Bleached Jute Fabric Research Articles

Fabrication and mechanical performance investigation of jute/glass fiber hybridized polymer composites: Effect of stacking sequences

The green, biodegradable, and cost-effective properties of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials have attracted significant interest when compared to synthetic polymer composites. Jute is a naturally occurring bast fiber that is inexpensive, durable, and often utilized. In contrast, glass is a composite material that is frequently used in various applications, despite its high cost and potential environmental risks. Owing to jute's superior mechanical properties, there is a great deal of potential for combining it with glass, which would lower the amount of glass used and the composite's overall cost. This study employed bleached jute fabric and non-woven glass fabric to develop neat jute, neat glass, and hybrid composites by using different stacking sequences. The composites were fabricated utilizing a thermoset polymer matrix by following the hand layup process. Subsequently, an investigation was carried out to examine the mechanical, physical, thermal, and morphological properties of these composites. Out of the developed samples, the neat jute presents the least tensile and bending strength at 31.35 MPa and 41.138 MPa respectively, whereas the neat glass composite demonstrates exceptional tensile and bending strengths at 132.03 MPa and 184.86 MPa respectively. In the case of hybrid samples, they exhibited mechanical capabilities that fell between neat jute and neat glass, which was attributed to the combination of glass with jute fabric and the placement of glass as the outer layer. Apart from that, we observed that the moisture take-up% and thermal conductivity of hybrids composite were within 4–4.3% and 0.28–0.32 Wm−1 K-1 respectively. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis and morphological behavior were also assessed. However, this study suggested that jute and nonwoven glass fabric with different stacking sequences may be combined to create a reinforced hybrid composite that may have potential use in furniture, interior design, and inner sections of cars.

Statistical Optimization of Process Variables for the Dyeing of Jute with Marigold Petals Using a Dual Mordant System

Natural dye was extracted from the petals of orange-colored marigold flowers in aqueous medium, and extraction process parameters were optimized based on the color yield (optical density) of an aqueous extract of marigold petals. The extracted natural colorant was used to dye jute fabric and characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Extracts from gallnut and natural alum (fitkiri) were applied as mordants onto the bleached jute fabric by padding method followed by drying in air. The fabrics were treated with the mordants separately before dyeing, and then, both mordants were applied in sequence. Jute was premordanted first with gallnut followed by alum. Jute fibers were mordanted prior to dyeing with either gallnut or alum or both mordants (gallnut followed by alum treatment). Premordanted jute fabric was dyed with the natural dye extracted from marigold petals, and process conditions were standardized. The dual-mordanting process was found more effective to produce better color yield than the single mordanting process. Standardization of the process conditions was also examined statistically by the Box–Behnken design method after choosing the significant variables by the Plackett–Burman design method. The standardized dyeing process conditions were found to be dyeing temperature: 90°C; material to liquor ratio: 1:40; dyeing time: 60 min; dye concentration: 30% o.w.f.; and pH: 11.

Systematic pad dry cure technique for augmenting the flame resistance functionality of jute fabric

Applying flame retardant finish on jute makes flame protective jute products that can be another diversified use of it. The target of this experiment is to observe the flame retardancy improvement of the fabric properties after finishing treatment with various flame retardant chemicals. The untreated (raw) and H 2 O 2 bleached jute fabrics having plain weave were used in this experiment. Borax, diammonium phosphate (DAP) and thiourea were used as flame retardant chemicals. The combinations of these chemicals were applied to the fabrics by the pad-dry-cure method with various concentrations. Vertical flammability, breaking load percentage, and weight gain percentage were performed on all samples to observe the change in fabric properties. Significant improvement was found for all chemical combinations compared to untreated fabrics. Here, the flame spread time and weight gain percentage increase, but the breaking load percentage decreases for every combination. Among all combinations, the borax and DAP combination especially at 6% concentration shows the 305% improvement of flame spread time for raw jute and 276% for bleached jute fabric. In contrast, the borax and thiourea combination showed the progress of weight gain percentage. Besides, better wash durability was reported for all samples after five washing cycles. These flame-retardant jute fabrics have prospective industrial applications as brattice cloth in mines and many other potential fields of applications such as flame-retardant kitchen aprons, furnishings for a public hall, theater and hospitals. • Combined flame retardant chemicals were applied. • Pad dry cure technique was exploited for better functionalization of jute. • Bleached jute exhibited good flame retardancy. • Flame retardant exhibited excellent washing durability. • A sustainable approach for fire protective clothing was presented.

