Black Silver Research Articles

Effects of fasting on the gene expression of appetite regulators in three Characiformes with different feeding habits (Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, Metynnis argenteus and Exodon paradoxus)

In order to assess potential interspecific differences in the endocrine mechanisms regulating feeding in Characiformes, we used three fish species with different feeding habits: two Characidae, the omnivore black widow tetra and the carnivore bucktooth tetra, and one Serrasalmidae, the herbivore silver dollar, as models. cDNAs encoding for appetite-regulating peptides (orexin, cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript CART, cholecystokinin CCK and leptin) were isolated and their tissue distribution examined. The protein sequences of the three species showed most similarities with those of other Characiformes, followed by Cypriniformes and Siluriformes. mRNAs of all four peptides were expressed in the brain. Orexin, CCK and leptin mRNAs were widely distributed in peripheral tissues of all species. CART mRNA displayed a wide peripheral distribution in bucktooth but was predominant in brain in black widow tetra and silver dollar. In order to assess possible interspecific differences in the response to fasting, we compared the expression of these peptides in fed and fasted fish. Fasting induced increases in orexin expression in all species, but decreased brain CART and leptin expressions in silver dollar only. In the intestine, fasting induced a decrease in CCK expression in silver dollar and black widow, and a decrease in leptin expression in bucktooth. Our results suggest that, in Characiformes, different responses of appetite-regulating peptides to fasting are related to both feeding habits and family. The results of this comparative study provide new insights on the regulation of feeding of economically important Characiforme species, which might be valuable for their management and farming.

Short Communication: Growth and mortality rate of Black Pomfret Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) and Silver Pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) in Paloh Waters, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Damora A, Ariyogagautama D, Wahju RI, Susanto H, Wang J. 2018. Short Communication: Growth and mortality rate of Black Pomfret Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) and Silver Pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) in Paloh Waters, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 2247-2251. Three species of pomfret fish were caught in Paloh waters including Parastromateus niger, Pampus argenteus, and Pampus chinensis. P. niger and P. argenteus which were more dominant than P. Chinensis. Pomfret fishing in the Paloh waters is not carried out throughout the year, but generally only in August to October every year. The main fishing gear used was drift gill net. Data on the growth parameter and mortality of the pomfret fish is required as an effort for the management of this fish. This study was aimed to estimate the growth and mortality rate of P. niger and P. argenteus in Paloh waters, located in West Kalimantan. This study was conducted from April 2014 to June 2017. The fish samples were collected by catching the fish using drift gill net used by the fishing vessels. The data were analyzed using an analytic model and run using ELEFAN 1 software and Length-converted Catch Curve on FISAT II software. The result showed that von Bertalanffy growth parameters covering growth curvature (k), asymptotic length (L∞), and the age of fish in length zero (t0) was 0.26 year-1, 46.2 cm TL and -1.85 years for P. niger and 0.53 year-1, 46.2 cm TL and -0.88 years for P. argenteus. The von Bertalanffy growth function for P. niger as Lt = 46.2[1-e-0.26 (t+1.85)] and for P. argenteus as Lt = 46.2[1-e-0.53 (t+0.88)]. These functions described the expected or average length at a time (age). Total mortality rate (Z), natural mortality rate (M) and fishing mortality (F) were 0.93 year-1, 0.29 year-1 and 0.64 year-1 for P. niger and 1.68 year-1, 0.47 year-1 and 1.21 year-1 for P. argenteus. Exploitation rate (E) was 0.68 year-1 for P. niger and 0.72 year-1 for P. argenteus. The growth of P. niger is slower than the growth of P. argenteus and the fishing mortality of P. argenteus is higher than P. niger’s. Both of the exploitation rates indicated that the fish resources are over-exploited.

