Black Sea Region Research Articles

Ecofaunistic Study and Egg Morphology: Egg Laying Behavior of Hydrometra stagnorum (Linnaeus, 1753) (Gerromorpha: Heteroptera) Newly Recorded From the Karabük Province of Western Black Sea (Türkiye).

This study examines the egg-laying behavior and egg morphology of Hydrometra stagnorum (Linnaeus, 1753) (Gerromorpha: Heteroptera) to provide ecofaunistic information about the species. Newly recorded H. stagnorum samples were collected from the Karabük province of Western Black Sea region of Türkiye. Physicochemical parameters of the water were also recorded. The morphology and egg-laying behavior of H. stagnorum eggs were identified using a stereo, light and electron microscopy. Mature eggs were observed to be blackish dark brown in color. The study reveals distinctive characteristics of the egg structure and micropyle areas, which may contribute to the classification of the species at the subfamily level. Additionally, it was found that H. stagnorum inhabits high-quality waters.

The Black Sea Region as a New Geopolitical Reality in the Materials of Western and Turkish Analytical Centers (2014–2023)

The Black Sea Region as a New Geopolitical Reality in the Materials of Western and Turkish Analytical Centers (2014–2023)

Assessment of Human Health Risk Caused by Heavy Metals in Kiln Dust from Coal-Fired Clay Brick Factories in Türkiye

AbstractHeavy metal (HM) pollution from natural processes and different anthropogenic activities pose significant human and environmental health risks because of their stability, non-degradable properties, and high toxicity. HM released into the air in the form of dust can enter the human body via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Keeping in mind the significance of estimating the risk from HM in different environments, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks to workers caused by HM in kiln dust (KD) samples collected from coal-fired clay brick factories in the Western Black Sea Region of Türkiye were assessed for the first time in this study. The concentrations of major and minor oxides and HMs in the collected KD samples were analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The average concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, V, Zn, Cu, As, Co and Pb analyzed in thirty-three KD samples were determined as 65444, 768, 251, 249, 248, 122, 60, 52, 42 and 16 mg/kg dw, respectively. The average levels of Ni, As, Cr, Co and Cu exceed the maximum contaminant levels recommended in the Turkish Regulation on Control of Soil Pollution. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risk assessments for workers via three exposure pathways were carried out, estimating the hazard index (HI) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) index, respectively. The HI values (< 1) revealed no possible non-carcinogenic health risk due to exposure to all HMs in the studied KD samples. The average TCR value revealed that the potential cancer risks for Ni, As, Cr, and Pb were slightly above the safe limit and required monitoring and further investigation for these HMs.

Climate Factor in Cultural Transformations of Eurasia in the Mid-4Th – Mid-3Rd Millennia BC, and Possibilities of Creating an Absolute Chronology

Climate changes were the most important factor that stimulated migration in antiquity. It was they which led to the appearance of monuments of the megalithic tradition in the Northwestern Black Sea region (Usatovo), in the North Caucasus (Novosvobodnaya), in the Urals, and in Central Asia (Chemurchek) in the 4th – 3rd millennia B.C. This also caused the spread of the tradition of Yamnaya culture to Central Europe, the appearance of the Corded Ware cultures and many other changes. However, the general process of climate change could not be a trigger for migrations. These were short-term drastic climatic changes, which are recorded by dendrochronology. The latter can also be used as chronological markers, making it possible to create the Eurasian chronology independent of radiocarbon analyses, which have too wide confidence intervals. This approach made it possible to determine the date of the Yamnaya migration to the Carpathian Basin and the formation of the Corded Ware cultures ca. 2850 B.C., and the date of the Fatyanovo migration from Europe to the east ca. 2564 B.C. Unfortunately, the dates of the appearance of megaliths in the east are not determined with a similar accuracy, due to the impossibility to verify this with alternative sources. Their appearance can be dated to ca. the mid-4th millennium B.C. in Eastern Europe, in the last quarter of the 4th millennium B.C. in the Urals, and in the 24th century B.C. in Central Asia.

