КРЕАТИВИЗАЦИЯ ЛЕКСИКОНА РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА НОВЕЙШЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ: "СЛОВО ГОДА"

The article is devoted to the study of usual affixation word formation as one of the most important operating mechanisms in the Russian derivation system. The goal of the research is to reveal active processes and main trends in usual affixation word formation of the contemporary Russian language. W. Humboldt’s work, where the language is considered not only as a product of human activity, but as the activity itself, as well as E.A. Zemskaya's ideas concerning active and creative nature of the Russian word formation as a subsystem of the general language system. The usual affixation word formation is an actively and dynamically developing aspect of the derivation system existing in the contemporary Russian language. News media language actively uses the resources inherent in the system and the norms of the Russian language: neologisms in newspaper texts are primarily generated through the usual derivation models. It has been revealed that the most productive affixation means of the usual innovations generation comprise the following: suffixation, prefixation, zero-suffixation and affixation-like word formation, wherein the most popular one is suffixation. At the present stage of the Russian language development we witness an increase in adaptive function of word formation types. Joining native Russian affixes to the borrowed stems appears to be one the most productive patterns in the contemporary usual affixation word building, where suffixation is the most demanding one. The research results obtained can contribute to the development of the lexical derivatology, lexical semantics, neology, and language stylistics problems. The promising character of elaborating the declared subject is conditioned by the language processes in mass media activation, which will probably require further study of neologization aspects in mass media texts in the nearest future, making possible to explore the functional and pragmatic potential in word formation resources of the contemporary Russian language.

Changes in socio-political lexis of the contemporary Russian language – borrowings The article presents changes within socio-political lexis of the contemporary Russian language in the context of borrowings. The text characterizes the linguistic situation in Russia at the turn of the 21st century and presents causes of language borrowings. Among them general causes, common in different languages, were distinguished, and also characteristics specific for Russia only were included. The text also embraces the classification of socio-political lexis on the basis of spheres of application, which was illustrated with numerous examples. The examples are divided into the so-called old borrowings and new borrowings. The first group embraces the lexemes which were included into the language long time ago and today are not recognized as foreign elements. The other group includes the words which have appeared relatively recently.

The article deals with the specifi cs of functioning of popular scientifi c linguistic discourse in mass media. Popular science content is not mandatory for mass media. The main task of mass media is to communicate relevant information to the addressee. The functioning of popular scientifi c linguistic discourse in media sources of this type is conditioned by a number of factors that make scientifi c information relevant to the mass addressee. Based on the analysis of three print media (the newspapers Argumenty i Fakty, Izvestia and Kommersant) three factors of actu-alization of scientifi c linguistic knowledge have been revealed: 1) intellectual; 2) pragmatic; 3) informational and entertaining. The popular scientifi c linguistic discourse, the actualization of which is conditioned by the intellectual factor, helps the reader to comprehend actual facts and events. Linguistic information in this case can be presented in diff erent amounts and represented in diff erent ways. But at the same time popular scientifi c linguistic discourse is not independent, it is presented in the context of an event relevant to the reader. With the help of scientifi c knowledge, the mass addressee gets an opportunity to critically evaluate this event. Popular scientifi c linguistic discourse, the relevance of which is conditioned by the pragmatic factor, can be used by the addressee in practical speech activity. These are materials about the normative use of individual units of the Russian literary language and articles about the rules of speech interaction. The relevance of popular scientifi c linguistic discourse can be conditioned by the informational-entertainment factor: the reader as a language user shows interest in certain linguistic phenomena. On the basis of thematic analysis, the spheres of linguistic knowledge which are of the greatest interest to the mass addressee are singled out: 1) history of words and phraseologisms; 2) lexical meaning of obsolete and new words (neologisms); 3) the use of proper names. As the analysis has shown, popular scientifi c linguistic discourse in mass media is subordinated to the main principle of content formation — the principle of relevance. Communicative, genre and style specifi city, as well as the way of representation of linguistic information are determined by the in-tellectual, pragmatic or informational and entertaining factors of actualization of this discourse.