Ecological Flow Assessment to Improve the Spawning Habitat for the Four Major Species of Carp of the Yangtze River: A Study on Habitat Suitability Based on Ultrasonic Telemetry

Four major species of Chinese carp, namely black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), are important economic freshwater fish varieties in China. They primarily inhabit and breed in the Yangtze River. Unfortunately, the construction and operation of the Gezhouba Dam and the Three Gorges Dam have dramatically changed the hydrodynamic conditions in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, leading to a sharp decline in the reproduction rates of these carp. The egg abundance of the four species of carp downstream from the Three Gorges Dam reached 8.35 billion in 1965, but abundance during 2005–2012 was only 0.25 billion. One of the main reasons was that the hydrodynamic conditions of the spawning ground could not meet the four species’ breeding requirements. However, due to the limitations of traditional detection tools, the spawning characteristics of these four species of carp were still unclear. In this study, the ultrasonic telemetry and a three–dimensional hydrodynamic model were utilized to build the habitat suitability index (HSI) curves for the four species of carp. The habitat suitability model was then built based on HSI curves to assess spawning habitat quantity under different flow conditions. Finally, the habitat suitability model in the Yidu spawning ground was validated using 32 groups of sampling data in 2015 and 2017. The statistical results showed that the most suitable velocity ranged from 0.78 m/s to 0.93 m/s. The most suitable water depth ranged from 14.56 m to 16.35 m, and the most suitable Froude number ranged from 0.049 to 0.129. The habitat suitability model simulation results indicated that when the discharge was between 15,000 m3/s and 21,300 m3/s, the weighted usable area (WUA) values in both the Yidu and Zhicheng spawning grounds would remain at a high level. The validation results showed that most spawning activities occurred at a high level of WUA, and that the daily spawning egg numbers increased with the WUA value. Therefore, discharges of between 15,000 m3/s and 21,300 m3/s could be recommended as ecological operation target flows. We propose a feasible ecological operation scheme by setting the initial flow at 15,000 m3/s and maintaining the daily discharge increase at 1500 m3/s for 4 days.

Performance of crispy lettuce cultivars in different soil covers

The lettuce cropping is an important segment of the national agriculture, with strong economic expression. However, climatic factors such as high temperature and humidity can affect this vegetable cultivation. These environmental conditions are common in various Brazilian regions, so the growers should adopt crop management systems, as soil covers, to minimize the environmental effect and obtain higher returns. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different soil covers on the agronomic performance of crispy lettuce cultivars. The study was conducted at UNESP, Registro Campus, Brazil, from August to October, 2013. The experiment was carried out in a randomized blocks design, arranged in a 4x4 factorial, with three repetitions. The treatments consisted of the factors soil covers (black mulching, silver mulching, white mulching and control) and cultivars (Inaiá, Milena, Vanda and Vera). The experimental unit consisted of fifteen plants, with the useful area composed of nine central plants. At harvest, the following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, head diameter, fresh mass, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf height, stem diameter, heart diameter, heart height, dry mass, yield and nitrate content. Among the studied covers, white mulching showed the best results for the main productive characteristics and can be used as soil cover in the cultivation of Vera, Vanda and Inaiá culivars.

Assessment of the effects of discontinuous sources of contamination through biomarker analyses on caged mussels

The present study analysed potential adverse effects of discontinuous sources of contamination, namely the discharge of a combined sewer overflow (CSO) and of runoff in an urban area, the Bay of Santander (North Iberian Peninsula). Water samples and caged mussels were used to analyse concentrations of contaminants and biological responses. Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were transplanted to a marina receiving runoff from a petrol station and to a CSO discharge site. Samples were collected in synchrony with heavy rains along 62days. Lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) and acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX) activity were measured as core biomarkers and were analysed at all sampling times. Histopathology of digestive gland and gonads, transcription levels of vitellogenin gene, volume density of black silver deposits and micronuclei formation were measured at initial and final stages of the transplant. Chemical analyses of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and endocrine disruptors were performed in water samples and mussel flesh. Mussels accumulated low concentrations of contaminants, which is in accordance with results obtained from exposure biomarkers. AOX activity decreased in all transplanted mussels after the first heavy rain, but this change seems to be related to the seasonal pattern of the enzyme activity. Mussels located close to the CSO discharge site showed a reduction in LMS after the first rain event, when compared to mussels before the transplant and to mussels from the reference location. However, this was attributable to natural environmental changes rather than to pollution. Values of the rest of analysed biomarkers were below threshold values reported for the study area.

