Bleach Wash Research Articles

A comparative study on physical and mechanical properties of 100% cotton denim and blended cotton denim after industrial washing

This research work was conducted to examine the effects of two types of washing procedures e.g., stone enzyme wash, and bleach wash on the physical and mechanical properties of 95% cotton (CTN), 5% recycled CTN denim, and blended CTN denim containing 80% cotton, 18% polyester, 2% spandex. Two fabrics were dyed with medium brand shade indigo dyes. The fabric weight, EPI and PPI, tear strength, breaking strength, color fastness to accelerated laundering, color fastness to water, color fastness to perspiration, and color fastness to crocking were carried out to key changes of physical and mechanical properties in two fabrics. This study has demonstrated the changes in two fabrics before washing (A) and after washing (B) accordingly. In the case of color fastness results ratings were similar in both fabrics. In contrast, the color fastness to crocking or rubbing showed different results. This research was carried out to investigate the parameter variations and choose which fabric exhibits the best or not.

Style decolorization treatment of denim fabric: Decomposition of indigo dyes via horseradish peroxidase/H2O2 system at room temperature

The decolorization treatment for denim fabric (jeans) could give the fabric a bright blue and white appearance, a sense of vintage, and meet the needs of different styles. In industrial production, the common decolorization methods included sphysical methods such as stone grinding and water washing, which can cause strong damage to the fabric, and chemical methods such as bleach washing and snow washing, which also have some problems of environmental pollution. Therefore, an efficient, clean, and controlled decolorization method for denim fabric was proposed using the horseradish peroxidase/H2O2 system, which was first reported in this article. The optimized decolorization treatment process was studied, and the optimal process was as follows: the dosage amount of horseradish peroxidase was 150 u/mL, the dosage amount of H2O2 was 2.5 mL/L and added 3 times, the pH of buffer solution was 5, the reaction temperature and time were 35 °C for 1 h. And controllable (local) decolorization of denim fabric was applied through printing methods. The decomposition mechanism and reaction kinetics of indigo by the horseradish peroxidase/H2O2 system was also analyzed and proved the indigo was decomposed into the isatin and some small molecule substances. In addition, compared with cellulase and laccase decolorization methods, the horseradish peroxidase/H2O2 system has the advantages of no anti-staining, high efficiency, and environmental protection. It was expected to become a promising partial style decolorization treatment method.

Reactive silver inks for antiviral, repellent medical textiles with ultrasonic bleach washing durability compared to silver nanoparticles.

Medical textiles are subject to particularly harsh disinfection procedures in healthcare settings where exposure risks are high. This work demonstrates a fabric treatment consisting of a reactive silver ink and low surface energy PDMS polymer that provides for superhydrophobicity and antiviral properties against enveloped herpes simplex virus stocks even after extended ultrasonic bleach washing. The antiviral properties of reactive silver ink has not been previously reported or compared with silver nanoparticles. The fabric treatment exhibits high static contact angles and low contact angle hysteresis with water, even after 300 minutes of ultrasonic bleach washing. Similarly, after this bleach washing treatment, the fabric treatment shows reductions of infectious virus quantities by about 2 logs compared to controls for enveloped viruses. The use of silver ink provides for better antiviral efficacy and durability compared to silver nanoparticles due to the use of reactive ionic silver, which demonstrates more conformal coverage of fabric microfibers and better adhesion. This study provides insights for improving the wash durability of antiviral silver fabric treatments and demonstrates a bleach wash durable, repellent antiviral treatment for reusable, functional personal protective equipment applications.

Development and Optimization of a Silica Column-Based Extraction Protocol for Ancient DNA.

