Color Blending Research Articles

Psudo: Exploring Multi-Channel Biomedical Image Data with Spatially and Perceptually Optimized Pseudocoloring.

Over the past century, multichannel fluorescence imaging has been pivotal in myriad scientific breakthroughs by enabling the spatial visualization of proteins within a biological sample. With the shift to digital methods and visualization software, experts can now flexibly pseudocolor and combine image channels, each corresponding to a different protein, to explore their spatial relationships. We thus propose psudo, an interactive system that allows users to create optimal color palettes for multichannel spatial data. In psudo, a novel optimization method generates palettes that maximize the perceptual differences between channels while mitigating confusing color blending in overlapping channels. We integrate this method into a system that allows users to explore multi-channel image data and compare and evaluate color palettes for their data. An interactive lensing approach provides on-demand feedback on channel overlap and a color confusion metric while giving context to the underlying channel values. Color palettes can be applied globally or, using the lens, to local regions of interest. We evaluate our palette optimization approach using three graphical perception tasks in a crowdsourced user study with 150 participants, showing that users are more accurate at discerning and comparing the underlying data using our approach. Additionally, we showcase psudo in a case study exploring the complex immune responses in cancer tissue data with a biologist.

On color adjustment potential and color blending threshold of dental composite resins.

Color Adjustment Potential evaluates the color blending of dental Composite Resins. While Color Adjustment Potential is simple, its clinical relevance is unclear. This research aims to understand it better and to create an index for Composite Resins with meaningful clinical interpretation. Single and double shade composite disks of various diameters and opacities were created to test the indices. Color measurements used a dental colorimeter, avoiding subjective assessments. Color Adjustment Potential analysis of each material revealed insights, leading to the creation of a new Color Blending Threshold, providing a clinically relevant numerical value for Composite Resins. Color Adjustment Potential's numerical significance was clarified and introduced a new index for clinical applications. Color adaptation of each test shade to all Vita shades was also calculated, useful for single-shade restorations in open and closed cavity types. The proposed Color Blending Threshold defines the open/closed cavity dimension that can be adequately restored with a single shade of resin composite. Understanding how dental materials adapt to surrounding tooth colors enhances esthetic restorations, simplifies shade matching, and optimizes resin composite production. The proposed Color Blending Threshold is a parameter that directly relates to the clinical significance of a material's true color blending ability. It defines the cavity dimension that can be adequately restored with a single shade of resin composite while ensuring that the resulting color difference falls below a predetermined threshold, meeting the clinical requirements for an esthetic restoration.

Effect of Blend of Metanil Yellow and Tartrazine on Different Organs of Albino Rat

Background: Tartrazine and metanil yellow are organic azo dyes widely used in food products, drugs, and cosmetics. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of these food colors on the liver, and kidneys of albino rats. The study also evaluates the protective effect of quercetin as an antioxidant against the toxic effect of these food colors. Methods: Eighty adult albino rats were divided into 8 groups. Control group, 3 groups were treated with a blend of tartrazine and metanil yellow in 3 doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg for 30 days by gavage, one positive control group was treated with quercetin 50 mg/kg for 30 days, and three groups were treated with the blend of tartrazine and metanil yellow plus 50 mg/kg of quercetin. At the end of the experiment, serum samples were collected to evaluate liver and kidney functions. Liver, kidney samples were fixed in 10% formalin and routinely prepared for paraffin sectioning and staining for histopathological examination. Results: The study showed a significant elevation of liver and kidney function after treatment with the food color blend. Also, a significant improvement in liver and kidney function was observed after treatment with quercetin. Histopathological examination showed mild to moderate changes in the liver and kidney which improved after quercetin treatment. Conclusion: The current sub-chronic study concluded that a blend of tartrazine and metanil yellow caused significant biochemical and histological changes in different organs of albino rats. Therefore, prolonged consumption of these substances leads to adverse effects on human health. Also, quercetin is vital in protecting the body against the toxic effects of food color blends.