Broadband Solar Absorption Enhancement in a Silver–Epoxy Nanocomposite for Use as Selective Coating

This paper reports the optical properties of a black silver–epoxy nanocomposite deposited on copper substrate for use as selective solar absorber. The silver nanoparticles at 3 wt% have been formed in situ in an epoxy resin in presence of organic solvent at room temperature. The nanocomposite exhibited a strong broadband light absorption in the entire visible spectrum. Atomic force microscopy images showed mixtures of spherical and elongated nanoparticles very close together (spacing much smaller than light wavelength) and predominantly clusters of them. The origin of the wide-band absorption is due to the superposition of all excitations of dipole and high-order modes coming from nanoparticles of different diameters (of 10–80 nm) and elongations (length of 80–500 nm). In order to evaluate the solar optical properties, the black silver–epoxy nanocomposite was deposited on copper substrate by the roll coating method and subsequently thermocured in air at 100 °C. The spectral data of the thermocured coatings in air showed significant decrease of the reflectance (< 13%) in the wavelength region from 200 to 1300 nm. The reduction in reflectance is explained in terms of the light trapping by forward scattering in the nanoparticles. The silver–epoxy nanocomposite deposited on a metal substrate for use as solar selective absorber is very attractive due to the easiness of its deposition, very good adherence, low-cost processing, high thermal stability, and low weight of coating per square meter of substrate (1.4 g/m2), and finally, it can be applied over large substrate areas.

DAMPAK APLIKASI MULSA DAN GENERASI UMBI BIBIT (G2, G3, LOKAL) PADA TANAMAN KENTANG (Solanum tuberosum LINN)

Sub-optimal environment condition and the use of low-quality seed tubers is a constraint to increase the yield of potato tubers. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the various applications of mulch and seed tuber G2, G3, local on growth and yield of potato tubers, as well as to temperature and soil moisture. The research was conducted in June-December, 2013 in the highlands (2232.66 m asl) in Village Ranupani, District Senduro, Lumajang, East Java Province. A randomized block design was used with a combination of treatments: without mulch (tm), black plastic mulch silver (mphp), blue plastic mulch (mpb), Chromolaena odorata mulch (mCo) and the mother bulb G2, G3, local. There are 12 combinations of treatment was repeated 3 times. The combination of these treatments consist of: tm+G2, mphp+G2, mpb+G2, mCo+G2, tm+G3, mphp+G3, mpb+G3, mCo+G3, tm+local, mphp+local, mpb+local, mCo+local. Data were analyzed using the F test with a level of 5%. If a significantly different among treatment followed by LSD test 5%. The results showed the use mphp on local seed tubers are able to provide growth and potato tubers yield optimum is 641.76 g plant-1 ( 21.39 t ha-1) compared to other treatments, but the tuber yield did not differ significantly with the use mpb in seed tubers G2.

Use of Mulch and Organic Fertilizer on Chrysanthemum

This study aims to determine the growth response and yield of chrysanthemum plants in the application of several types of mulch and organic fertilizer. This research uses the basic design of Randomized Block Design with the factorial pattern with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor is mulch treatment consisting of 3 levels ie without mulch, rice husk mulch, and black silver plastic mulch. The second factor is organic fertilizer consists of 3 levels namely petrogenic, cow manure and chicken manure. The research results showed that the highest weight of flower stalk was obtained in silver black mulch treatment, increase of 9.63% when compared with the weight of the lowest flower stalk. The highest economic fresh weight was obtained in mulch treatment, increase of 17.53% when compared with the lowest fresh economic weight on mulch rice husk mulch treatment weighing. The highest weight of the flower stalk was obtained in the treatment of cow manure, increased of 10.14% when compared with the lowest weight of the flower stalk obtained in the treatment of cow manure weighing. The highest economic fresh weight was obtained in the cow manure treatment, which increased by 9.91% when compared with the lowest fresh economic interest weight obtained in the treatment of petrogenic fertilizer weighing.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: type mulch, petrogenic, manure; flower