Language is a social phenomenon and changes with the development of society. Neologisms are new words and new expressions which are the cutting edge of language. Neologisms are being invented or introduced every day to express new things and new ideas in society. Scholars usually discuss neologisms from two perspectives: the time perspective and the semantic perspective. Neologisms can be classified according to their functions, their coinage processes, their formation, and their sources. There are three main methods of new word creation: neologisms by rules of word-formation; neologisms by adding new meanings to existing words; neologisms by borrowing words from other languages. Even a single method is quite productive in new word creation.

У статті розглядаються теоретичні аспекти формування творчої активності дітей старшого дошкільного віку, зокрема, акцентується увага на інтеграції образотворчих видів діяльності й розвитку мовлення. На основі аналізу досліджень уточнено сутність поняття «творча активність»; акцентовано увагу, що одним з показників розвитку творчої активності особистості є цілісність сприйняття дітьми творів мистецтва. Встановлено, що організація процесу формування творчої активності неможлива без опори на різні види діяльності дітей дошкільного віку: розвиток зв’язного мовлення, словотворчість, образотворча та конструктивна діяльність тощо. Запропоновано ряд складових, які забезпечать ефективність організації освітнього процесу закладів дошкільної освіти (ЗДО) з метою формування творчої активності дітей старшого дошкільного віку.

The article is an attempt to answer the question regarding the contemporary language contacts and their role in the modern Russian language, in particular Russian economic terminology, from the point of view of their appearance, formation, and functioning. The contribution presents a short review of modern tendencies in research on languages in terms of language contacts as well as the character and tendencies of the development of these contacts in the context of research on economic terms in contemporary Russian language.

The issue of linguistic creativity in Chinese mass media sources published in English is considered. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the English-language discourse of the Chinese mass media is studied as an independent culturally conditioned speech activity phenomenon that actualizes the cultural values of China and the civilizational values of the East. It is substantiated that linguistic creativity is realized in English texts through various forms of manifestation of Chinese national communicative identity: proverbs, allegories, analogies, hints, allusions, rooted in Chinese history, philosophy and folk experience. The updated concepts of proverbs emphasize the values of constant evolutionary movement on the principle of “movement in the still” and the values of collectivism, which are significant both in the country itself and in the region and the world. The collectivism peculiar to China determined the accentuation of the anti-value concepts of hegemony, shame, slander and humiliation. It has been proved that linguistic creativity in the Chinese media in English is also expressed in wordplay and word creation, if this contributes to a more effective presentation of China's position to the English-speaking audience and does not violate the principle of appropriateness. It has been established that in the Chinese English-language mass media, linguistic creativity is of a discursive-pragmatic nature, allows copying samples of linguistic creativity from English-language media and is supplemented with new associations and meanings in their own cultural context.

The article deals with media discourse as a specific type of communicative discourse applied in the mass media, defines the main approaches to the description of the ‘discourse’ as a term, describes the phenomenon of media communication, demonstrates the position of media discourse among other types of communicative discourse as well as its classification. Mass media produce a specific type of discourse used in the media space – media discourse. It is in the media discourse that significant political events are described as well as social, philosophical, cultural, and public trends are reflected. Media discourse holds a special place among other communicative types of discourse. The modern world is characterised by the digitalisation of a developed society, each member of which can no longer imagine life without computer technology. Along with the digitalisation of society, trends towards digitalisation are also observed in modern mass media. In the current century, mass media are progressing every day, they have a dynamic, structured, targeted character, and it is reliably proven that mass media can influence the human mind. In order to fully comprehend the functioning of media discourse as a certain system and the functioning of special speech tools in it, it has become important to deal with the problem of media discourse classification. The components of media discourse comprise not only statements as such, speakers who, most often, must have an official status, the mass audience to which information is conveyed, the communication channel, but also a large number of extralinguistic components, without which media discourse simply will not be such as it is, because the media space is now so intricately intertwined with the life of each person individually and society as a whole that one can no longer imagine one's life without daily and on-going replenishment of media information. The variety of many significant criteria is the very reason for difficulties arising under the attempts to classify media discourse. The discourse of modern media is a multifaceted cognitive and pragmatic phenomenon in which speech performs not only the function of transmitting a message, but also represents a certain social action, whilst in the media discourse of modern media, not only verbal, but also nonverbal means of communication actively function. Key-words: discourse, discourse studies, communicative discourse, media, mediatized society, digitalisation.

