Blade Type Research Articles

Design and analysis of horizontal crystallizer for agro-chemical industries

Crystallization is a process in which hot solution is allowed to cool in a shell to form crystals at the end of the process. Crystallization is predominantly used in chemical industries. In most of the industries vertical crystallizer are used for continuous crystallization. The proposed project is horizontal crystallizer used for batch crystallization. In this project we have tried to solve problem wherein blades were subjected to impact load and produced a greater number of vibrations in the crystallizer, due to which blades were failing at the location where blades were connected to the shaft end because of more stresses. Also, the blades will be subjected to elevated temperature for some period. To solve this problem some research about various types of agitators is available. Designing of two types of blades those are single helical blades and double helical blades has been done. These blades will be suitable for mixing viscous solution and these blades works on the principle of shearing the solution and pushing it. These blades will produce fewer vibrations as compared to pedal blades used in the industries. Static structural analysis and Steady State Thermal Analysis on blades as well as on Shell has been done. The Stresses and deformation pattern are produced within safety limits. After performing the Design and Analysis of Shell and Blades, a model which has a capacity of 440 Litres has been fabricated and the results are interpreted. The fabricated crystallizer is implemented in the chemical industry which is providing better crystals as compared with the already in use crystallizer.

An Impeller Optimization Method for the High Specific Speed Mixed-Flow Reactor Coolant Pump Applied to Marine Nuclear Power

The reactor coolant pump (RCP) is the only rotating equipment in the primary circuit system of a nuclear power plant and the “heart” of the nuclear reactor. The L formula is defined, and the L/himp is introduced to study the influence of impeller blade type on the performance of the RCP. Twenty groups of models are designed, the concept of arc height ratio is proposed from the perspective of himp and L, and the distribution of internal entropy production within the impeller of the RCP under different Ls and himps of the impeller blade type is analyzed. The results show that when himp remains un-changed and L increases, the low-pressure area at the inlet of the impeller expands while the high-pressure area at the outlet decreases under the design flow or large flow conditions. The smoother blade profile reduces the occurrence of secondary flow phenomena and makes the RCP pressure distribution more uniform. Under design flow and large flow conditions, smaller L/himp and higher himp lead to higher efficiency and head performance. However, higher efficiency and lower head performance can be achieved under small flow conditions with larger L/himp and lower himp.

Experimental Study on the Effects of Turbine Blades Types on the Performance of Centrifugal Pump as Pico-Hydropower Generation

Turbines are rotary mechanical devices used to extract energy from rivers with waterfall and convert them into electricity for rural areas. However, many small turbines installed in rural areas are expensive and dependent on the types of blades to provide the required energy. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effects of backward, inclined, and forward blades of turbines on the centrifugal pump's performance as pico-hydro power. This study was carried out in Riau Province due to the low flow of water, with varying turbine blades for small-scale hydropower generation. Rust-resistant and lightweight materials were selected for the manufacture of the turbine and to keep it from damaging. The turbine was tested in a laboratory to determine the characteristics and maximum power output from rivers and waterfall. The result showed that the turbine produces a maximum electrical power of approximately 1000 Watts using the backward blades due to its ability to support and save water resources.

Model Design of Helical Type Vertical Shaft Wind Turbine with Capacity of 5 W

A vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is a power generator that uses wind power to generate torque. The VAWT can be pointed in any direction, meaning it doesn't need to be pointed into the wind to generate power. Thus, there is potential for large power plants using VAWTs as their size can be significantly increased. However, there are also some drawbacks to the VAWT. VAWT has the characteristics of self-starting. But still, an additional power source is needed to start the turbine rotation until a certain rotation speed is reached or it must operate at high wind speeds. The main objective of our work is to create a 5 W VAWT model (helical type) to optimize self-starting of vertical axis wind turbines. The outline of this report is regarding the design of our VAWT model, which will have self-starting characteristics. To increase the self-starting status, our efforts are to optimize the type, dimensions and material of the turbine blades. We also optimized the rotor dimensions. As a result, a model helical three-blade turbine was built and tested. The blade turbine made of composites has been balanced with the rotor prior to testing. The test uses 2 fans with a speed of 3-5m/s, the test is carried out to obtain wind turbine performance data.