Selecting Fish Combination of Polyculture to Reduce Periphyton Abundance in Floating Net Cage in Cirata Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia

Being a considerable potential area for aquaculture activities in the form of floating net cage, reservoir has taken on issues due to its characteristics as a common property with an open access. The problems have led to the vast growing and uncontrolled number of the net cages; one of which occurs in Cirata Reservoir. The objective of this research was to find the best combination of fishes in polyculture at Floating net cage in order to reduce periphyton abundance and to increase aquaculture productivity in Cirata Reservoir. The research has been conducted from February to March 2015. The research method used completely randomized design with three treatments and three replications. The treatments consist of fish combination of tilapia with silver barb, carp with silver barb, and black pacu with silver barb which were cultured for five weeks in floating net cage size (1 x 1 x 1) m3. The individual fish weight were approximately 10 g for tilapia, carp and silver barb, and approximately 4 g for black pacu. stocking density were 80 fishes per unit cage (40 fishes for each species) . The combination of black pacu and silver barb produced highest productivity of 459.77 gr / m3 or 82 % during five weeks. Meanwhile, combination of carp and silver barb gave lowest periphyton abundance of 28 345 cells / cm2. It can be concluded that black pacu and silver barb is the best combination due to growth rate and aquaculture productivity but not in periphyton abundance.Keywords: Polyculture, Cirata reservoir, Cageculture.

Characterization of carp gonadotropins: Structure, annual profile, and carp and zebrafish pituitary topographic organization

Two gonadotropins, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), are important players in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of vertebrates. In the present work, we describe the construction of recombinant (r) common carp (Cyprinus carpio; c) FSH (rcFSH) and LH (rcLH) using the Pichia pastoris system, the generation of specific antibodies against their respective β subunits, and their use in the development and validation of specific ELISAs. We produced carp rLH and rFSH as single-chain polypeptides, wherein the GTH subunit α was joined with either cLHβ or cFSHβ mature protein-coding sequences to form a fusion gene that encodes a yoked polypeptide, in which the GTH β-subunit forms the N-terminal part and the α-subunit forms the C-terminal part. Competitive ELISAs were developed, using primary antibodies against rcLHβ or rcFSHβ, respectively, and rcLHβα or rcFSHβα for the standard curves. The standard curves for cLH paralleled those of pituitary extracts of the homologous fish and also those of other cyprinids species like the black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), goldfish (Carassius auratus), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). We used the specific antibodies raised against cFSH and cLH to study the specific localization of the different GTH cells in the pituitary of carp and its taxonomic relative species – the zebrafish. Both FSH and LH cells are localized in the center of the proximal pars distalis enveloping both sides of the neurohypophysis. LH cells form a continuous population throughout the PPD, while FSH cells are more loosely distributed throughout the same area and form small aggregations. Marked annual changes were encountered in gonadosomatic index (GSI), follicle diameter, mRNA levels and protein levels of FSH and LH. From September to November, all fish had low GSI, and the ovary contained previtellogenic follicles. From December, the GSI level increased and remained high until March, the follicular diameter reached its maximum in January, where the ovary contained large fully grown follicles. Thereafter, spawning occurred through March and April and ended in May, and GSI level and follicle diameter increased again; and the ovary contained mid-vitellogenic follicles. LH pituitary content and mRNA levels were low at pre- and early vitellogenesis, increasing gradually during this process to reach a peak of LH mRNA levels in mid vitellogenic ovary and a peak of LH content in fully grown ovarian follicles. However, no significant change occurred in FSH pituitary content and mRNA levels in vitellogenic fish and in fish during final maturation stages. A dramatic difference was found in the total content of each gonadotropin in the pituitary, with higher LH than FSH. Moreover, follicle diameter was positively and significantly correlated with LH pituitary content and its transcript levels – but not with the pituitary content or mRNA levels of FSH. Taken together, these results indicate that in carp, LH alone is sufficient to regulate both vitellogenesis and final oocyte maturation while FSH may have another, yet undefined role.

