Blade Model Research Articles

Primer examination plan and manufacture of vertical pivot wind turbine

In past hundreds of years, it has been seen that the utilization of non-inexhaustible wellsprings of vitality has caused more condition harm than some other movement. Vertical pivot wind turbine is one of the breeze turbine through which ideal vitality could be created. For this situation 3 bladed vertical hub wind turbine is planned, produced and tried. This could be introduced close to coastlines, housetops, spans where plentiful dynamic vitality from the breeze is accessible for age of intensity. The vitality got through this framework could be successfully used to light the road lights, to fill in as an inverter gracefully during shutdown for local reason, can likewise be utilized in vessels and boats to run the correspondence arrangements and other electrical and electronic contraptions. In this manner, this sort of turbine could be utilized comprehensively with zero emanation and utilize asset accessible in nature. Broad scientific assessment where performed to make the remarkable streamlined model of blades likewise the turbine, on the gratitude to catch most adequate K.E. from the breeze and convert it into electric force by methods of pulley drive and an alternator. Thorough emphasis forms have been experienced all together that you'll get the palatable productivity of the turbine.

Effects of Rotor-Blade Deformation onto Performance of Domestic Wind Turbines

Paper is focused on the influence that blade deformations by torsion and bending due to drag, lift, and gravitational effects has on the performance of small wind turbines. A blade model of stiff finite elements connected by rotating junctions is used. Mechanical deformations are simulated by controlled gravity and torsional forces, and their effects are measured through the response of the wind turbine. Tests have been run before and after the deformation process under different wind conditions in a wind tunnel. No centrifugal stiffening and gyroscopic moments are considered due to the low angular speed. Wind speed was controlled to determine the effect of the deformation on the performance of the wind turbine as a function of the wind power. The results have shown that in all cases, the effects of the deformation are negative, and the decrease in power has been calculated depending on wind conditions.

Load distribution method in helicopter blade multibody dynamics system

The paper focuses on the loads applied to the helicopter blade cross-sections in the multibody dynamics system. The main objective is to simplify the blade aerodynamics calculation and avoid time-consuming CFD methods. For this reason, the way of computing blade aerodynamics is proposed by using multibody dynamics methods with a linear-elastic blade model. As the primary tool for further research, the MCS Adams software package is selected. Splitting the main rotor blade into a finite number of sections, each having its own average value of installation and coning angles, simplifies the calculation. Afterward, expressions for the total flow velocity around the blade section and its angle of attack are obtained through vector operations. This provides a measure of aerodynamic forces acting on each section in its cross-sectional coordinate system. In conclusion, the article provides the formalized method of aerodynamic force distribution between blade sections in the multibody model as well as the correlation between the flow coordinate system and the blade chord coordinate system.

Numerical Simulation of Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Characteristics under Wind Shear Based on Lattice-Boltzmann Method

In order to study the influence of wind shear on the aerodynamic characteristics of large wind turbines, taking the 5MW wind turbine blade model published by NREL as the research object, large eddy simulation (LES) of wind turbines was carried out by using XFlow fluid simulation software based on Lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM). WALE turbulence model was used to study wind shear at 3, 11.2 and 25m/s wind speeds. The effect of factors on the axial thrust and torque of wind turbines is compared with the data published by NREL. The results show that the XFlow software based on LBM and LES method has good capturing ability for the eddy wake of wind turbine; wind shear causes the airfoil section of each section of blade to deviate from the best designed attack angle in theory and results in a decrease in torque applied to the wind turbine.