Optimization of Machine and Operational Parameters in the Development of Stubble Manager cum Crop Planter

Aims: Optimization of machine parameters (type of flail blade and number of strip-till blades per flange) and operational parameters (rotor shaft speed and forward speed) for the development of stubble manager cum crop planter for conservation agriculture.
 Study Design: Split plot (3 factors); Type of flail blade/number of strip-till blades per flange as main plot and rotor shaft speed and forward speed as sub plots.
 Place and Duration of Study: Dr. NTR College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India. Duration of the study was from August 2020 to July 2022 (24 moths).
 Methodology: Developed stubble manager cum crop planter as a solution for seeding of rice fallow pulse crops under combine harvested paddy field condition. This machine consists of two consists of stubble managing unit for mulching and strip tillage operations at a time and crop planting unit for placing pulse crop seed in furrow strips opened by stubble managing unit. The stubble managing unit was optimized for mulching parameters (shredding efficiency and paddy residue size reduction) and strip tillage parameters (furrow cross sectional area, furrow backfill and mass median diameter of soil clods) through field evaluation under combine harvested paddy field condition.
 Results: Interactions between machine and operational parameters were not significant on shredding efficiency. Highest paddy residue size reduction (77.33 %) up to 10 cm was observed with Y-type flail blade at rotor shaft and forward speeds 1650 rpm and 2.5 km h-1. Lowest furrow cross sectional area (20.93 cm2) and highest furrow soil backfill (23.24 %) were obtained with two numbers of strip-till blades per flange at rotor shaft and forward speed 1350 rpm and 2.0 km h-1 respectively. Interactions between machine and operational parameters were not significant on mass median diameter of soil clods.
 Conclusion: Optimized parameters for the stubble managing unit of the proposed machine were Y-type flail blade, 2-numbers of strip-till blades per flange, rotor shaft speed 1500 rpm and forward speed 2.0 km h-1.

Analisis Perancangan Mesin Pencacah Limbah Plastik Menggunakan Pisau Crusher dan Shredder

Waste in the form of garbage in the Piyungan area, Bantul Regency, consists of organic and non-organic waste, currently the condition is increasingly worrying because the landfills are very limited, so waste management must be managed optimally. To reduce the accumulation of excessive waste, a waste-cutting machine is needed. An efficient waste-cutting machine requires the right knife by choosing a knife between the crusher and shredder types. The selection of one of the blades used in the waste-cutting machine requires a design analysis using FEA (Finite Element Analysis) calculations and simulation assistance. Based on the results of the analysis of the calculation of the crusher-type knife using 4 blades, the required power is 2 HP, costs 8.8 million rupiahs and, the results of the FEA allowable stress test are 3.19E + 04, and 2.5 E + 08 are safe. While the Shredder type blade uses 13 blades, the required power is 2 HP, which costs 9.8 million rupiah and the FEA allowable stress test results are 1.53E+04 and 2.5E+08 safe. The results of the analysis obtained are that the selected crusher-type knife can be recommended for use in the design of a waste chopping machine because the manufacturing cost is 8.8 million and the Allowable stress is 3.19E+04,

Design Method of Full-scale Fatigue Test Load for Wind Turbine Blade

The blade is one of the key components of a wind turbine, and the alternating fatigue load is the main factor leading to the fatigue failure of wind turbine blades. The accuracy of load determines the accuracy of the wind turbine blade test. Based on the equivalent torque time history data from the wind load acting on the blade root, the load of the two-dimensional matrix is obtained by using data compression technology and a rain flow counting algorithm. According to the capture matrix of load data, the frequency of various design loading cases and the distribution of wind speed, the symmetrical load spectrum is calculated and compiled. The fatigue load of a wind turbine blade is calculated for a certain type of 2MW blade, which lays a foundation for the design and test of a wind turbine blade fatigue loading system.

INVESTIGATION OF IMPELLER BLADES DESIGN FOR AXIAL FLOW PUMP USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

The investigation of the impeller blade design for axial flow pumps used in power transformers is discussed in this paper. Due to the symmetry of the blade type, axial pumps typically have efficiency levels that are significantly lower than those of classical pumps. In this study, the geometry of the blades is modified to achieve a high efficiency in an axial pump by concentrating on a pump impeller. CF Turbo is the proprietary program used in this simulation. The computational Fluid Dynamics results for hydraulic efficiency, head torque, and pump torque were compared. To identify the key effects and their ideal design factors, Orthogonal Array, Analysis of variance and optimization techniques are used. The best ideal solution for satisfying the pump torque and head limitations is discovered when an effective design variable in impeller blades is taken into account.