Penggunaan macam mulsa dan pola jarak tanam terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi Pakchoy (Brassica rapa chinensis l.)

Problems in the cultivation of plants pakchoy caused by the influence of the physical environment such as climate, wind, temperature, the intensity of solar radiation, humidity, and soil. The research aims to know types of mulch and patterns of the plant spacing for optimizing on growth and yield of pakchoy. This experiment had been conducted in the experimental field Margahayu, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Lembang on September-November 2016. The design of the research which used was randomized block design factorial with 9 treatment combinations and 3 replications. The first factor is “Types of Mulch”, the use of M0 (no mulch), M1 (black silver plastic mulch), and M2 (rice straw mulch). The second factor is “The Plant Spacing Patterns”, which are J0 (10x10 cm_triangle), J1 (20x20 cm_square), and J2 (30x30 cm_hexagonal). Data was analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan Multiple’s Range Test (DMRT) at α=5%. The result showed that the use of black silver plastic mulch and spacing pattern of 20x20 cm (square) is a combination of the best treatment because it has the fresh weight of the canopy and the fresh weight of the roots of the most highest when compared to treatment with a combination of other, namely fresh weight of canopy 5,02 kg and weight of fresh roots 253,6 g.

Highly Stable and Sensitive Colorimetric Visualization of Trivalent Chromium Using Amido Black 10B-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles

Here, we report a highly stable and sensitive colorimetric assay for Cr3+ based on amido black 10B-stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as the probes. The detection mechanism is that the coordination interaction between Cr3+ and amido black 10B on the surface of AgNPs causes the cross-linking/aggregation of amido black-stabilized AgNPs, generating a redshift of the absorption peak and a color change from yellow to pink. Under the optimized assay conditions, this colorimetric assay displays a good linear relationship (R 2 = 0.996) between relative absorbance ratios and the concentration of Cr3+ in the range of 0.05–20 μM, and the limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be 0.01 μM by the UV-Vis spectra and 15 μM by the naked eye. Additionally, the colorimetric assay shows a good selectivity over other metal ions, and it is successfully applied to detection of Cr3+ in tap water, lake water, and river water samples with satisfactory recoveries.

Temporal variations and spatial differentiation in the black alder and silver birch pollination pattern-the impact of local climate or something more?

Numerous abiotic factors have an important impact on the phenology of woody plants with temperature as the main driver of their development. Furthermore, the biological factors connected with phenotypic plasticity and genetic heterogeneity might be the cause of differentiation in phenological response to abiotic factors. As objects of our study, we chose black alder and silver birch trees. The main aims of the study were to demonstrate the spatial and temporal diversity in the timing of Alnus glutinosa and Betula pendula pollination as well as to identify factors affecting these variations. We focused on abiotic factors such as thermal conditions: air and surface temperatures, within and between population variability. Phenological observations were carried out in Rzeszów (SE Poland) in a period of four years at over a dozen locations. Stands differed in their thermal conditions and prevalent land use types. The pollination pattern in the study area was presented against the background of local thermal conditions which were described by Land Surface Temperature (LST) and maximum daily air temperature. LST was estimated with a single-channel algorithm using satellite images obtained from Landsat 7 and 8. Our results showed great spatial and temporal diversity in the pollination pattern in the study area. Year-to-year variations in the B. pendula pollination pattern were less pronounced than in the case of A. glutinosa. The pollination pattern was strongly influenced by temperature before and during pollination. In the study area, the variability of LST was greater than that of air temperature but the relationships between the timing of pollination phenophases and LST or land use types were weak. It was observed that the same sites were similar in their pollination pattern − the timing of phenophases was ‘accelerated’ or ‘delayed’ during the whole study period. The same individuals were the first or the last that began to pollinate independently of the year. We concluded that despite the impact of temperature on A. glutinosa and B. pendula development, the phenotype of an individual tree might be as important for phenological variability as local climate.