Automatic Mapping Between Real Hardware Composition and ROADM Model for Agile Node Updates

Swift and dynamic reconfigurability of network topology, even at the optical layer, is essential for satisfying the various requirements of future networks in diverse areas (e.g., data centers, 5G/Beyond-5G/Local-5G/6G, factory-related networks, and telecom networks) and for addressing issues arising during a disaster. Because of recent efforts to disaggregate optical transport networks, various compact disaggregate blades (e.g., wavelength selective switches and optical amplifier blades) have become commercially available. In principle, such disaggregation technology enables network operators to optimize their networks precisely at the blade level according to their distinctive needs, although the management complexity can increase with the number and diversity of the managed equipment. This paper presents transformation algorithms for mapping between a reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer (ROADM)-based model and a disaggregate-blade-based model to realize a flexible and agile optical physical layer based on disaggregation technology without increasing control plane complexity. In this study, a disaggregate-blade-based model named functional block-based disaggregation (FBD) is used, in which the switching functionalities of individual optical components are defined by the integer linear programming (ILP) method using machine-readable GNU MathProg modeling language. By computing the ILP formula, the switching functionalities of whole nodes/networks can be analyzed; that is, the FBD model can form the ROADM-level nodal model by aggregating the individual blade models. With the developed transformation algorithms, automated network operations, including optical path establishment/removal and node structure updates, are experimentally demonstrated on a field testbed. After physically plugging in the new components, the node structure update including the logical topology information is automatically recognized within 5 min. Multi-domain cooperative optical path recovery triggered by the update is also performed.

Seismic assessment of wind turbines: How crucial is rotor-nacelle-assembly numerical modeling?

The cross-section and the structural twist angle of a typical wind turbine blade vary along its span. This complicates its realistic modeling in nonlinear dynamic analysis of wind turbines when seismic performance estimates are sought. As a result, the lumped mass approach is most commonly used to model the rotor-nacelle-assembly (RNA). The RNA is eccentric to the tower top, and the blades tend to induce rotary inertia on the tower. The exclusion of this rotary inertia and the rotor eccentricity can impact the structural response of the wind turbines as the RNA contributes significantly to the total mass of the system. Moreover, the blades are long, slender structural components that can vibrate and deform independently under seismic excitation. The lumped mass approach intrinsically considers the rigid-body inertia for the RNA, which inevitably acts as a part of the tower top. This can affect the seismic vulnerability estimation of the offshore wind turbines (OWT) at a degree that has not yet been properly quantified. To explore this issue, the present study discusses the effects of the three key RNA parameters, i.e., (i) rotary inertia of the blades, (ii) rotor eccentricity, and (iii) blades’ flexibility, on the seismic failure and fragility of OWT under shallow crustal earthquakes. Results show that the rotary inertia affects the higher modes, which in turn influence the height of the tower failure zones. It is also shown that different levels of RNA modeling refinement affect the predicted failure probabilities, particularly under pulse-like ground motions, while the same estimates are overestimated if the conventional rigid body lumped mass rotary inertia is used. Even worse, they can be underestimated (thus less safe) when the rotary inertia is completely ignored, compared with the refined modeling of flexible turbine blades. These results are revealing as they highlight that seismic hazard can indeed pose a significant design issue for OWTs in some regions.

Dynamic Analysis of Composite Wind Turbine Blades as Beams: An Analytical and Numerical Study

This study focuses on the dynamic modelling and analysis of the wind turbine blades made of multiple layers of fibre reinforced composites and core materials. For this purpose, a novel three-dimensional analytical straight beam model for blades is formulated. This model assumes that the beam is made of functionally graded material (FGM) and has a variable and asymmetrical cross section. In this model, the blades are assumed to be thin, slender and long with a relatively straight axis. They have two main parts, namely the core and the shell. The so-called core consists of a lightweight isotropic foam material, which also adds significant damping to the system. The core material is covered by the shell, which is modelled using homogenous and orthotropic material assumptions as the structure is reinforced with continuous fibres. Therefore, the blades are modelled under a straight beam with varying cross-section assumptions, in which the effective elastic properties are acquired by homogenizing the cross section. The beam formulation for modelling the system is performed both analytically and numerically with the finite element method. The results of both methods are in well agreement. The maximum deviation between the results is found below 4%.