Effect of Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids and Liming on Phosphorus Adsorption in Acidic Tea Soils in the Black Sea Region, Türkiye

ABSTRACT Agricultural productivity is significantly hindered by the limited availability of phosphorus in acidic soils due to the presence of aluminum and iron phosphates. Soil liming is commonly employed to enhance soil fertility. However, modifying the pH might also impact the interactions involving existing soil organic matter, leading to changes in the effective concentrations of competing low-molecular-weight acids (LMWOACs) participating in phosphorus adsorption. This study explored the impacts of citric, oxalic, and malic acids in acidic soils from tea cultivation regions within the Eastern Black Sea. These soils had undergone various levels of liming and were incubated for 15 months to assess their effects on phosphorus (P) adsorption in 7 acidic soils. The experimental sorption data were utilized to calculate the soil Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption parameters. In addition, the influences of organic acids and liming levels on the Freundlich and Langmuir model parameters were subjected to ANOVA analysis. The findings indicated that citric acid demonstrated the highest efficiency in diminishing phosphorus adsorption among the tested organic acids, followed by oxalic and malic acids. Three carboxyl groups (−COOH) in citric acid facilitated the formation of more complexes with adsorbed phosphorus on the soil surface. Furthermore, the 100% LR ratio of liming notably decreased phosphorus adsorption, especially in the lower end of the isotherms. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combination of LMWOACs and liming treatments could be used to overcome P deficiency in acid soils with very high P sorption ability.

Study of the dynamics of the main indicators of the activity of transport enterprises in the conditions of the introduction of innovation

In the context of logistics integration, it is important to conduct analytical activities to study the effectiveness of marketing innovations in a timely manner. To form an idea of the effectiveness of marketing activities, it is necessary to study the influence of various factors on the performance indicator, in the case of logistics, this may be the volume of transported goods. The motive for writing the article was to study the capabilities of standard software for analyzing the effectiveness of economic processes in general, and in particular the results of innovative activities. The purpose of the article is to analyze the innovation, namely the integration of the logistics space in a certain region, for four companies in the Northern Black Sea region in order to assess the potential of these companies in the provision of transport services, taking into account the implemented innovation. The study used information provided by transport companies from 2013 to 2022. The choice of the focus of the study in the field of transport support is due to the importance of the quality of transport support for the functioning of the economy, especially in the context of cross-border movement of components and goods, raw materials and finished products. For the optimal study of the innovation efficiency, studies were conducted for two periods, namely from 2013 to 2019, and from 2013 to 2022. The analysis used the tools of mathematical analysis (function derivatives) for polynomial trend equations. It was found that for all four companies that participated in the implementation of the innovation, namely in the formation of an integrated logistics space with the creation of a common rolling stock base and the search for algorithms for the most optimal use of vehicles for cargo transportation, there is a positive dynamics of the total volume of cargo transportation, which indicates the effectiveness of the innovation. The introduction of innovations in logistics is the main condition for increasing the level of transport provision of the economy, which provides opportunities for a more systematic and comprehensive development of the economy. The integration of the logistics space on the example of four companies in the Black Sea region allowed not only to improve the quality of transport services, but also to increase the total profit of the group of companies, which indicates the effectiveness of marketing innovations. The results of the study can be used to replicate the innovation to other transport enterprises both within the region and for other regions. The proposed methodology for analyzing the effectiveness of innovations can be extended to other innovations in various sectors of the economy.

Ritual, Risk, and Danger: Avoidance Rituals among Antiquity Looters

This paper deals with the role of taboos and avoidance rituals as a means of psycho-cultural adaptation to taking personal risks among illicit antiquity looters in the Black Sea region of Turkey. My ethnographic fieldwork showed that antiquity looters indeed cared more about the possibility of being crushed by spiritual creatures than of being caught by law enforcement. Spiritual creatures, namely jinn, are the most unpredictable threats imagined by illicit antiquity looters. They force looters to perform rituals to mitigate the perceived danger, including temporary or permanent loss of sanity, loss of limb, or loss of life. The paper concludes that looters’ avoidance rituals play a functional role rather than a rational one, and they are performed to show that looters are willing to get along with a spiritual environment beyond their control.

Spatio‐temporal analysis of snow depth and snow water equivalent in a mountainous catchment: Insights from in‐situ observations and statistical modelling