Discolouration of Gold Decorations

ABSTRACTDiscoloured 18-carat gold decorations from Sweden have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS)/electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (electron spectroscopy).The original gold composition was close to 75% gold, 13% silver, and 12% copper. After manufacture, many details were boiled in sulphuric acid. As a consequence of this, the surfaces are irregular and porous with a gold concentration around 90% and with less than 1% copper. With XPS the outermost 10–20 atomic layers could be examined. No copper was present here, and the silver concentration was significantly higher. Also carbon, sulphur, oxygen, and (in one case) chlorine were present. The valence numbers indicated that gold only occurred in its metallic state, while silver (as Ag+) was preferably associated with sulphur to form black silver sulphide (Ag2S). The grey discolorations are basically due to silver sulphide and organic dirt. Sometimes green, violet, and ‘copper-shining’ colours occur, presumably as a result of light refraction phenomena.

Influence of disinfection methods on the stability of black and white silver gelatin prints

Abstract Disinfection methods commonly used in paper conservation are employed to disinfect silver gelatin prints, but their influence on individual photographic layers is little understood. In this paper, we examine the effect of disinfection methods on the optical properties of the two layers of black and white silver gelatin prints: an image layer with a photosensitive substance dispersed in gelatin and a paper support layer with baryta coating. Three methods of disinfection were used: disinfection by γ-radiation, by ethylene oxide and by butanol vapors. Optical properties (total colour difference, UV-VIS reflectance) were measured after disinfection and again after subsequent artificial aging by moist heat and by light. The optical properties of the photographic image and paper support remained unchanged after disinfection in butanol vapors, which suggests that this is a promising disinfection method for silver gelatin photographic prints.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI PENANGGULANGAN HAMA PENYAKIT PADA USAHATANI CABAI MERAH DATARAN TINGGI DI PROVINSI BENGKULU

Red chili is one of national strategic commodity, can affect the rate of inflation and is needed by all levels of society. Pest attack often makes low production and the high demand makes price of chili is very high. The aim of this study was to determine the application of pest management technology in farming chili crop in the highlands Province of Bengkulu. The research was conducted in Rejang Lebong and Lebong purposively determined by number of respondents as many as 62 people were taken by random sampling. The results showed an average score of application of crop pest management technology red chili is 2,38 meaning that the overall implementation of technology is not good. 37,5% reduction technology implementation pepper plant pests and diseases in the category is not good that the use of biological pesticides, use of trap insect, and growing border. 37,5% are categorized either using labeled seeds, sanitary land and land preparation is perfect. 25% excellent category that is sprayed with chemicals and use black plastic mulch silver. Keywords: Application of Technology, Disease, Chili Farm and Highland

Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Kubis Bunga (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis subvar. Cauliflora DC.) Kultivar Orient F1 Akibat Jenis Mulsa dan Dosis Bokashi.

ABSTRACT This study aims to assess the growth and yield of cauliflower cultivar Orient F1 Caused by Type of Mulch and Dose Bokashi, and to find the optimal dose of bokashi on each type of mulch that can deliver maximum results. The experiments were conducted in the Telagadesa (KIIC) Sirnabaya village, District East Telukjambe of Karawang regency with a height of approximately 50 m above sea level. The experiment was conducted at the March to May 2014.Experimental method used was Split Plot Design with twelve treatments repeated three times. As the main plot was mulch type (M) consisted of three levels, no mulch (m 0 ), straw mulch (m 1 ), plastic black silver mulch (m 2 ). While as the subplot was a dosage bokashi (B) consisted of four levels, 0 t ha -1 bokashi (b 0 ), 5 t ha -1 bokashi (b 1 ), 10 t ha -1 bokashi(b 2 ), and 15 t ha -1 bokashi (b 3 ).The results showed that there was an interaction the mulch type and dose of bokashi on plant height 14, 21, 28, 35 days after planting, leaf number 14, 21, 28, 35 days after planting, the diameter of the rod 21, 28, 35 days after planting, curd diameter, gross weight curd per plant, net weight curd per plant, gross weight curd per plot, and net weight curd per plot cauliflower plants Orient F1 cultivar. The highest results achieved by straw mulch with optimum dose 10,4 t ha -1 bokashi give maximum yield of 14,4 t ha -1 cauliflower.