Desain Turbin Angin Horisontal untuk Area Kecepatan Angin Rendah dengan Airfoil S826

This research aims to determine performance of turbine rotor performance with a single rotor blade model with a diameter of 0.6 m that has been developed by NORCOWE, while for turbine rotor blades used is the NREL S826 airfoil series. The wind turbines are operated at wind speed intervals of 1-5 m / s. This parameter will also present data in the form of the optimal point of wind turbine rotation and rotor rotation speed. The pitch angles used are 25 °, 30 °, and 35 °. The pitch angle that affects the value of the ideal rotational speed with the highest optimization for the horizontal airfoil turbine S826 is 30 ° with a wind speed of 5 m / s and a rotation of 570 RPM. This is because the greater the pitch angle of the installation, the easier it will be to experience speed trimming but is vulnerable to too large an angle of attack that causes a stall.

Study of the process of digging soil with a physical model of bulldozer equipment with a fixed blade and a removable combined volumetric knife system

Experimental studies of the process of digging the soil with a physical model of a non-rotating bulldozer blade with a replaceable combined volumetric knife system were carried out with the aim of developing its effective design based on the use of oblique cutting to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of work by reducing the specific resistance to digging, shortening the digging path to set full-fledged prism of the soil and reduction of soil loss to the side rollers and the expected positive results.

An Analysis of the Casting Polymer Mold Wear Manufactured Using PolyJet Method Based on the Measurement of the Surface Topography.

An important factor having an impact on the condition of machine parts is their surface topography. For instance, in the production of a molded element in casting or injection molding processes, the surface topography of the molding cavity has a significant impact on the surface condition of the product. An analysis of the wear of a mold made with the PolyJet technique was performed in this work, and we examined the surface topography using the stylus method after casting a wax model of the turbine blade. The surface topographies showed a gradual degradation of the mold cavity surface. After the manufacture of 40 castings, there was a significant deformation of the microstructure of the mold cavity. The maximum height value (Sz) parameter had the most dynamic change from 18.980 to 27.920 μm. Its growth dynamics are mainly influenced by maximum peak height (Sp) rather than the maximum pit height (Sv) parameter. In the case of the root mean square height (Sq) and arithmetic mean height (Sa), their gradual increases can be seen from 2.578 to 3.599 μm and from 2.038 to 2.746 μm. In the case of the value of the skewness (Ssk) parameter, a small positive skew was observed. As for the kurtosis (Sku) values, the distributions are clearly leptokurtic.

Craniotomy tools: description of a test model for the evaluation of craniotome blade efficiency

Craniotomes have shown to be fast and precise in performing bone flaps. Nevertheless, in everyday practice, the neurosurgeon can experience breakage of the blade and other complications like dural tears during cutting of the bone. We developed a test procedure for craniotomies and used it to compare two blade types. We used bovine scapulae to perform three tests. Five testers carried out every trial. Test 1: a 4-cm straight line was performed with both blades. Test 2: each tester performed a spiral cut. Test 3: a zig-zag cut with angles of 90° was performed by all testers with both blade types. The mean time needed to achieve the 4-cm cut in test 1 was 29.50 and 17.88 s, respectively, for the previous and new blade. In test 2, the calculated mean speed (cm/s) was 0.138 using the previous blade model and 0.178 using the new one. In test 3, the mean number of 90° angles per second performed with both blades is comparable with values of 0.058 and 0.063, respectively, for the previous and new blade. The variable considered: speed of cutting and resistance to breakage shows that the novel blade is faster in performing all the three types of cut and has higher compliance with stress.