Rapid and cost-effective retrieval of endogenous DNA from ancient specimens remains a limiting factor in palaeogenomic research. Many methods have been developed to increase ancient DNA yield, but modifications to existing protocols are often based on personal experience rather than systematic testing. Here, we present a new silica column-based extraction protocol, where optimizations were tested in controlled experiments. Using relatively well-preserved permafrost samples, we tested the efficiency of pretreatment of bone and tooth powder with a bleach wash and a predigestion step. We also tested the recovery efficiency of MinElute and QIAquick columns, as well as Vivaspin columns with two molecular weight cut-off values. Finally, we tested the effect of uracil-treatment with two different USER enzyme concentrations. We find that neither bleach wash combined with a predigestion step, nor predigestion by itself, significantly increased sequencing efficiency. Initial results, however, suggest that MinElute columns are more efficient for ancient DNA extractions than QIAquick columns, whereas different molecular weight cut-off values in centrifugal concentrator columns did not have an effect. Uracil treatments are effective at removing DNA damage even at concentrations of 0.15 U/µL (as compared to 0.3 U/µL) of ancient DNA extracts.

Predicting the tensile strength of bleach washed denim garments by using fuzzy logic modeling

The prime intention of this study is to develop and validate the efficiency of a fuzzy logic model to predict the tensile strength of bleach washed denim garments. Denim washing is nowadays a widely used technology to give a worn-out appearance to denim garments and thus add esthetic to that garments’ appearance and outlook. In the case of regular overall fading of denim, bleach washing is very popular. At the same time, it is also a matter of concern that the process optimization of bleach washing is critical as bleaching agents have an adverse effect on the fabrics. Among others, bleach concentration, time, and temperature are the primary process parameters in bleach washing, which directly impact the final strength of the treated denim garments. Though their relationship is nonlinear, a fuzzy expert-based system has been constructed to model and illustrate the complex relationship among bleach concentration, time, and temperature in the input side, whereas tensile strength is the output. Strength is the most critical parameter of the final denim product, as it dominates the serviceability of that garments. Therefore, predicting the tensile strength without the trial-and-error method, which is being practiced now, can be a blessing for industrial practitioners. With the help of a laboratory trial, the developed model has been evaluated, and it has been found that the mean relative error was 2.82 and 3.92 for warp and weft direction tensile strength, respectively. On the other hand, the comparison exhibited a coefficient of determination ( R2) of 0.99 for both warp and weft direction tensile strengths. The authors found that the performance of the developed model is satisfactory enough to predict the tensile strength of the bleach washed denim garments.

Proses Bleach Washing pada Kain Denim yang Dicelup dengan Zat Warna Indigo Menggunakan Natrium Hipochlorit (NaOCl)

The process of bleach washing on denim fabrics produces a paler or lighter shabby effect. The shabby effect is produced by using an oxidizing agent. The application of sodium hypochlorite can cause a decrease in color aging of denim fabrics and high tensile strength. The pH condition also affects the occurrence of oxycellulose damage which will affect the final result. Inappropriate pH will cause a very high oxidation process and produce a less shabby effect and can cause a decrease in tensile strength. Therefore, the concentration of NaOCl and pH must be adjusted properly so that optimal results are obtained. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of optimum concentration of sodium hypochorite (NaOCl) and pH on the physical properties of denim fabric. After the process of bleach washing process experiment was carried out, a test was carried out based on two-factor Anova statistical data and the optimum visual test fabric results were obtained at a NaOCl concentration of 2 g/L using alkaline pH (10-11). The test values were obtained as follows: color fastness to rubbing are 3-4 for dry, 2-3 for wet, tensile strength 67.4 kg in warp direction, 43.1 in weft direction, fabric stiffness in warp direction 430.48, weft direction 344.54. The factory standard for a tensile strength of 65 kg warp direction, 40 kg weft direction, color fastness to rubbing 3 for dry rubbing and 2 for wet rubbing.
 Keywords: bleach washing, denim, sodium hypochlorite, oxycellulose, color fastnes 

An Empirical Analysis of Sustainable Denim Washing Technology in the Apparel Industries