Influence of depth of cavity on color blending effect of structurally colored resin

Influence of depth of cavity on color blending effect of structurally colored resin

Ligand-Enhanced Neodymium Doping of Perovskite Quantum Dots for Superior Exciton Confinement.

In this study, all-inorganic perovskite quantum dots (QDs) for pure blue emission are explored for full-color displays. We prepared CsPbBr3 and Cs3NdCl6 QDs via hot injection methods and mixed in various ratios at room temperature for color blending. Nd-doped CsPb(Cl/Br)3 QDs showed a blueshift in emission, and the photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY, ΦPL) were lower in the 460-470 nm range due to surface halogen and Cs vacancies. To address this, we introduced a silane molecule, APTMS, via a ligand exchange process, effectively repairing these vacancies and enhancing Nd doping into the lattice. This modification promotes the PLQY to 94% at 466 nm. Furthermore, combining these QDs with [1]Benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT), a conjugated small-molecule semiconductor, in a composite film reduced PLQY loss caused by FRET in solid-state QD films. This approach achieved a wide color gamut of 124% National Television System Committee (NTSC), using a UV LED backlight and RGB perovskite QDs in a BTBT-based organic matrix as the color conversion layer. Significantly, the photostability of this composite was enhanced when used as a color conversion layer (CCL) under blue-LED excitation.

"Orchestrated" A painting motivated by the essence of love

The man, portrayed with strength and confidence, has his arm lovingly draped over the woman's shoulders. His touch is both protective and affectionate, symbolizing his devotion to her. His hand rests gently on her shoulder, conveying a sense of comfort and reassurance. The woman, depicted with grace and elegance, leans into the man's touch, her face adorned with a serene expression. Her eyes reflect a deep sense of trust and adoration, as she gazes affectionately at her partner. Her body language suggests a sense of ease and contentment, as if she feels safe and cherished in his embrace. Surrounding the couple, the background is a subtle blend of muted colors, allowing the couple to remain the focal point of the artwork. The absence of any specific setting or context emphasizes the timeless and universal nature of their love.

Exploring luminescent color tunability and efficient energy transfer mechanism of a single-phased hexagonal nanophosphor for white light emitting diodes (WLEDs) application

Nowadays, NUV-triggered phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes (pc-WLEDs) have gained prominence as substantial alternatives to conventional incandescent and fluorescent lamps as a source of illumination. In this study, we have successfully developed a Tm3+ codoped La2O3:Sm3+ nanophosphor and investigated its potential suitability for application in white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to examine the phase impurity and structural characteristics of the synthesized nanophosphor. The analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase La2O3 nanophosphor with a hexagonal crystal structure. The FT-IR spectrum of the synthesized nanophosphor exhibited distinct peaks associated with the vibrational frequencies of La-O bonds. The peaks observed in the fingerprint region of the spectrum, indicate the presence of La-O atoms in the nanophosphor. However, the HR-TEM analysis confirmed that the prepared nanophosphor had a polycrystalline nature and the observed particle sizes lay within the nanoscale range. The incorporation of Tm3+ ions into the host matrix led to a reduction in the optical band gap, leading to enhanced emission intensity. The photoluminescence (PL) study reveals that the Tm3+ ion exhibited blue emission upon excitation at 360 nm, whereas the Sm3+ ion emits reddish-orange light when excited at 379 nm and 408 nm, respectively. However, under 325 nm excitation, the nanophosphor exhibited a white emission color that resulted from the blending of colors emitted by both Tm3+ and Sm3+ ions. This unique finding suggests that this nanophosphor has the potential to generate white light specifically under this particular excitation wavelength. The efficient energy transfer between Tm3+ and Sm3+ ions was attributed to the electric multipolar interaction between the nearest neighbor ions, leading to a quenching phenomenon. Furthermore, the photometric analysis revealed that the correlated color temperatures (CCTs) associated with the emitted white light were found to be higher than 4000 K. Thus, based on these characteristics, it can be inferred that the prepared nanophosphor has the potential to be utilized as a cool white-emitting nanophosphor for single-phased WLEDs application.