Effect of Application of Selective UV-absorbers/antioxidants on Raw and Bleached Jute Fabrics by Pad-batch-dry Process for Reduction of Its Photo-degradation and Photo-yellowing Character

ABSTRACT To reduce photo-fading of jute, raw and H2O2 bleached jute fabrics have been treated with selective UV-absorbers and antioxidant compounds by pad-batch-dry technique and subjected to photo-exposure in a weather-o-meter for different hours (0–320 h). The corresponding changes in tensile strength and the rate of reduction in whiteness index and rate of increase in yellowness index with consequent changes in K/S value have been evaluated. Among the selected UV-absorbers and antioxidants, sodium azide and LTDP offer good stability against photo-fading, but these treatments are not fast to washing. On the other hand, 1% benztriazole treatment gives medium to good level of resistance against photo-yellowing with reasonable wash fastness. Two percent benztriazole is applied on jute fabric by the pad-batch-dry technique in acidic media (with acetic acid) shows higher stabilization of whiteness retention (i.e. lesser extent of photo-yellowing) under UV-light exposure than other UV-absorbers/antioxidants though is associated with some small loss in tensile strength. The mechanism of possible interaction between benztriazole and major jute constituents has also been established by comparing the reaction with similar model compound (benzaldehyde) in place of reaction between jute–-hemi-cellulose–CHO and benztriazole. UV–VIS spectrophotometric and FTIR analysis undertaken made to support the said reaction mechanism.

Flame Retardancy Enhancement of Jute Fabric Using Chemical Treatment

This work aims to improve the flame retardancy of jute fabric. Raw and bleached plain weave jute fabric was used in this work. Flame retardants borax, diammonium phosphate and thiourea were applied in different concentrations in a raw and bleached jute fabric with the padding method. The influences of flame retardant finishing on the vertical flammability behaviour and tensile properties as well as wash resistance were inves¬tigated. Flame spread time was found to significantly increase when these simple flame retardant finishing agents were used. It was found that the borax-treated raw and bleached specimens exhibited higher flame spread time among all. The assessment of physical properties such as weight gain percentage and breaking load along warp and weft direction of the control and treated fabrics revealed that the increase of flame retardant finishing weight gain caused a decrease in breaking load. Furthermore, the specimens treated with borax and diammonium phosphate flame retardant showed better results than thiourea for flame retardancy and wash durability. These flame retardant jute fabrics have industrial protective textile applications as brattice cloth in mines and many other potential fields of application, e.g. flame retardant kitchen apron, furnishings for public hall, theatre and hospital, etc.

Silica nanocomposite based hydrophobic functionality on jute textiles

Cellulosic fibres have hydrophilic property due to the presence of free hydroxyl groups; however, surface functionalization can be used to develop water repellent textiles. Jute is a lignocellulosic fibre and mainly utilised for sacking and hessian due to its stiffness nature. Works on the development of water repellent jute textiles are limited. Work has been carried by applying silica nano sol cum water repellent functional finishing on a bleached jute fabric by pad→dry→cure method. The physical, chemical, morphological, functional, handle and mechanical properties of control and nanocomposite finished jute fabrics were evaluated. Results revealed that silica nanocomposite finished jute fabric has attained the desirable hydrophobic functionality with 138.6° water contact angle, 17° sliding angle and 10.3° water contact angle hysteresis with semi-durable washing durability.

