‘-gasm’ can belong to different groups, the most significant of which are the following: (a) cause and effect blends, in which the relationship between the source words is based on the notion of causality. Two different subsets can be identified in this group, depending on the meaning that ‘-gasm’ acquires in the resulting blend: that of physical pleasure, as in toygasm or that of a feeling of excitement or enthusiasm, as in neologasm; (b) experiencer blends, such as clowngasm, where the first participant fulfils the semantic role of an experiencer, that is, the first participant experiences the feeling of pleasure; (c) coordination blends, that is, blended words whose source words stand in a relationship of coordination, such as crygasm; (d) adjectival blends, in which the first element premodifies the feeling denoted by the second element, as in fakegasm. Based on our results, constructional morphology, and especially constructional schemas, seem to be a very appropriate tool for explaining the formation of these lexemes.

The effectiveness of supplemental phonics instruction employing constant time delay instruction for struggling readers

AbstractThis study examined the provision of supplemental instruction using constant time delay for struggling readers who had fallen behind in developing word‐blending skills. Additionally, the study examined the utility of adding a material reward contingency to the instructional program with a contingency derived from percentile‐shaping procedures. Procedures were compared in a withdrawal design applied across blocks of letters with word blending as the target response. Participants exhibited substantial learning gains when provided constant time delay instruction in phonics skills as compared to baseline demonstrating clear experimental control. Results for the constant time delay plus reward contingency conditions were clearly differentiated from baseline but undifferentiated from the other instructional conditions. The implications of the findings for intervention for struggling readers and future research relevant to more comprehensive reading interventions are discussed.

The processing of blend words in naming and sentence reading.

Research exploring the processing of morphologically complex words, such as compound words, has found that they are decomposed into their constituent parts during processing. Although much is known about the processing of compound words, very little is known about the processing of lexicalised blend words, which are created from parts of two words, often with phoneme overlap (e.g., brunch). In the current study, blends were matched with non-blend words on a variety of lexical characteristics, and blend processing was examined using two tasks: a naming task and an eye-tracking task that recorded eye movements during reading. Results showed that blend words were processed more slowly than non-blend control words in both tasks. Blend words led to longer reaction times in naming and longer processing times on several eye movement measures compared to non-blend words. This was especially true for blends that were long, rated low in word familiarity, but were easily recognisable as blends.

КРЕАТИВИЗАЦИЯ ЛЕКСИКОНА РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА НОВЕЙШЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ: "СЛОВО ГОДА"

The neologization with the popularity of the Internet occurs actively in the contemporary Russian language. Not only mass media but also common people, Internet users contribute significantly. New words from the media discourse get into word creating rates of Internet project “Word of the Year”. On the one hand, ranked lists are the indicators of social changes, on the other hand, they reflect linguocreative potential of people, who participate in lists formation. Creative speech activity relates to language game. One of the main rules of such a game is the understanding of conditions of a certain speech (game) code both by a creator of a word and by an interlocutor. Conducted analysis shows that authors mostly use the model of compressive word creation and it proves high creative potential, freedom of speech behavior and linguistic sense of native speakers, who strive to the self-expression with word creation. New formations created by methods of paronymic attraction and blend words save semantic links with original words. So they have semantic of motivating words in their meaning and have advantage over descriptive constructions. Thus, methods of word creation, which allow describing social and political events of a country or a personal life with a new bright word with evaluative element in it, are popular in the contemporary word creative activity.