Effectiveness of the Compound Helicopter Configuration in Rotorcraft Performance Increase

Abstract The article presents the results of calculations applied to compare flight envelopes of varying helicopter configurations. Performance of conventional helicopter with the main and tail rotors, in the case of compound helicopter, can be improved by applying wings and pusher propellers which generate an additional lift and horizontal thrust. The simplified model of a helicopter structure, consisting of a stiff fuselage and the main rotor treated as a stiff disk, is applied for evaluation of the rotorcraft performance and the required range of control system deflections. The more detailed model of deformable main rotor blades, applying the Galerkin method, is used to calculate rotor loads and blade deformations in defined flight states. The calculations of simulated flight states are performed considering data of a hypothetical medium class helicopter with the take-off mass of 6,000kg. In the case of both of the helicopter configurations, the articulated main rotor hub is taken under consideration. According to the Galerkin method, the elastic blade model allows to compute blade deformations as a combination of the blade bending and torsional eigen modes. Introduction of additional wing and pusher propellers allows to increase the range of operational speed over 300 km/h. Results of the simulation are presented as time-runs of rotor loads and blade deformations and in a form of disk distribution plots of rotor parameters. The simulation method can be useful in defining requirements for a high speed rotorcraft.

A Hybrid BEM-CFD Virtual Blade Model to Predict Interactions between Tidal Stream Turbines under Wave Conditions

Tidal turbine array optimization is crucial for the further development of the marine sector. It has already been observed that tidal turbines within an array can be heavily affected by excessive aerodynamic interference, thus leading to performance deterioration. Small-scale experimental tests aimed at understanding the physical mechanisms of interaction and identifying optimal distances between machines can be found in the literature. However, often, the relatively narrow channels of laboratories imply high blockage ratios, which could affect the results, making them unreliable if extrapolated to full-scale cases. The main aim of this numerical study was to analyze the effects of the blockage caused by the laboratory channel walls in cases of current and also current surface waves. For this purpose, the performance predictions achieved for two turbines arranged in line for different lateral offsets in case of a typical laboratory scale were compared to the predictions obtained for a full scale, unconfined environment. The methodology consisted in the adoption a hybrid Blade Element Momentum–Computational Fluid Dynamics (BEM-CFD) approach, which was based on the Virtual Blade Model of ANSYS-Fluent. The results indicate that (1) the performance of a downstream turbine can increase up to 5% when this has a lateral separation of 1.5D from an upstream device in a full-scale environment compared to a misleading 15% calculated for the laboratory set-up, and (2) the relative fluctuations of power and thrust generated by waves are not significantly affected by the domain dimensions.

Development of a wind turbine simulator to design and test micro HAWTs

The development of a micro wind turbine simulator is presented in the current study. The simulator is employed to test and assess the design and the performance of micro horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT). These turbines can be used as micro wind turbines being utilized for household applications. The main system consists of a wind simulator, models of rotor blades, a tower model with a nacelle at the top. In this study, nacelle comprises a low-power step motor directly coupled with the turbine’s axis at its input and a designed circuit at its output to measure the generated power. As an innovative part of the simulator, the fan of the simulator is mounted within a guiding slide which can enable the user to change the yaw angle while maintaining the same distance from the HAWT. To calibrate the simulator, the results obtained from experimental investigations (i.e. wind simulator) were compared with BEM theory, CFD simulation as well as wind tunnel measurements. In addition, different conditions including yawed rotor and rotors with blades extending from the uniform inflow of the fan are experimentally assessed. Overall, the results show satisfactory response of the system in reproducing the characteristics of a given micro turbine at various conditions particularly when the tip speed ratio is close to the design value.

Generating the tool path directly with point cloud for aero-engine blades repair

Aero-engine is an essential component of the aircraft. Due to the high cost of raw materials and precise structure, the maintenance cost of aero-engine is great. By repairing worn blades rather than replacing them with new ones, the aero-engine maintenance cost can be reduced effectively. For repairing worn blades, existing methods mainly generate tool path based on the reconstructed surface with the aid of CAM software. In this paper, an effective tool path generation method for repairing blades after additive manufacturing process is presented, which overcomes the low efficiency and complicated process weakness of existing methods. The tool path is generated directly with point clouds without surface fitting. By splitting point cloud and analyzing geometric parameters of points, machining areas could be recognized from the entire blade model. The cutter location point is generated by extending on the normal vector direction of the corresponding point. The five-axis tool path could be obtained by connecting cutter location points in turns. Tool path optimization is further studied after the generation process. These algorithms eliminate the time consumption caused by surface fitting operations, and could generate five-axis tool paths for repairing aero-engine blades efficiently.