The efficacy of a porcine collagen matrix in keratinized mucosa width augmentation: a 10-year follow-up clinical prospective study

PurposeThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of a xenogeneic collagen matrix (CM) in pre-prosthetic augmentation of the keratinized mucosa width (KMW) at implant sites.MethodsAll of the patients with localized implant-supported rehabilitation previously treated with vestibuloplasty and KMW augmentation with a non-cross-linked porcine CM were recalled. KMW was measured clinically in an apico-coronal direction from the mucogingival junction to the mucosal margin at the prosthetic zenith of each crown. Measurements were performed clinically by means of a PCP-UNC15 periodontal probe and rounded to the nearest mm. KMW values recorded at 1 year, 5 and 10 years from the soft tissue augmentation procedure were compared using a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison post-hoc analysis. The level of significance was set at 0.05.ResultsMeasurements were conducted on 13 patients. All implants were in function with no signs of biological complications. All except one implant site showed KMW ≥ 2 mm. KMW decreased significantly from 1 year (3.33 ± 1.11 mm) to 5 years (2.77 ± 0.92 mm) (p = 0.001), and finally remained stable from 5 to 10 years (3.2 ± 0.99 mm) (p = 0.607). From a visual aspect, peri-implant soft tissues were characterized by a good texture and color blending compared to the adjacent teeth, highlighting good integration of the remodeled tissues and stability of the esthetic result.ConclusionsThe use of a CM in pre-prosthetic soft tissue augmentation at implant sites has proven to be effective in obtaining and maintaining at least 2 mm of KMW around dental implants over a follow-up of 10 years.

Background and surrounding colors affect the color blending of a single-shade composite.

This study evaluated the background and effect of surrounding colors on the color blending of a single-shade composite used in a thin layer. Disc-shaped specimens (1.0 mm thickness) were built with the Vittra APS Unique composite surrounded (dual specimens) or not surrounded (simple specimens) by a control composite (shade A1, A2, or A3). Simple specimens were also built with only control composites. The specimen color was measured against white and black backgrounds with a spectrophotometer (CIELAB system). The whiteness index for dentistry (WID) was calculated for simple specimens. Differences (ΔE00) in color and translucency parameters (ΔTP00) between the simple/dual specimens and the controls were calculated. The translucency adjustment potential (TAP) and color adjustment potential (CAP) were estimated based on the ratios between data from simple and dual specimens. The Vittra APS Unique composite showed higher WID values than the controls. No differences between ΔTP00_SIMPLE and ΔTP00_DUAL were observed for any of the shades. The composite shade did not affect TAP values. The lowest values of ΔE00_SIMPLE and ΔE00_DUAL were observed for shade A1 regardless of the background color. For the white background, ΔE00_SIMPLE values did not differ from those of ΔE00_DUAL for all shades. Only A1 showed ΔE00_DUAL values lower than ΔE00_SIMPLE when the black background was used. The highest modulus of CAP (negative values for the white background) was observed when shade A1 surrounded the Vittra APS Unique composite. The color blending ability of the single-shade resin composite used in a thin layer was affected by both the surrounding shade and background color.

Multilevel Composition: A new method for revealing complex geological features in three-dimensional seismic reflection data