Ultrasound-assisted pre-treatment and dyeing of jute fabrics with reactive and basic dyes

Ultrasonic dyeing has been investigated as a means to increase the diffusion of the dye molecules into the fiber for the dyeing of various fibers. However, for scouring, bleaching, and dyeing of jute fabrics, the beneficial effect of sonication was never realized. In this work, we report the effect of sonicated scouring and bleaching of jute fabrics on their physicomechanical properties and the dyeability in the conventional dyeing with reactive and basic dyes. The sonicated scoured and bleached fabric showed higher whiteness index and weight loss but the tensile strength and yellowness index decreased compared to the conventionally scoured and bleached jute fabric. The sonicated scoured fabric showed partial removal of lignin but the conventionally scoured fabric did not show any change in lignin content. It was found that in the case of conventional dyeing, the sonicated scoured and bleached fabric produced higher color strength than the jute fabric scoured and bleached at the same conditions but without sonication. Moreover, we also investigated the effect of ultrasound on the dyeing and color fastness properties of jute fabric dyed with two reactive and two basic dyes. It was found that the sonicated dyeing produced higher color strength compared to the fabrics dyed without sonication. Both conventional and sonicated dyed fabric showed very similar color fastness properties to light, washing, and rubbing indicating no degradation of dyes occurred during sonicated dyeing.

Comparative Studies on Dyeability with Direct, Acid and Reactive Dyes after Chemical Modification of Jute with Mixed Amino Acids Obtained from Extract of Waste Soya Bean Seeds

Jute fabric was treated with mixed natural amino acids obtained from waste soya bean seed extract for chemical modification of jute for its cataionization and to enhance its dyeability with anionic dyes (like direct, reactive and acid dye) as well enabling soya modified jute for salt free dyeing with anionic reactive dyes maintaining its eco-friendliness. Colour interaction parameters including surface colour strength were assessed and compared for both bleached and soya-modified jute fabric for reactive dyeing and compared with direct and acid dye. Improvement in K/S value (surface colour strength) was observed for soya-modified jute even in absence of salt applied in dye bath for reactive dyes as well as for direct and acid dyes. In addition, reactive dye also shows good dyeability even in acid bath in salt free conditions. Colour fastness to wash was evaluated for bleached and soya-modified jute fabric after dyeing with direct, acid and reactive dyes are reported. Treatment of jute with soya-extracted mixed natural amino acids showed anchoring of some amino/aldemine groups on jute cellulosic polymer evidenced from Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy. This amino or aldemine group incorporation in bleached jute causes its cationization and hence when dyed in acid bath for reactive dye (instead of conventional alkali bath) showed dye uptake for reactive dyes. Study of surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of said soya-modified jute as compared to bleached jute was studied and reported.

Effect of γ (gamma)-radiation on mechanical properties of raw and polyethylene glycol-modified bleached jute reinforced polyester composite

PurposeThis paper aim to comparatively study of mechanical properties of gamma radiation treated raw and polyethylene glycol modified bleached jute reinforced polyester composite. The natural fiber-reinforced composite has been a wide area of research, and it is the preferred choice due to its superior physical and mechanical properties like low density, stiffness and light weight. Among several natural fibers, jute is one that has good potential as reinforcement in polymer composite. Jute fibers biodegradability, low cost and moderate mechanical properties make it as a preferable reinforcement material in the development of polymer matrix composites.Design/methodology/approachIn the present work, raw jute fabrics-reinforced polyester composite (as RJPC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified bleached jute fabrics-reinforced polyester composite (as MBJPC) were fabricated by the heat-press molding technique at 120°C for 5 min at a pressure of 5 tons. Prior to the composite formulation, low lignin content bleached jute fabrics were chemically modified with PEG for the better compatibility of the fabrics with the polyester matrix and enhancing elongation properties. All the composites irradiated with different gamma radiation dose in the range of 2 to 14 kGy.FindingsThe irradiated composites showed highest improved of mechanical properties at the 10 kGy γ-radiation dose. However, the hard and sunlight-sensitive high lignin content γ-RJPC showed higher mechanical properties except elongation properties compared to that of low lignin content γ-MBJPC.Originality/valueAfter the γ-ray irradiation, both the γ-RJPC and γ-MBJPC developed high degree of cross-linking among the polyester molecules and thereto fabrics with the consequence of significant changed of surface morphology as observed by atomic force microscopy.