Nanoparticle size and combined toxicity of TiO2 and DSLS (surfactant) contribute to lysosomal responses in digestive cells of mussels exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles

The aim of this investigation was to understand the bioaccumulation, cell and tissue distribution and biological effects of disodium laureth sulfosuccinate (DSLS)-stabilised TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in marine mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mussels were exposed in vivo to 0.1, 1 and 10 mg Ti/L either as TiO2 NPs (60 and 180 nm) or bulk TiO2, as well as to DSLS alone. A significant Ti accumulation was observed in mussels exposed to TiO2 NPs, which were localised in endosomes, lysosomes and residual bodies of digestive cells, and in the lumen of digestive tubules, as demonstrated by ultrastructural observations and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. TiO2 NPs of 60 nm were internalised within digestive cell lysosomes to a higher extent than TiO2 NPs of 180 nm, as confirmed by the quantification of black silver deposits after autometallography. The latter were localised mainly forming large aggregates in the lumen of the gut. Consequently, lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) was significantly reduced upon exposure to both TiO2 NPs although more markedly after exposure to TiO2-60 NPs. Exposure to bulk TiO2 and to DSLS also affected the stability of the lysosomal membrane. Thus, effects on the lysosomal membrane depended on the nanoparticle size and on the combined biological effects of TiO2 and DSLS.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN DOSIS PUPUK KANDANG DAN JENIS MULSA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN SEMANGKA (Citrullus vulgaris,Schard) DI MUSIM HUJAN

This research have go to influence interaction between cow manure and kind of mulch, also influence the best dose cow manure dan the best mulch to growth and water melon (Citrullus vulgaris,Schard) plant production at rainy season winner variety. The study has arranged by Random Designed Group (RAK) factorial with two treatments and 3 replications. Dose of cow manure in the first factor with 3 level,that is P1 = 5 ton- ha2 cow manure , P2 = 10 ton- ha2 and P3 = 15 ton-ha2. Second factor that is kind of mulch (M) with 3 level , that is M0 = no mulch, M1 = straw mulch and M2 = black silver mulch. Parameters that to be perceived to covet length of plant, leaf quantity, quality fruite and diameter fruite. The data is analyzed to use it analysis Of Variant (ANOVA), if influency to be continued with test DMRT 5%. The result of studies refer that, 1). Interactions between cow manure 10 ton-2 ( P2) silver and black mulch (M2) give the best influence in growing and watermelon plant productions. 2) giving fertilizer at all of treatment not influence about growing and water melon plant productions. 3) the kind of mulch treatment (M) give it influence about all of parameters . and black and silver mulch (M2) give the best treatment about growing and water melon plant productions.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN DOSIS PUPUK KANDANG DAN JENIS MULSA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN SEMANGKA (Citrullus vulgaris,Schard) DI MUSIM HUJAN

This research have go to influence interaction between cow manure and kind of mulch, also influence the best dose cow manure dan the best mulch to growth and water melon (Citrullus vulgaris,Schard) plant production at rainy season winner variety. The study has arranged by Random Designed Group (RAK) factorial with two treatments and 3 replications. Dose of cow manure in the first factor with 3 level,that is P1 = 5 ton- ha2 cow manure , P2 = 10 ton- ha2 and P3 = 15 ton-ha2. Second factor that is kind of mulch (M) with 3 level , that is M0 = no mulch, M1 = straw mulch and M2 = black silver mulch. Parameters that to be perceived to covet length of plant, leaf quantity, quality fruite and diameter fruite. The data is analyzed to use it analysis Of Variant (ANOVA), if influency to be continued with test DMRT 5%. The result of studies refer that, 1). Interactions between cow manure 10 ton-2 ( P2) silver and black mulch (M2) give the best influence in growing and watermelon plant productions. 2) giving fertilizer at all of treatment not influence about growing and water melon plant productions. 3) the kind of mulch treatment (M) give it influence about all of parameters . and black and silver mulch (M2) give the best treatment about growing and water melon plant productions.