Advanced seismic data and multi-attribute visualization techniques, such as color blending of attributes, have considerably enhanced the capability of interpreters to characterize geological features in three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection datasets. However, high resolution investigation of complex, vertically linked geological features such as channel systems and fluid conduits, remains challenging. These features may appear in the dataset as pronounced attribute anomalies, such as high-amplitude or spectrally or structurally enhanced seismic reflectivity bands, at several depth levels. Vertical linkages between these features, however, may not be readily established. We have developed an innovative method, Multilevel Composition, for an intuitive display of vertically connected features. Our method involves the composition of attribute maps from three different depth/time windows or slices onto a single map, in which inter-window/layer depth information is coded in colors. Multilevel Composition starts with the identification of suitable seismic attributes, such as high amplitudes in the examples displayed here, to map features of geological interest. At least one reference horizon is then identified and mapped in the vicinity of the target window of interest. Three sub-windows are then defined with respect to the reference horizon(s) based on the vertical and spatial distribution of the geological features. Relevant seismic attributes are computed for each of the sub-windows, and the resulting maps, one from each sub-window, are assigned basic color channels and are co-rendered to reveal multilevel linkages between these features. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method by applying it to two 3D seismic datasets, one illuminating deep-water depositional elements in the eastern Nile fan, eastern Mediterranean and the other targeting seafloor seeps and underlying gas migration systems beneath the Omakere Ridge, offshore New Zealand. The new method is simple and should be easy to implement to enhance seismic interpretation workflows.

Geoscience Poster G9: Optimising value in the mature Turrum Field: integrating modern seismic, high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and production data in a 3D geological model

Poster G9 The Turrum Field in the offshore Gippsland Basin has been a significant producing field since first development in 2004 and remains a keystone gas resource for the future as many of the Gippsland assets continue to deplete. The Turrum Field is a faulted anticlinal structure with multiple, stacked, Paleocene-aged fluvial to lagoonal reservoirs that stratigraphically sit below the overlying Marlin Field gas cap. This field was developed in two phases with drilling campaigns in 2004 and 2015 and includes a dedicated platform (Marlin B) for the higher pressure, higher CO2 gas. Leveraging the 2018 reprocessed Northern Margins 3D seismic survey with a modern broadband processing workflow and wider bandwidth and higher signal-to-noise ratio has led to a seismic image with greater resolution and allowed improved reservoir characterisation. The uplift in seismic data together with the colour blending capabilities in GeoTeric®, has led to the seismic identification of large-scale fluvial reservoir systems. These products have been integrated with a revised field-wide sequence stratigraphic framework, petrophysical analysis and incorporated into a full-field 3D geological model of the Turrum Field. The resultant geological model has improved our understanding of reservoir connectivity and will enable rapid integration of production and surveillance data to optimise gas deliverability. This will also provide increased confidence for future field depletion planning including the identification of potential bypassed gas opportunities prior to end of field life. To access the poster click the link on the right. To read the full paper click here

Influence of restorative material translucency on the chameleon effect

Blending of artificial restoration materials to the natural tooth is challenging. Beyond just color, optical properties, particularly translucency, substantially influence the final appearance. The more chameleon effect that the restorative materials exhibit, the more natural looking restorations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of restorative material translucency on the chameleon effect. Five types of resin composite in three different shades as well as one shade of conventional glass ionomer cement were fabricated into disks. To analyze the chameleon effect, glass ceramic blocks were milled to create four wells in each block. The restorative materials were filled into the wells. The color was measured with CIE L*a*b* every 6 months. Statistical analysis was conducted using Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA. The material with the highest translucency was flowable resin composite. The high translucency materials exhibited an immediate chameleon effect, as did the bulk-fill resin composites, which are low translucency. Both high and low translucency materials exhibited a delayed chameleon effect for 3 years, except for the bulk fill resin composites. The translucency of the restorative materials had a 68% positive correlation with their chameleon effect. The age of the restoration is one important factor influencing the color blending.

Seismic clues into the origin of polygonal faulting and pockmarks in the Great South Basin, New Zealand

Description Geologic feature: Polygonal faulting and pockmarks in the Great South Basin New Zealand Appearance: Dense faulting among horizons in cross section and reflector concave features in seismic sections Map view appearance: Dense faulting and multiple circular features Features with a similar appearance: Tectonic faulting, mounds, syneresis, carbonate mounds, and dissolution features Formation: Rakiura Group, offshore, Great South Basin, southern New Zealand Location: Great South Basin, southern side of the Southern Island in New Zealand Age: Eocene Data sets: A 3D seismic reflection data, from New Zealand Petroleum and Minerals (NZP&M), New Zealand Seismic attributes: Variance, curvature, dip magnitude, and color blending