Synthesis of a Novel Nanoencapsulated n-Eicosane Phase Change Material with Inorganic Silica Shell Material for Enhanced Thermal Properties through Sol-Gel Route

Direct dyes represent one of the cheapest and the simplest dyeing systems usually require only an electrolyte for their application. They are widely used in the textile industry because they are cheap and the only problem is their fastness properties that were solved in this research. Different techniques have been developed to enhance their fastness properties, one of them being the use of a cationic dye fixing agents. Bleached jute fabrics were dyed with direct dye before and after the treatment of cationizing agents and their properties are compared. It was found that in terms of fabric rubbing fastness, washing fastness and K/S value, cationization after dyeing is superior to cationization before dyeing.c

Fire retardant finish of jute fabric with nano zinc oxide

Nano zinc oxide (ZnO) was applied on bleached jute fabric to impart fire retardant finish. Nano zinc oxide was prepared from aqueous Zinc acetate by co-precipitation method in the presence of NaOH followed by calcination at 600 °C. It was then applied on the jute fabric using an aqueous solution of Potassium Methyl Siliconate as dispersing media by pad-dry method. Among different dosages of nano ZnO treatment, application of a 0.01% nano ZnO on jute fabric showed reasonably good fire retardant performance. Nano ZnO powder so produced was characterized by confirming particle size and its distribution along with XRD. Nano zinc oxide particles coating on treated jute fabric was evidenced by FTIR, EDX, AAS and SEM analysis. Analysis of physical properties of the coated jute fabric has shown some extent of reduction in fabric tenacity, whiteness index and increase in stiffness as compared to untreated bleached jute fabric. The coating had reasonably good LOI values for as many as five wash cycles.

Effect of Bleaching Agents on Colour Depth of Jute Fabric Dyed with Natural Dyes

Raw jute fabric was subjected to two bleaching agents namely hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid. Bleached jute fabrics were pre mordanted with alum, copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate and then dyed with four natural dyes: madder, turmeric, eucalyptus leaves and Indian almond leaves. The effect of bleaching agents on various physical properties like weight loss, tensile strength, whiteness, yellowness and brightness indices were studied. The effect of bleaching on colour development using different natural dyes was examined. Peracetic acid bleached samples were found to have high degree of whiteness with very less damage compared to hydrogen peroxide bleached samples. Peracetic acid bleached samples were found to be relatively darker.

Simultaneous Dyeing and Fire-retardant Finishing of Jute Fabric Using an Acid Dye and Selective F - R Finishing Chemicals

Conventionally decorative quality jute furnishing fabrics are dyed and then chemically finished as per functional requirement by two step sequential process. An attempt has been made to combine these two step process into a single step process by developing simultaneous (combined) dyeing (acid dyeing) and fire-retardant finishing process in one step by pad-dry-cure method. H2O2 bleached jute fabric has been dyed with selective acid dyes (1%) and chemically finished with different concentrations of Ortho-Phosphoric Acid, Ammonium sulphamate and Di-ammonium phosphate for fire retardant finish, by both conventional two-step sequential process and single-step simultaneous process by pad-dry-cure technique. One-step simultaneous application of Ortho-Phosphoric Acid, Ammonium sulphamate and Di-ammonium phosphate along with 1% acid dye on H2O2 bleached jute fabric shows an improvement in the surface colour strength compared to that of ordinary H2O2 bleached jute fabric when separately dyed with 1% acid dye and subsequently finished the same fire retardant agent. Both the process two stage conventional acid dyeing and fire-retardant finish and single stage simultaneous pad-dry-cure process of acid dyeing and fire retardant finish, show at par fire retardant performance. This single bath technique thus offers advantages of reduction in processing cost, saving in energy and reduction in time of treatments as well as better colour value and at per fire retardant performance.