AbstractThis research, conducted in the mountainous catchment near Abant Lake in the Western Black Sea region of Türkiye, aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of snow depth (SD) and snow water equivalent (SWE) throughout the snow season from December 2019 to March 2020, encompassing both accumulation and melting periods. In total, 14 snow surveys were conducted, covering 58 permanent snow measurement points (PSMP) marked with snow poles. The classification and regression tree (CART) method was employed to statistically analyse their relationships with eight variables: snow period, forest canopy, aspect, slope, elevation, slope position, plan and profile curvature. The root mean square error (RMSE) for SD and SWE was determined to be 0.15 m and 46 mm, respectively. The study findings revealed that mean SD and SWE values were higher in forest gaps compared with under‐forest and open areas. Although the snow cover disappeared earliest in under‐forest areas, the melting rate was observed to be 43% and 17% slower compared with forest gaps and open areas, respectively. Wind redistribution resulted in minimum snow accumulation on western aspects, upper slope positions and ridges, while maximum accumulation was observed on southern aspects, valleys and lower slope positions. Higher elevations (>1580 meters) experienced faster snow melting rates, leading to earlier disappearance of snow cover. PSMPs located on slopes with lower degrees (<15°) exhibited lesser accumulation and earlier snow disappearance. The CART model identified the snow period as the most significant factor in predicting SD and SWE, based on variations in snowfall and air temperature. Other significant variables included forest canopy, aspect and elevation. The study suggests that the CART method is well‐suited for modelling complex snow dynamics, providing valuable insights into spatiotemporal variations in SD and SWE in mountainous regions.

Characteristics of Düzce Traditional Housing Architecture; The Case of Düzce Konuralp

The traditional Turkish house is a type of house that can be described as a cultural heritage, having developed since the moment the Turks appeared on the stage of history and has survived to the present day. Traditional houses are civil architectural works that are built according to the physical conditions and cultural characteristics of the environment they belong to, have become historical, and have become a national symbol. The main idea behind the creation of houses is directly related to the traditional construction rules and building materials of the period to which they belong. In the Western Black Sea Region, where the study was carried out, studies were made on the architecture of traditional houses in the Konuralp District of Düzce province. Konuralp District, a settlement where many historical layers from ancient times to the present day can be seen together, was built on the ancient Roman city of Prusias ad Hypium. In the study, six registered traditional houses, which have survived to the present day with many civil architectural works while preserving their historical texture, were evaluated in terms of building-street relationship, plan typology, facade features, materials, and construction techniques in order to determine their similarity with the architectural features of traditional Turkish houses. It was determined that the traditional houses examined were similar to the concept of Turkish house.

Investigation of Coaches' Attitudes Towards Teaching Students with Disabilities

This study aims to determine the attitudes of the trainers while teaching disabled students. Two hundred eighty-two people randomly selected among the trainers working under the Ministry of Youth and Sports in the Black Sea region participated in the research. The participants are 79 female and 203 male trainers working in the youth sports provincial and district directorates of the youth sports ministry. The descriptive method was used in the research. The descriptive method is a situation determination that indicates the current situation. Only one scale was used as a measurement tool. The scale of teachers' attitudes towards teaching disabled students consists of personal information and 22 items. In addition, the scale consists of four sub-dimensions. Attitudes are evaluated in terms of dimensions and overall attitude totals. Scale dimensions are behavioural purpose, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, attitudes towards behaviour, and general attitude total. Since the data were normally distributed in the analysis of quantitative data, t-tests and ANOVA tests from parametric tests were used. As a result of the research, when the General Attitude Scale score is examined, it is seen that while the trainers' attitudes towards teaching disabled students are positive, some variables that predict these positive attitudes influence the attitudes, while others are not. Although it is seen that the special norm sub-dimension is effective in the effect of the trainers' attitudes, their general attitudes are positive

Effect of environmental education program implemented with university student participation on secondary school students’ environmental attitude

ABSTRACT Study aimed to increase university students’ sensitivity and the environmental attitudes of secondary school students through environmental education program. It was planned as quasi-experimental research. The first phase was completed with five fourth-year students who took Social Awareness Course at a university’s nursing department in Turkey. In second phase, sample consisted of 264 5th-grade students studying at Secondary School in Black Sea Region. University students implemented Environmental Education Program for secondary school students for four weeks. Mean environmental attitude scale score of 5th-grade students before education was 2.79 ± 0.32, and after education was 3.51 ± 0.41. A statistically significant difference was determined between mean total scale scores of university and 5th-grade students before and after education (p ˂ 0.05). It was determined that environmental sensitivity of university students and environmental attitudes of secondary school students were at medium level before Environmental Education Program and high level after education.