Optimising value in the mature Turrum Field: integrating modern seismic, high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and production data in a 3D geological model

The Turrum Field in the offshore Gippsland Basin has been a significant producing field since first development in 2004 and remains a keystone gas resource for the future as many of the Gippsland assets continue to deplete. The Turrum Field is a faulted anticlinal structure with multiple, stacked, Paleocene-aged fluvial to lagoonal reservoirs that stratigraphically sit below the overlying Marlin Field gas cap. This field was developed in two phases with drilling campaigns in 2004 and 2015 and includes a dedicated platform (Marlin B) for the higher pressure, higher CO2 gas. Leveraging the 2018 reprocessed Northern Margins 3D seismic survey with a modern broadband processing workflow and wider bandwidth and higher signal-to-noise ratio has led to a seismic image with greater resolution and allowed improved reservoir characterisation. The uplift in seismic data together with the colour blending capabilities in GeoTeric®, has led to the seismic identification of large-scale fluvial reservoir systems. These products have been integrated with a revised field-wide sequence stratigraphic framework, petrophysical analysis and incorporated into a full-field 3D geological model of the Turrum Field. The resultant geological model has improved our understanding of reservoir connectivity and will enable rapid integration of production and surveillance data to optimise gas deliverability. This will also provide increased confidence for future field depletion planning including the identification of potential bypassed gas opportunities prior to end of field life.

Essential Oil Constituents and Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) stem from Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil contains citral-derived chemicals with a variety of pharmacological effects, although there has been minimal research on pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and biological aspects.
 AIM: This research aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic and chemical components of C. winterianus stem essential oil.
 METHODS: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic, water content, water extractive values, ethanol extractive values, and essential oil yield. The oil was extracted by ethanol steam distillation method, the oil composition was analyzed by GC-MS.
 RESULTS: Cymbopogon winterianus stems are 15-35 cm long and 0.5-2 cm broad, with a rough, stiff, and thin texture, with prominent fibers on the top and bottom surfaces. It has a bitter and slightly spicy taste with a distinctive lemony aroma and was greenish yellow in hue with a blend of purplish-red colors. The upper and lower epidermis was examined under a microscope, which revealed sclerenchyma fibers, trichomes, parenchyma, calcium oxalate (rosette), cortex, stem pith, oil cells, stomata (Gramineae type), trachea (ladder and spiral thickening), and collenchyma. The water content was 7.16±0.72%, the water-soluble extractive value was 12.152±0.003%, the ethanol-soluble extractive value was 12.290 ±0.76%, and the essential oil content was 6.46±0.50%. Essential oil constituents were 6-octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, formate; trifluoroacetyl-lavandulol; n-hexadecanoic acid; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-; oxacyclotetradecane-2,11-dione, 13-methyl-; palmitic acid vinyl ester; glycidyl palmitate; 9,17-Octadecadienal, (Z)-; glycidyl palmitoleate; 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene; and cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl-.
 CONCLUSION: The essential oil constituents and preliminary pharmacognostic evaluation of Cymbopogon winterianus stem can provide useful data for further phytochemical analysis, quality control, and standardization of Cymbopogon winterianus. Citronellyl formate detected as citral derivatives as the main compound in the ethanol steam distillation method.

Potential of airborne LiDAR data in detecting cultural landscape features in Slovakia

High-resolution Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) scanners provide detailed information on terrain surfaces, thus enabling the detection of the topographic signatures of historical anthropogenic landforms overgrown by trees or covered by the soil surface. This study aimed to examine the potential of incoming nationwide LiDAR data for detecting the cultural landscape features in Slovakia. We derived a detailed digital elevation model from LiDAR points and adopted upgraded visualisation techniques based on the combination of local relief models, sky view factor, slope steepness, and colour blending. We visually identified examples of different anthropogenic landforms and confirmed our findings with existing literature. In addition, we provide examples of previously unknown historical anthropogenic landforms discovered from LiDAR images. Finally, we discuss the potential and limits of LiDAR data in exploring and protecting different groups of historic anthropogenic landforms as remnants of past cultural landscapes in Slovakia.