Effect of γ (Gamma)-radiation on the physico-mechanical properties of grafted jute fabric reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites

The bleached jute fabric (BJF) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites with various contents of acrylic acid (AA)-treated BJF and un-AA-treated BJF were fabricated by compression moulding method at 190 °C. The AA-grafted BJF reinforced PP composites were then irradiated by γ-ray at various doses. The mechanical properties of neat PP (N-P), ungrafted-BJF and PP composites (UG-BJFPC), AA-grafted-BJF and PP composites (AA-BJFPC) and γ-ray cum AA-grafted-BJF and PP composites (γAA-BJFPC) show maximum tensile strength (TS) of 30, 46, 47 and 51 MPa, maximum flexural strength (FS) of 34, 49, 50 and 54 MPa and maximum Young’s modulus (E) of 280, 428, 436, and 680 MPa, respectively. The increase of TS, FS and E from UG-BJFPC are 2 %, 2 %, and 2 % for AA-BJFPC and 11 %, 10 % and 59 % for γAA-BJFPC. The TS, FS and E are found to increase with radiation dose up to 500Krad and then decrease. The water absorption (WA) for UG-BJFPC, AA-BJFPC and γAA-BJFPC is respectively about 14, 10 and 9 %, indicating a gradual development of hydrophobic character of the composites first by AA-treatment and then by γ-ray-treatment. AA treatment on jute fabric and gamma irradiation on composite result in significant change of morphology of the jute fabric composites surface and better mechanical bonding between fabric and polymer matrix, as a result improved mechanical properties are found.

Eco-friendly Rot and Crease Resistance Finishing of Jute Fabric using Citric Acid and Chitosan

Citric acid (CA) along with chitosan was used on bleached jute fabrics to impart anti crease and rot resistance properties in one step. The treatment was carried out by pad-dry-cure method in presence of sodium hypophosphite monohydrate catalyst. Curing at 150° Centigrade for 5 min delivered good crease resistant property (dry crease recovery angle is 244°) and high rot resistance simultaneously by a single treatment, which are durable for five washings with distilled water. Strength retention of jute fabric after 21 days soil burial was found to be 81 % and the loss (%) in strength due to this treatment was 15–18 %. The results showed that chitosan and CA treated-fabric exhibited higher rot resistance (as indicated by soil burial test) when compared to either CA or chitosan by individual treatment. The effect of CA and chitosan combination on the resistance to rotting of jute fabric was found to be synergistic which is higher than the sum of the effects of individual chemicals. CA possibly reacts with hydroxyl groups in cellulose or chitosan to form ester. The CA and chitosan finished fabric has adverse effect on stiffness. Thermal studies showed that final residue left at 500° C was much higher for CA and chitosan treated fabric than untreated jute fabric. FTIR spectroscopy suggested the formation of ester cross-linkage between the jute fibre, CA and chitosan and hence it is understood that this rot resistant finish on jute fabric become durable by this mechanism.

Finishing of Jute Fabric for Value-Added Products

Gray jute fabric has been bleached by three different processes—gray-bleach, scour bleach, and gray ambient bleach—to produce white fabric. These processes produce different optical and physical properties. All the bleached jute fabrics were dyed with direct and reactive dyes. Bleached and dyed jute fabrics were padded with finishing formulation comprising resin, softener, and nonionic surfactant, subsequently dried and cured. An evaluation of the bleached jute fabric reveals that the finishing treatment resulted in very good creasing characteristics without much deterioration of tensile strength. There is no alteration in color of the bleached and dyed jute fabrics before and after the finishing treatment. Washing fastness of the finished fabric is also good. Therefore, this combined finishing treatment can be applied to jute fabric to produce diversified and value-added jute products.