Experimental Study on Hydrodynamic Aspects of Turbine which Convert Hydrokinetic and Potential Coastal Wave Energy

Currently, the exploration of ocean renewable energy sources was mostly carried out to obtain optimal results and low cost. The waves that arrive on the beach consist of both potential energy where the water surface moves up and down and hydrokinetic energy where the volume of water comes and goes into the beach sand. They had the potential to be converted to electricity. This paper explained the study of the hydrodynamic aspects of turbines that convert hydrokinetic and potential coastal wave energy. The vertical axis darrieus turbine was modified to catch both energies. It could convert energies from hydrokinetics and the potential of waves simultaneously, whereas a vertical axis turbine with 6 horizontal blades and 3 vertical blades in a shaft. Testing was done at the testing Tank, Hydrodynamic Technology Research Center, National Research and Innovation Agency. The hydrodynamic tests were with 3 turbine variations, wave variations, and current velocity. The test results, vertical axis turbines with horizontal blades could receive wave energy, due to the orbital motion of water particles and vertical blades were very effective in receiving current energy so that turbines with 2 types of vertical and horizontal blades could convert wave and current energy.

AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF CARDIOVASCULAR STRESS RESPONSE TO LARYNGOSCOPY WITH MCCOY, MACINTOSH, MILLER LARYNGOSCOPE BLADE FOR INTRAOPERATIVE ANAESTHESIA IN ADULT ELECTIVE SURGERIES

Background: The most commonly used equipment to aid endotracheal intubation is a laryngoscope, and the procedure performed is known as laryngoscopy, which leads to profound cardiovascular effects. The process of laryngoscopy causes the release of catecholamines, thereby leading to marked pressor responses and tachycardia. The process of laryngoscopy can be made easier by the use of various types of laryngoscopic blades. This study was conducted to observe cardiovascular stress response to the laryngoscopy with McCoy, Macintosh, Miller laryngoscope blades for anaesthesia in adult elective surgeries. Material: This study was conducted in 51 patients in age group 18-60 years of both sexes, posted for elective surgeries under general anaesthesia in surgery and gynaecology operation theatre. In this study, 51 patients were randomly allocated into three groups each of 17 patients Grope 1 (McCoy Laryngoscope), Group 2 (Macintosh Laryngoscope), Group 3 (Miller Laryngoscope). There Results: was no signicant difference in age and gender distribution between three groups. There was no signicant difference in sex distribution between three groups. There was a signicant difference in mean heart rate between different groups from 2 to 5 mins. There was a signicant difference in mean SBP and DBP comparison between different groups from 1 to 5 mins. It is least with McCoy, most with Miller and in between with Macintosh. There was a signicant difference in Glottic view Distribution between three groups. Glottic visualisation is best with Miller blade. There was a signicant difference in Ease of Intubation Distribution between different groups. So tracheal intubation is easier with McCoy blade as compared with Macintosh and Miller blade. There was no signicant difference in Side Effects Distribution between different groups. Conclusion: It is concluded that the cardiovascular stress response (increased heart rate, blood pressure and mean arterial pressure) to laryngoscopy is least with McCoy laryngoscope and most with Miller laryngoscope and in-between with Macintosh laryngoscope.

Effects of cutting parameters on cutting force and cutting energy for crab‐apple

AbstractStudying the effects of cutting parameters on cutting force and energy consumption in the core removal and slicing process of crab‐apple can provide the theoretical basis for the design and optimization of crab‐apple core removal and slicing equipment. In this study, the single‐factor tests were carried out on a special fixture and microcomputer‐controlled electronic universal testing machine to study the effect of slicing speed, blade oblique angle, and blade‐edge shape in the slicing process and core removal tool wall thickness and speed in the core removal process on the cutting force and energy consumption. The test results showed that the peak force and energy consumption can be reduced by adopting the concave type blade compared to the convex type blade. Slicing speed and blade oblique angle have significant effects on the cutting performance of crab‐apple in the slicing process. When blade oblique angle and cutting speed increase, the cutting force and energy consumption both show a decreasing trend. For the core removal process, reducing the core removal tool wall thickness and increasing the core removal speed can reduce the cutting force and energy consumption and improve the processing quality.

Exploring Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures for Recognition of Drone Types

In this study, we examine the use of micro-Doppler signals produced by different blades (i.e., puller and lifting blades) to aid in radar-based target recognition of small drones. We categorize small drones into three types based on their blade types: fixed-wing drones with only puller blades, multi-rotor drones with only lifting blades, and hybrid vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) fixed-wing drones with both lifting and puller blades. We quantify the radar signatures of the three drones using statistical measures, such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR), Doppler speed, Doppler frequency difference (DFD), and Doppler magnitude ratio (DMR). Our findings show that the micro-Doppler signals of lifting blades in all three drone types were stronger than those of puller blades. Specifically, the DFD and DMR values of pusher blades were below 100 Hz and 0.3, respectively, which were much smaller than the 200 Hz and 0.8 values for lifting blades. The micro-Doppler signals of the puller blades were weaker and more stable than those of the lifting blades. Our study demonstrates the potential of using micro-Doppler signatures modulated by different blades for improving drone detection and the identification of drone types by drone detection radar.