Fault enhancement using probabilistic neural networks and Laplacian of a Gaussian filter: A case study in the Great South Basin, New Zealand

Fault identification is critical in defining the structural framework for exploration and reservoir characterization studies. Interpreters routinely use edge-sensitive attributes to accelerate the manual picking process, in which the actual choice of a particular edge-sensitive attribute varies with the seismic data quality and with the reflectivity response of the faulted geologic formations. The cyan-magenta-yellow (CMY) color blending provides an effective way to combine the information content of two or three edge-sensitive attributes when more than one attribute is sensitive to faults. We have evaluated whether combining the information content of more than three attributes using probabilistic neural networks (PNNs) provides any additional uplift. We use training data consisting of manually picked faults on a coarse grid of 3D seismic lines, and then, we use an exhaustive search PNN to identify the optimal set of attributes to create a fault probability volume for a 3D survey acquired over the Great South Basin, New Zealand. We construct a suite of candidate attributes using our understanding of the attribute response to faults seen in the data and examples extracted from the published literature to use the list as the analyzed attributes. Using a subset of picked faults as training data, we evaluate which suite of attributes and hyperparameters exhibits the highest validation on the remaining training data. When used together, we find that volume aberrancy magnitude, gray-level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) homogeneity, GLCM entropy, Sobel filter similarity, and envelope best predict the faults for this data set. The PNN supervised classification creates a seismic image volume that exhibits fault probabilities providing a simple combination of multiple seismic attributes. We also find that applying a directional Laplacian of a Gaussian and skeletonization filters to the PNN fault volumes provides a superior result to simple CMY blending techniques.

Color Blend and its Effect on Textile Design

Color Blend and its Effect on Textile Design

Enhanced reduction of color blending by a gamma-based image boosting method for optical see-through displays

In augmented reality scenarios, virtual images observed through optical see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMDs) contain color distortion due to external light. This phenomenon is known as background color blending. Existing methods to overcome this issue based on background subtraction compensation produce negative values when the background is brighter than the virtual image. In such cases, virtual images lose their structural integrity and image quality deteriorates. To solve this problem, we propose a gamma-curve-based virtual image boosting method. We derive a measurement model to determine the appropriate gamma value for virtual image boosting using empirical data obtained from extensive real experiments featuring a variety of virtual images and backgrounds. These diverse experiments prove that the proposed boosting method can effectively improve background color blending. With diverse combinations of natural virtual images and bright backgrounds, including even colorful backgrounds featuring high color saturation, the proposed boosting method produces visually pleasing image quality.

A Perceptual Color-Matching Method for Examining Color Blending in Augmented Reality Head-Up Display Graphics.

Augmented reality (AR) offers new ways to visualize information on-the-go. As noted in related work, AR graphics presented via optical see-through AR displays are particularly prone to color blending, whereby intended graphic colors may be perceptually altered by real-world backgrounds, ultimately degrading usability. This work adds to this body of knowledge by presenting a methodology for assessing AR interface color robustness, as quantitatively measured via shifts in the CIE color space, and qualitatively assessed in terms of users' perceived color name. We conducted a human factors study where twelve participants examined eight AR colors atop three real-world backgrounds as viewed through an in-vehicle AR head-up display (HUD); a type of optical see-through display used to project driving-related information atop the forward-looking road scene. Participants completed visual search tasks, matched the perceived AR HUD color against the WCS color palette, and verbally named the perceived color. We present analysis that suggests blue, green, and yellow AR colors are relatively robust, while red and brown are not, and discuss the impact of chromaticity shift and dispersion on outdoor AR interface design. While this work presents a case study in transportation, the methodology is applicable to a wide range of AR displays in many application domains and settings.