Activities and Opinions of Science Teacher Candidates on Ecological Citizenship

Teachers undertake important tasks regarding awareness of the environment and raising ecological citizens. In particular, science courses include ecological issues, and science teachers are more responsible for being practitioners of these courses. The purpose of this study is to determine pre-service science teachers' views on ecological citizenship, rights of nature, ecological constitution, participation, responsibility, sustainability, rights and justice, which are the features of ecological citizenship. In line with this purpose, the study uses phenomenological design, which is a qualitative research method. The study group of the research is composed of 21 science teacher candidates, except for senior year students, attending the education faculty of a state university in a large city in the Black Sea region in 2020-2021 academic year. Descriptive analysis method was used in the analysis of the interviews. According to the findings of the study, science teacher candidates thought individuals must first be aware of nature rights and their responsibilities to nature in order to qualify as ecological citizens. It was found that teachers thought all the creatures living in nature, just like humans, have the right to live. They also thought that the protection of nature should be secured by certain laws and rules. In this respect, environmental education programs applied from pre-school to university are recommended to be reexamined in terms of ecological citizenship.

Security Concerns of the Russian Federation and Türkiye's Position Within the Scope of Georgia Intervention to South Ossetia in 2008

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the geopolitical landscape in the South Caucasus, focusing on Russia's strategic interests, NATO and EU expansion efforts, and Turkey's role as a regional actor. It begins by examining Russia's "Near Environment" doctrine, emphasizing Moscow's perceived security threats and its proactive measures to maintain influence in its immediate surroundings. The 2008 conflict between Russia and Georgia serves as a focal point, illustrating the complex interplay of historical, ethnic, and political factors in the region. The article explores the origins of the Georgian-Ossetian crisis, the escalation into the "Five-Day War," and the subsequent recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia by Russia. It also examines Turkey's stance on the conflict, balancing support for Georgia's territorial integrity with economic and strategic interests in the region that advocates respect for Georgia's territorial integrity and sovereignty in the context of international law, but at the same time does not ignore its security concerns of Russia and aims to maintain a policy of balance in the Black Sea Basin and the Caucasus in the context of regional peacekeeping. Furthermore, the analysis highlights the international community's response to the conflict and its implications for regional stability. The conclusion underscores the significance of the South Caucasus in global geopolitics, particularly in shaping the balance of power in the Black Sea region. Overall, this article offers valuable insights into the complex dynamics of conflict and cooperation in a strategically vital area of Eurasia.

Comparative Analysis of Frequency Ratio, Logistic Regression and Deep Learning Methods for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Tokat Province on the North Anatolian Fault Zone (Turkey)

In the current investigation, a Geographic Information System (GIS) and machine learning-based software were employed to generate and compare landslide susceptibility maps (LSMs) for the city center of Tokat, which is situated within the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey, covering an area of approximately 2003 km2. 294 landslides were identified within the study area, with 258 (70%) randomly selected for modeling and the remaining 36 (30%) used for model validation. Three distinct methodologies were used to generate LSMs, namely Frequency Ratio (FR), Logistic Regression (LR), and Deep Learning (DL), using nine parameters, including slope, aspect, curvature, elevation, lithology, rainfall, distance to fault, distance to road, and distance to stream. The susceptibility maps produced in this study were categorized into five classes based on the level of susceptibility, ranging from very low to very high. This study used the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), overall accuracy, and precision methods to validate the results of the generated LSMs and compare and evaluate the performance. DL outperformed all validation methods compared to the others. Finally, it is concluded that the generated LSMs will assist decision-makers in mitigating the damage caused by landslides in the study area.

Maize Pest and Natural Enemies in the North-West of Türkiye

Maize Pest and Natural Enemies in the North-West of Türkiye ABSTRACT Maize is one of the most significant cereal crops in the world, and insect pests cause the highest economic loss. The objective of this study was to assess the level of insect pests and natural enemies during 2020 and 2022 in the maize fields of Düzce and Sakarya, Türkiye. We performed weekly surveys from the vegetative growth stage of maize to harvest from April through November. A hundred plants were selected with regular and irregular samplings from each field. In the maize fields, a total of 13 pest species from six families in four orders, along with 19 natural enemies from eight families in five orders, were identified. Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was found as the primary pest, followed by Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. and Mythimna unipuncta Haw. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Meteorus pendulus Müller (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was a new record for the East Marmara and Western Black Sea regions, as well as a new host record in Türkiye. Larval parasitoids of M. unipuncta, Nemoraea pellucida Meigen and Pales pavida Meigen (Diptera: Tachinidae) represent new host records for Türkiye. Among the predators, Orius minutus L. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and coccinellids showed an especially notable common in the maize fields of both provinces. Ketwords: Maize, pests, natural enemies, pest status