Over the last few decades, a lot of innovations and development works had already made denim “classic” in the fashion cycle. The modern consumers of today’s world are not only devoting themselves on clothing comfort but also emphasizing on economic and environmental sustainability. As a result, there has been increasing interests in terms of using environment friendly, non-toxic and highly biodegradable wet and dry process of denim washing technology, which is a combination of both the mechanical and chemical washing process. These are generally applied for denim garments and casual wearing. Without garment washing technology, apparels can’t draw proper attention on its end-users, just because it includes very few value added properties (such as hand feel, clothing comfort) with a view to attaining customer satisfaction. In addition, it improves the quality characteristics of apparels within low price margin. Some ecofriendly dry process of garments washing includes whiskering, hand sand, grinding, destroy effects. On the contrary, some wet process (such as enzyme wash, super white wash, bleach wash, acid wash, acid-stone wash, enzyme-stone wash and stone wash) utilizes very less amount of toxic dyes and chemicals. This research work simply made a general discussion related to the different types of garments dry and wet process. It also dealt with necessary apparatus, SOPs (Standard Operating Process), operational steps of sustainable and ecofriendly denim washing technology. Within limited global resources, it can help manufacturers and garments washing technologists to diversify the product and market of apparel trades.

Study on Comparison between Enzyme Wash and Bleach Wash (Traditional vs. Sustainable Washing Machine) the Physical and Color Fastness to Rubbing Properties of Denim Garments

This study focuses on comparison between Enzyme Wash and Bleach Wash (Traditional vs. Sustainable Washing Machine) the physical and color fastness to rubbing properties of denim garments. For this experiment indigo dyed cotton denim garments (trousers) were chosen which were 98% cotton and 2% spandex and processed by enzyme with the concentration of 2 g/l, and the temperature of 45°C. In another work, enzyme treated denim garments were used for bleach wash with the concentration of 2 g/l, temperature 45°C and those samples have been processed by traditional and sustainable washing machine. After completing process, the sample properties have been compared like rubbing, tearing and tensile properties. After comparing result the color fastness to rubbing of enzyme wash was poor in traditional and sustainable machine and tensile strength, tearing strength properties down in traditional machine but the color fastness to rubbing of bleach wash was good in sustainable machine than traditional machine and a little bit lesser tensile and tearing properties in sustainable process.

Observations and impacts of bleach washing on indoor chlorine chemistry.

Ambient levels of chlorinated gases and aerosol components were measured by online chemical ionization and aerosol mass spectrometers after an indoor floor were repeatedly washed with a commercial bleach solution. Gaseous chlorine (Cl2 , 10's of ppbv) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl, 100's of ppbv) arise after floor washing, along with nitryl chloride (ClNO2 ), dichlorine monoxide (Cl2 O), and chloramines (NHCl2 , NCl3 ). Much higher mixing ratios would prevail in a room with lower and more commonly encountered air exchange rates than that observed in the study (12.7h-1 ). Coincident with the formation of gas-phase species, particulate chlorine levels also rise. Cl2 , ClNO2 , NHCl2 , and NCl3 exist in the headspace of the bleach solution, whereas HOCl was only observed after floor washing. HOCl decays away 1.4 times faster than the air exchange rate, indicative of uptake onto room surfaces, and consistent with the well-known chlorinating ability of HOCl. Photochemical box modeling captures the temporal profiles of Cl2 and HOCl very well and indicates that the OH, Cl, and ClO gas-phase radical concentrations in the indoor environment could be greatly enhanced (>106 and 105 cm-3 for OH and Cl, respectively) in such washing conditions, dependent on the amount of indoor illumination.

Combining bleach and mild predigestion improves ancient DNA recovery from bones.