Research on Solidity of Horizontal-Axis Tidal Current Turbine

In this paper, the blade solidity of the tidal current turbine was investigated. Based on the blade element momentum theory, different design flow velocities were selected to design two blade types with different solidities. The geometric parameters of the blade were calculated using MATLAB programming, and the performance of two blades was compared in terms of the start-up flow rate, power generation and thrust by test experiment, which showed that the blade with higher solidity has better start-up performance and higher energy capture efficiency at low flow rates. The performance is better than that of the blade with low solidity, but due to the high solidity, the thrust is also high, which should be taken into account when installing the turbine.

A quantum mechanical model of field emission from a graphene blade type material

We present a simple quantum perturbative full dimensionality model to study field emission from a graphene blade within the frame of the Bardeen transfer Hamiltonian formalism. The material electronic wavefunction is obtained for a multidimensional square well potential specifically designed to reproduce two important characteristics of the material, the Fermi level, and the shape of the emitting orbitals. The wavefunction in the vacuum between the electrodes is obtained with a close coupling method in a finite domain. Our model provides the emitted current density with respect to the applied field. This allows us to discriminate the different functional forms proposed to fit the Fowler–Nordheim emission curves. Our model also provides information on emission patterns. Electron total energy distributions are computed for different field intensities and compared with other theoretical and experimental results.

Effects of UV sensitivity and accelerated photo-aging on stab resistance of ρ-aramid fabrics impregnated with shear thickening fluids (STFs)

The use of Kevlar in the field of ballistic and stabbing protection has been studied by researchers in polymeric composites for this purpose. This study presents complementary knowledge on energy absorption and dissipation in ρ-aramid fabric impregnated with shear thickening fluids (STFs), especially aiming to obtain better protection against impacts that are deeply associated with STFs, as well as color change, accelerated aging (QUV), and penetration depth (drop tower test). In addition, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed. The research shows that there was a good distribution of STF particles on the ρ-Aramid fabric surface, promoting increased friction between the interfilament and the yarns, further increasing performance and, consequently, improving the energy absorption and dissipation mechanism and, also, the penetration effectiveness in relation to non-impregnated ρ-Aramid fabric. Regarding the protection efficiency against UV exposure (250–400 nm region), there was a significantly decreased compared to those non-impregnated Kevlar® woven with STFs. The FTIR analysis showed that the conditions of aging, after exposure to UV, did not produce new functional groups, that is, there was no chemical modification. Finally, Kevlar fabric impregnated with STFs improved penetration depth performance with the blades independent of the blade type with up to 81% increase in resistance. This result was improved due to interactions between the nanoparticles present in STFs, yarns, and even high-performance woven impregnated with shear-thickening fluids.

Analysis of the Effect of Variation in the Number of Taperless Type Blades on the Performance of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Naca 4412 Airfoil

The need for electrical energy which continues to be widely needed by society and industry today is a major factor in their daily needs and activities. Wind energy is one of the renewable energy that is environmentally friendly. At present the utilization of wind energy continues to be developed, one of which is a wind energy conversion system that converts wind kinetic energy into mechanical energy and then converts it into electrical energy through a generator. The amount of electricity generated by the generator depends on the rotating speed of the blades and the speed of the wind that hits the blades on the wind turbine. In this research is how the performance of horizontal shaft wind turbines with variations in the number of blades with the aim of obtaining optimal results of torque, power and efficiency. The tests carried out in this study were simulated on the Q Blade v 0.96 software with variations in the number of blades 2 to 6 and the average wind speed data in the West Java region. That the results of the tests carried out produce a graph that compares the number of blades to the power, torque, and efficiency produced by a wind turbine

Optimization of Savonius wind turbine blades based on perturbed stochastic fractal search algorithm and Kriging surrogate model

ABSTRACT The shape of its blades would significantly affect the energy capture ability of the Savonius wind turbine. This work proposed an efficient and intelligent optimization design method for the shape of the blade. Firstly, the blade’s shape is described parametrically using the cubic Bezier curve and then a certain number of design schemes in the design space are obtained using the Latin hypercube sampling technique, and the torque coefficients of these design schemes are evaluated using CFD simulation. Secondly, a Kriging model based on these design schemes and their corresponding torque coefficients is established. Thirdly, the optimal design scheme is obtained by taking the established Kriging model as an evaluation tool and taking the perturbed stochastic fractal search algorithm as an optimization tool and then verified using CFD. Through the above optimization method, a new type of blade is obtained. Compared with the traditional turbine with semi-circular blades, the turbine with the optimized blades can achieve about 9.03% improvement in energy capture efficiency at TSR = 1.