Dynamic analysis of offshore wind turbines

For large-scale 5MW offshore wind turbines, the discrete equation of fluid domain and the motion equation of structural domain with geometric nonlinearity were built, the three-dimensional modeling of the blade considering fluidstructure interaction (FSI) was achieved by using Unigraphics (UG) and Geometry modules, and the numerical simulation and the analysis of the vibration characteristics for wind turbine structure under rotating effect were carried out based on ANSYS software. The results indicate that the rotating effect has an apparent effect on displacement and Von Mises stress, and the response and the distribution of displacement and Von Mises stress for the blade in direction of wingspan increase nonlinearly with the equal increase of rotational speeds. Compared with the single blade model, the blade vibration period of the whole machine model is much longer. The structural coupling effect reduces the response peak value of the blade displacement and Von Mises stress, and the increase of rotational speed enhances this coupling effect. The maximum displacement difference between two models decreases first and then increases along wingspan direction, the trend is more visible with the equal increase of rotational speed, and the boundary point with zero displacement difference moves towards the blade root. Furthermore, the Von Mises stress difference increases gradually with the increase of rotational speed and decreases nonlinearly from the blade middle to both sides. The results can provide technical reference for the safe operation and optimal design of offshore wind turbines.

Theoretical analysis of blade coating process using simplifiedPhan‐Thien‐Tannerfluid model: An analytical study

AbstractA mathematical model of blade coating is developed to study the rheological and viscoelastic effects of a Simplified Phan‐Thien‐Tanner fluid passing through the narrow gap between the blade and moving substrate. First, a dimensionless analysis is conducted on the governing system and simplified by utilizing the lubrication approximation theory. The perturbation method is adopted to solve the resulting non‐linear system. The impact of parametersWi(Weissenberg number),ε, andγ(normalized coating thickness) on the velocity and pressure profiles are elaborated through graphs, while coating thickness and load are shown in tabular form. The results exhibit that the viscoelastic effects have a significant influence on the pressure and load on the blade as they lead to the thickness and better coating quality and improves the life of the moving substrate.

Investigation of the linear shrinkage of photopolymer material during the technological preparation of the production of engine parts

The paper presents the results of the study of the effect of linear shrinkage on the geometric dimensions of products (samples) made by layer-by-layer application of a photopolymer material and subsequent curing with an ultraviolet source. This technology is becoming especially relevant in modern engine building, with the diversified nature of production. Also, the technology of layer-by-layer synthesis of a photopolymer material has found wide application in the manufacture of master models of gas turbine engine blades, since the blades have a developed spatial shape and increased requirements for geometric dimensions. The results presented in the work make it possible to estimate the value of linear shrinkage numerically for its further compensation during the technological preparation of production.

Foreign object damage simulation of aero-engine blade

To study the anti-foreign object damage (FOD) ability of aero-engine compressor blades, finite element model of compressor blades was established. Blades damage was evaluated with different steel ball diameters and shock angles. Results show that the damage width and depth becomes bigger with the steel ball’s diameter increases. The damage width doesn’t change apparently with the shock angles, and the damage width nearly equals to the steel ball diameter. The damage depth mostly becomes smaller with the increase of shock angle.

The optimal profile of wind generator blade modelling with CFD-method

Using of renewable energy sources, instead of traditional oil, gas and coal, is the one of the ways by which it’s possible to hold global warming mechanisms. One of these sources is the wind energy and the device-transformer for it is the wind generator. This paper deals with the problem of the optimal wind generator blade design which allows getting the device efficiency maximum. The alternative wind generators realisations and their advantages are showed in the work. The numerical methods for fluid dynamic equations solving were applied for the optimal profile definition. The advantages of this way were showed, also the model, which was the best fitted for the concerned conditions, was chosen. Modelling was realized in ANSYS Fluent. The results were compared with the real wind generations data.