We analyze Russian projects “Word of the Year”, “Dictionary of Changes”, “Dictionary of the Year” (2014–2017), which show what lexical units are in the focus for their importance and relevance for society members. We analyze words as a current part of the thematic group for present moment that reflects dominant ideas of the meaning of a year. We pay attention to the fact that many words have a social and political orientation. We identify the subjective principle of formation of projects’ lists and study neological processes marking changes in the contemporary Russian language vocabulary. We classify represented lexical material according to the nature of neological processes, the way of a word entering the language considering the possibility of its further consolidation the language. Mentioned grouping of lexis enable to identify that the following processes are current for contemporary Russian language: activation of certain lexical-thematic groups with extralinguistic factors, a transformation of lexical semantics and co-occurrence, replenishment of vocabulary due to active processes of modern word creation and borrowing, creative usage of language system possibilities. The most frequent language methods used for verbalization of current phenomena, events, facts of objective reality such as the method of paromynic attraction, the method of blending, verb word formation, suffixation, semantic reinterpretation are considered.

The article is devoted to the study of the Ukrainian accent system. The subject of the analysis was the issue of the analysis methodology for derived words. The article focuses what requires special attention in the study of accentuating derived words; outlined the issues that arise before the accentologist researcher. The expediency of conducting a separate study of accentuation of non-derived and derived words is noted, since for non-derived words the stress pattern and place of stress are not determined by other characteristics of the word, unlike with derived words, the accentuation of which can be influenced by various affixes. It is emphasized that the analysis of verbal stress in the morphological aspect involves the study of the regularities of each part of the language or individual grammatical forms in particular. After all, words of different grammatical classes, formed with the help of the same morphemes, can have different accent characteristics. Various dialectological studies were used to illustrate the accentuation of derived words, in particular, the works of M. V. Nikonchuk "Materials for the lexical atlas of the Ukrainian language (Wesr bank Polissya)" (1979), "West bank Polissia dialects in linguistic and geographical coverage" (2012), as well as the educational and methodological manual of V. M. Moisiyenko and H. I. Hrymasevych "Unity in diversity. Polishchuks" (2018), in which recordings of the dialect speech of the Polishchuks are presented. The study was carried out taking into account the relationship between stress and the morphological structure of the word. In the Ukrainian language, there are a lot of words that have the same accentuation characteristics as creative words. At the same time, there are derived words that do not retain the accent of the original word, since their accentuation characteristics are influenced by prefixes and suffixes. The analysis of accentuation of derived words made it possible to outline those issues that are relevant and require a detailed accentuation study. In particular: "Is the accentuation model of the creative (writing) word preserved?", "Which morphemes and in which grammatical classes drag the stress onto themselves, and which do not affect the mobility of the stress?", "In which direction does the stress move: from the root of the word to the prefix, suffix or vice versa ?", "Does the length of the word affect the place of stress? " etc. It was found out that prefixed, suffixed, prefixed-suffixed words can have different accentuation characteristics in Ukrainian dialects. The differentiation of the Ukrainian dialect continuum based on the accentuation of derived nouns is illustrated.

The aim of the study is to identify the semantic features and contextual adaptability of predicates of social status in contemporary Russian language. The article, based on materials from the Russian National Corpus, conducts a comprehensive analysis of the use of basic lexemes within the semantic microfield of “poverty” in texts of various styles and genres: artistic, scientific, and journalistic. The scientific novelty of this research lies in a multi-faceted approach to studying predicates of social status and examining their functional-semantic features, which allows a more comprehensive illumination of the role of these lexemes in the linguistic representation of social changes. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the lexemes бедность (poverty), бедный (poor), and беднеть (to become poor) are actively used in contemporary Russian language, having significant emotional and socio-cultural meaning. Thus, each of these words is an important means of describing the social and economic aspects of life, reflecting not only changes in society but also the material and psychological aspects of the state of poverty. The study confirms the significance of these lexemes in creating socio-psychological contexts and their influence on the formation of social attitudes and assessments, which testifies to the deep interconnection between language and societal processes.