Analysis of the Effect of the Leading-Edge Vortex Structure on Unsteady Secondary Flow at the Endwall of a High-Lift Low-Pressure Turbine

The horseshoe vortex system at the leading edge of a low-pressure turbine (LPT) has unsteady flow characteristics, and the flow field in the downstream cascade channel also has unsteady characteristics. In this study, CFD simulations are performed with the help of commercial software CFX, and experimental checks are performed using a fan-shaped cascade test bench to investigate the flow characteristics of the endwall of the PACKB blade type of a high-lift LPT under the same incoming Reynolds number and two incoming boundary layer thickness conditions. The obtained results show that there are different flow alteration characteristics and alteration frequencies of the horseshoe vortex system, among which the vortex system with a thicker boundary layer is larger in size and less spaced from each other, which is more likely to induce the fusion of vortex systems. The centrifugal instability causes the instability of the horseshoe vortex system, and the instability frequency is inversely proportional to the thickness of the boundary layer. With two inlet boundary layers, the instability frequencies of the vortex system are 125 Hz and 175 Hz, respectively, and the ratio of the frequency to the thickness of the boundary layer is reciprocal to each other. The stimulation effect of the unstable horseshoe vortex system on the downstream secondary flow intensity is greater than that of the steady state. The thin boundary layer case generates a greater unsteady loss in the cascade channel than the thick boundary layer case due to the poor stability of the vortex system.

CFD Simulation of Centrifugal Pump with Different Impeller Blade Trailing Edges

The centrifugal pump is one of the most widely used types of power machinery in the field of ship and ocean engineering, and the shape of the impeller blade trailing edge has an important influence on their performance. To reveal the mechanism of the effect of different trailing edges on external performance, the internal flow of 16 types of impeller blade trailing edges of a centrifugal pump, consisting of Bezier trailing edges, rounding on the pressure side, cutting on the suction side, and the original trailing edge is studied by numerical simulation. The reverse flow, shaft power, and energy loss distribution in the impeller and diffuser along the streamwise direction are analyzed by calculating them on each micro control body sliced from the fluid domain. The entropy production theory and Ω-vortex identification method are used to display the magnitude and location of energy loss and the vortex structure. Finally, a static structural analysis of the impeller with different trailing edges is performed. The results show that different impeller trailing edges can clearly affect the efficiency of the pump, i.e., the thinner the trailing edge, the higher the efficiency, with the thickest model reducing efficiency by 5.71% and the thinnest model increasing efficiency by 0.59% compared to the original one. Changing the shape of the impeller trailing edge has a great influence on the reverse flow, shaft power, and energy loss near the impeller trailing edge and diffuser inlet but has little influence on the leading part of the impeller. The distribution of local entropy production rate, energy loss, and reverse flow along the streamwise direction shows similar rules, with a local maximum near the leading edge of the impeller due to the impact effect, and a global maximum near the impeller trailing edge resulting from strong flow separation and high vortex strength due to the jet-wake flow. Thinning the impeller trailing edge and smoothing its connection with the blade can reduce the vortex strength and entropy production near the impeller trailing edge and diffuser inlet, improve the flow pattern, and reduce energy loss, thus improving the pump efficiency. In all models, the maximum equivalent stress is less than 6.5 MPa and the maximum total deformation is less than 0.065mm. The results are helpful for a deeper understanding of the complex flow mechanism of the centrifugal pump with different blade trailing edges.

An electric power generation improvement for small Savonius wind turbines under low-speed wind

<p>Savonius wind turbines have advantages of self-rotating at low speed wind, high starting torque, and less noise generation. However, they have low electric power generation capacity. This paper presents electric power generation improvement for small Savonius wind turbines when operating at low-speed wind of 1-6 m/s by using optimal Bach-type blades, twist blades and a wind tunnel. The turbine prototypes with the optimum diameter and height of 32 cm were developed with 3 different blade types: conventional semicircular blades, Bach-type blades and twisted 15° blades and a wind tunnel. The experimental results showed that the Savonius wind turbine with Bach-type generated highest electric voltage, which was 19.3% and 7.6% higher compared to conventional blades and twisted 15° blades. The additional wind tunnel could improve electric power generation efficiency by approximately 21.4% compared to the turbines without the tunnels.</p>