The feasibility of genome-scale studies from archaeological material remains critically dependent on the ability to access endogenous, authentic DNA. In the majority of cases, this represents a few per cent of the DNA extract, at most. A number of specific pre-extraction protocols for bone powder aimed to improve ancient DNA recovery before library amplification have recently been developed. Here, we test the effects of combining two of such protocols, a bleach wash and a predigestion step, on 12 bone samples of Atlantic cod and domestic horse aged 750-1350cal. years before present. Using high-throughput sequencing, we show that combined together, bleach wash and predigestion consistently yield DNA libraries with higher endogenous content than either of these methods alone. Additionally, the molecular complexity of these libraries is improved and endogenous DNA templates show larger size distributions. Other library characteristics, such as DNA damage profiles or the composition of microbial communities, are little affected by the pre-extraction protocols. Application of the combined protocol presented in this study will facilitate the genetic analysis of an increasing number of ancient remains and will reduce the cost of whole-genome sequencing.

Immunofluorescent antibody staining of intact Drosophila larvae.

Antibody staining is a vital technique for studying the development of many model organisms, including Drosophila. Reliable protocols have long been available for antibody staining of Drosophila whole-mount embryos and dissected larvae. By contrast, methods for staining whole larvae have rarely been reported, are unreliable, and fail to work on large third-instar larvae. This has become a major limitation to understanding the role of multitissue interactions such as neural circuit formation and cell metastasis. We have modified existing embryo protocols to develop a reliable method for antibody staining of whole Drosophila larvae of any developmental stage. The procedure consists of a bleach wash, enzymatic digestion, first fixation, 'cracking', second fixation, (optional) Proteinase K (Pro-K) or sonication treatment, antibody staining, clearing, and mounting. The method takes longer than typical antibody stains of dissected larval tissues-12 or 16 d, depending on the size of the larvae, compared with 2-3 d for embryos or dissected tissue stains-but time is saved by eliminating the need for larval dissections and by allowing hundreds of larvae to be batch-processed. The method also works well for staining embryos, even late-stage embryos with cuticles, allowing characterization from early embryogenesis to the end of larval development.

Effect of Processing Time and Concentration of Potassium Permanganate on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Denim Jeans During Stone Washing

Three 100% cotton denim jeans were treated with stone acid wash with the variation of processing time (1.5, 2 & 2.5 minutes) and concentration (1.5, 2 & 2.5g/l) of potassium permanganate after typical enzyme bleach wash. Various physical and mechanical properties (Hand feel, Weight, EPI, and PPI, Tensile strength, Shrinkage, Seam strength, Count & stiffness) were investigated before and after each treatment (concentration and respective time) according to standard test methods. It was found that change in processing time and concentration reveals big difference in various properties between treated and untreated garments.

Effect of Industrial Bleach Wash and Softening on the Physical, Mechanical and Color Properties of Denim Garments

Garments washing is a novel process to impart worn-out look, to modify the appearance and to improve the comfort ability of the garments. Bleach wash is used to fade the color of denim in a higher degree as well as bleach wash has effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the denim also. This paper presents the impact of bleach wash and subsequent softening treatment on 100% cotton denim dyed with indigo dye. Garments were washed using a bleach concentration of 10 g/l for 30 minutes in 50oC temperature and then softened using standard recipe. The physical, mechanical and color properties were analyzed in before wash, after desizing, after bleaching and after softening. The properties that were analyzed include hand feel, tensile strength, seam strength, fabric weight, stiffness, dimensional stability and color fading. Bleach washed and softened garments exhibit a great difference in the physical, mechanical and color properties than the unwashed garments

The Development of Jeans Pattern for Non-Stretch Denim Fabrics - The Comparison of Bio, Bio Stone, Bio Stone Bleach Washing Finishing -

The purpose of this study was to present a making method of jeans pattern with high fitness after deriving the appropriate shrinkage rate by material and washing process. Research Method of jeans pattern was presented after applying the optimized shrinkage rate. According to the result of the exterior evaluation of test jeans, all 6 jeans were rated high with scores close to 3.5. Following the evaluation of satisfaction of usage by physical movement, the highest ranking was in the order of walking with normal steps, back bending , chair sitting, climbing stairs, and squatting. The shrinkage rate by physical area showed the highest score in the order of pants length, waist circumference, thigh circumference, knee circumference, hem circumference, hips circumference. In addition, the shrinkage rate was higher in warp direction than weft direction after washing finishing. As for the result of addition and reduction of pattern measurements by parts of jeans, waist circumference was , hips circumference was , thigh circumference was and knee circumference was . Also, hem circumference was and pants length was . That is, this results showed a wide range of addition and reduction according to material and washing finishing.