The authors analyse the linguistic strategies modern mass media use when writing about female politicians. Comparison of media discourses in Colombian and Russian media is made by means of interpretive, contextual. discourse and content analysis. The main aim of the study is to identify how the mass media view the role of women in politics and to what extent it is affected by the culture and mentality of the society of a given country. Based on Western European research, three linguistic strategies used by the mass media in the field of “women in politics” were dealt with. As a result of comparing Russian and Columbian media discourses the intensive use of these three strategies in the mass media discourse was identified. Exclusion strategy means that the political power that women have is delegated to them (by men). Invisibility strategy implies the use of a metaphor or catachreza (trope or stylistic error, incorrect or unusual use of word combinations with incompatible literal lexical meanings). The presence of a man as the main co-hero is a determining factor or an integral reference to the political activities of women. Caricature strategy implies description of political actions of women satirically, as caricature, as a ridiculous imitation. Ridicule, derogatory forms of address (derived from one's own name or a diminutive form of a name, reflecting the logic of underestimation) lead to a decline in status. The current media discourse broadcasts the idea that women in politics are isolated cases, exceptions, explained primarily by their personal, political or professional relations with men. Descriptions of women's political activities is full of with stereotypes, prejudices and preconceived notions. Colombian media discourse shows a steady trend towards the use of puns in the linguistic representation of women politicians while Russian mass media tend to use caricature strategies in positioning women in politics. The media discourse of both countries predominantly views women as actors in politics, as subjects that, by their very nature, cannot belong to politics.

The features of children’s word creation in one of the series of the animated film “Masha and the Bear” are studied. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the study of the language game on the example of the speech of children’s cartoon characters allows us to obtain new information about the features of children’s word creation in modern media products. It is shown that the authors of the animated series “Masha and the Bear” deliberately use a variety of game techniques to imitate children’s speech. A series is analyzed, which is devoted to playing out the features of the creative activity of children when they master the language. It is noted that the character Masha in this series uses spoonerisms and occasionalisms. Foreign translations of these means of expression into English, French, Spanish and Ukrainian are given. It is shown that not all unusual words that Masha creates are translated in foreign cartoons with exact equivalents. Some of them are replaced by the names of animals, the image of which is more often used in foreign culture. It is concluded that children’s word creation in media content has not been sufficiently studied, while it plays an important role both in reflecting the characteristics of children's speech and in shaping the creative thinking of young viewers.

Development does not always have a positive impact on the surroundings, but also negative impacts often occur. Social change of society one of them is the impact of the development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze how the development and social change of Bekasi society takes place from the perspective of discourse in the mass media. The method used is to use qualitative data analysis that comes from news in mass media. The reports were analyzed using Nvivo 11 software assistance. The results of the analysis revealed that the government needed to review and evaluate the permit for the development of apartments and the area, because it had a major social change effect on the surrounding community. From the news in mass media shows that the surrounding communities are much negatively affected by the development. The media agenda, the government agenda and the public agenda are related to the occurrence of social change.

The article deals with the investigation of media discourse. It states that there are two view points according to the determination of the media discourse. According to the first approach the media discourse is a specific type of speech act, and it is observed only in the branch of mass media information. According to the next approach the discourse which is observed in any process of mass media can be meant as media discourse. This viewpoint can be called correct as each discourse which is used in mass media is considered to be media discourse. One of the scientists investigating the notion of discourse N.Fairclough writes: “.... the content of the information may be given before analyzing the form because the content of the information is realized in some form. Form is a part of a content.” (Fairclough 1989, p.108). The realization of mass media, especially the media discourse is used through the means of the computer and the internet. One ways of communication is media discourse. Media discourse serves some certain purposes of the activity of mass media subjects.