Application of single and mixtures of red sandalwood and other natural dyes for dyeing of jute fabric: studies on colour parameters/colour fastness and compatibility

Single and binary mixtures of aqueous extracts of red sandalwood (RSW) with aqueous extract of other natural dyes like manjistha (MJ), jackfruit wood (JFW), marigold (MG), sappan wood (SW) and babool (BL) in different proportions are applied on bleached jute fabric for its dyeing after double pre-mordanted with myrobolan and aluminium sulphate applied in sequence under optimised conditions of mordanting with effects of use of different proportions of binary mixture of selective natural dyes on colour strength and other colour. Parameters and colour fastness properties have been investigated. Compatibility of selective binary mixture of dyes was also judged by a relatively newer colour index parameter established earlier from this laboratory. Binary of mixture of RSW and MJ is found to be most compatible with rating 4 (in 0–5 scale), and mixture of RSW:MG and RSW:JFW is found to have average compatibility having rating 3. Dyed fabric samples have also been further treated with cationic dye-fixing agents namely N-cetyl-N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), cetrimide and Sandofix-HCF to improve wash fastness. Treatment with 2% CTAB or Sandofix-HCF improves the wash fastness to nearly 1 unit. Treatment with 1% benztriazole improves the light fastness of natural dyed jute textiles nearly half to one unit. The possible chemistry and mechanisms for such improvement in wash fastness by CTAB and improvement of light fastness by benztriazole for jute have also been discussed to explain the observed effects.

Dyeing of Jute Fabric Using Indigosol Dyes

Bleached jute fabric has been dyed with three indigosol dyes, namely Indigosol Violet I4R, Indigosol Golden Yellow IGK, and Indigosol Blue O4B, having different sensitivity to oxidation. Development stage (i.e., oxidation, neutralization, and soaping of the dyed fabric) plays the most important role for dyeing of jute fabric with indigosol dyes. Concentrations of chemicals in different processing steps such as sodium nitrite in the dye bath, sulphuric acid in the developing bath, sodium carbonate in the neutralization bath, and non-ionic surface active agent in the soaping bath have been optimized. Color yield and fastness properties are found to be better if dyeing and developing steps are carried out separately. Retention of tensile strength of indigosol-dyed jute fabric is sufficient enough for its further use in making diversified and value-added products. Moreover, the handle property of the indigosol-dyed jute fabric is found to be good.

Synthesis and application of 2-nitro-2',4' -dihydroxyazobenzene, 4-nitro2' ,4' -dihydroxyazobenzene and 2-carboxy-2' -hydroxyazonaphthol for dyeing of jute fabric

: The following three azo dyes namely, 2-nitro-2',4'-dihydroxyazobenzene (I), 4-Nitro-2',4'-dihydroxyazobenzene (II) and 2-carboxy-2'-hydroxyazonaphthol (III) have been synthesized and characterized. These three azo dyes have been successfully applied for dyeing of bleached jute fabric in alkaline medium following the conventional exhaust method. The performance of the dyes are evaluated by evaluating the colour yield and wash fastness of the dyed fabric samples.

Reactive dyeing of a pretreated jute fabric using minimum application technology

Grey jute fabrics were given pretreatment such as scouring which was followed by enzyme treatment. These pretreated jute fabrics were subsequently bleached with hydrogen peroxide. Dyeing of these bleached jute fabrics was carried out with four different classes of reactive dyes, namely cold- brand, hot-brand, vinyl sulphone and HE-brand reactive dyes, following the conventional exhaust method and pad-batch method, i.e. minimum application technology method. With respect to dyeing behaviour, it was found that dye uptake and wash fastness property of a dyed fabric produced by the pad-batch method is well comparable with that produced by the conventional exhaust method. Irrespective of the methods of dyeing, scoured–bleached and scoured–enzyme treated–bleached jute fabrics show better dye uptake and fastness property compared to grey-bleached fabrics. Weight loss and strength loss increase while bending length decreases with the increase in pretreatment stages. Enzyme treatment of a scoured jute fabric before bleaching produces the minimum bending length among all the samples. The pretreatment process is found to have some detrimental effect on the tensile properties of a jute fabric and as the number of pretreatment steps increases, the tenacity of the fabric decreases. Reactive dyeing of pretreated jute fabrics further reduces their tensile strength by around 10% irrespective of the method of dyeing and the pretreatment process. So, minimum application technology can be well adopted for dyeing of a jute fabric with reactive dyes. The process is simple, cost effective as it utilises dye to its maximum extent, requires minimum energy and is suitable for use in cottage and small-scale industries.