Automated Processing of Forensic Casework Samples Using Robotic Workstations Equipped with Nondisposable Tips: Contamination Prevention

An automated process has been developed for the analysis of forensic casework samples using TECAN Genesis RSP 150/8 or Freedom EVO liquid handling workstations equipped exclusively with nondisposable tips. Robot tip cleaning routines have been incorporated strategically within the DNA extraction process as well as at the end of each session. Alternative options were examined for cleaning the tips and different strategies were employed to verify cross-contamination. A 2% sodium hypochlorite wash (1/5th dilution of the 10.8% commercial bleach stock) proved to be the best overall approach for preventing cross-contamination of samples processed using our automated protocol. The bleach wash steps do not adversely impact the short tandem repeat (STR) profiles developed from DNA extracted robotically and allow for major cost savings through the implementation of fixed tips. We have demonstrated that robotic workstations equipped with fixed pipette tips can be used with confidence with properly designed tip washing routines to process casework samples using an adapted magnetic bead extraction protocol.

A Study on the Washing Finishing Effects of Denim Fabrics

This study was to investigate the physical properties and the external characteristics of denim fabrics(100% cotton non-spun denim, 98% cotton/2% polyurethane spun denim) such as tensile strength, thickness and weight, flex stiffness, surface color and shrinkage. The results of the study were as follows. After examining the change of external characteristics of before and after washing finishing for denim fabrics, denim with bio washing had increased pliability compared to denim without washing finishing but the pliability of the denim did not increase according to the intensity or frequency of washing. The luminance change according to washing finishing was high in the order of bio stone bleach washing, bio stone washing, bio washing and denim without washing finishing and the surface color became brighter in accordance with the increase of intensity and frequency of washing finishing.

A Study on the Survey of Production Condition of Jeans in Casual Brands

The purpose of this study was to understand the current trend with regard to the material of jeans and the making method of jeans pattern and the characteristics of washing processing through the overall production status of jeans in casual brands and to offer the basic data for producing the high efficient jeans. The results were as follows. According to the survey of production status of jeans in casual brands, the fabric mixture was highest in the order of non-stretch denim 100% cotton, stretch denim cotton/spandex mix and denim with weft direction spandex mix. The most frequently used processing method for denim was in the order of normal finishing, mercerization finishing, soft finishing and pigment finishing. The most frequently used method of washing finishing for jeans was in the order of forming by embossing washing, bio stone washing, normal washing, bio washing, and bio stone bleach washing. The average shrinkage was higher on waist circumference and pants length of warp direction rather than hips circumference, thigh circumference, hem circumference of weft direction.

Removal of Hexacyanoferrate from Selected Photographic Process Effluents by Ion Exchange

An ion-exchange process has achieved almost complete removal of hexacyanoferrate anion Fe(CN) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> from the bleach wash of Eastman color-print processes that use ferricyanide bleaches. A weak-base, gel-type resin column that has an adsorption capacity of approximately 50 g of Fe(CN) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> per liter of wet resin was used. For resin regeneration, the hexacyanoferrate was eluted from the resin with sodium hydroxide, and the resulting solution was then oxidized for use as a bleach replenisher. This technique provides a route to complete recovery and recycling of the ferricyanide. Similar treatment was also applied to a final wash of Process K-14 for Kodachrome films, with equal success in removal of the hexacyanoferrate. However, reuse of the ferrocyanide recovered by this process is complicated by the presence of thiosulfate anion which is also removed from the effluent by the resin.