THE ROLE OF LIMING IN COPPER ADSORPTION OF ACIDIC SOILS

Investigate the impact of varying rates of liming on the availability and sorption properties of copper in a range of acid soils with differing physico-chemical futures. Soil samples with varying acidity levels were collected from different locations in the acidic Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Out of the nine soil samples collected, four were obtained from regions where hazelnuts are grown, while the other five were obtained from areas dedicated to tea growth. The sorption properties of soils limed at 0%, 50%, and 100% of lime requirement and incubated for 12 months, then the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were determined by batch sorption technique. The results showed that increasing the soil pH resulted in an increase in Cu adsorption. Experimental results of Cu adsorption were explained with high coefficients of determination (93.44-98.98%) of the Langmuir model. In the three experimental groups with full, half, and no lime application, pH increased significantly to 3.95, 4.46, and 5.89, respectively, while the maximum adsorption obtained from Langmuir adsorption curves, Qmax1 1553, Qmax2 2205, and Qmax3 3902 mg kg-1, respectively. While the maximum adsorption in the tea plantation areas varied between 1491 and 1514 mg kg-1, the maximum adsorption in hazelnut cultivation areas varied between 777 and 3333 mg kg-1. These findings suggest that liming or other methods to increase soil pH could be effective soil management in reducing Cu mobility in acidic soils.

Horse Teeth Shed Light on Seasonality in Scythian Mound Burials in Southern Russia

ABSTRACT The Scythian archaeological culture is a component of the Scythian-Siberian community of equestrian nomadic pastoralists located in the northern Black Sea region and Ciscaucasia. This paper explores whether the Scythians were present in the central Pre-Caucasus all year round or only during a part of the year and were migrating seasonally. Since Scythian settlements are not known in this region, a possible clue may come from determining the season of the year in which the Scythians buried their deceased tribesmen and performed memorial events. In this paper, we determine the seasonality of the burials and memorial events at the mound burial ground Novozavedennoye-III (southern Russia), dated to 430–300 b.c., by applying cementum increment analysis to horse teeth. This analysis has shown that the studied horses died during May–October. This result indicates that the Scythians were present in the central Pre-Caucasus foothills during some part of the warm season.

Военные походы варваров в Закавказье и на Боспор в 395 г. в свете современных исследований по истории европейских гуннов

In 395, according to the evidence of late antique authors, the Huns raided the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire in Transcaucasia. In the domestic historiography there is an opinion that during this raid a part of the nomads separated from the main "horde" and invaded the territories of the Bosporan kingdom, as a result of which the Bosporus (Late Antique Panticapaeum) suffered. In this article, based on the analysis of written sources and archaeological material discovered during field research in the Northern Black Sea region and the Upper Don region, the author determines the tribal affiliation of the nomads of Hunnish time, who made this rapid raid. According to his interpretation, the campaign to Transcaucasia should be associated with the Akatsirs, who were not inferior in military power to the "royal" Huns. Regarding the devastation of Panticapaeum, the author notes that the city could have suffered in the course of the established trade and economic contacts of the Bosporan kingdom with the nomads, as periodic raids and the policy of distant exploitation by the steppes were more profitable for ordinary nomads than trade. However, as the author notes, this reconstruction of the course of events can be finally confirmed only by further archaeological research in the Azov steppe, careful analysis of material sources found in the territories under the control of the Akatsirs and research in the western ethnocontact zone of the Bosporan kingdom, where organized border fairs could be located in the late 4th - early 5th centuries.

Zooplankton in the zones of transformation of river runoff in the north-western Black Sea region and the Mediterranean Sea in 2017–2020

Estuary zones play a key role in the regulation of the impact of continental processes on marine ecosystems. The zone “river–sea” is a unique area with specific conditions, geochemical and biological processes. They belong to the so called “ecological hot spots” and that is why their research is especially needed to understand possible changes in the ecosystems. In the present study we described the spatial distribution of zooplankton in the zones of transformation of river runoff in the Ukrainian part of the north-western Black Sea region and the Turkish coast of the Mediterranean Sea in 2017–2020. In the Black Sea, samples were collected from the coast of the Odesa Marine Region, Danube Region and coastal waters between Dnipro-Bug estuary and Yuzhne town. On the Turkish Mediterranean Sea coasts, samples were collected between Antalya city and Patara village (Mugla province). A total of 64 samples of the zooplankton were studied. We did not establish a direct dependence between zooplankton biomass and annual volume of river runoff (correlation between these metrics is from –0.25 to –0.80). 20 taxa of zooplankton in the Odesa Marine Region, 21 taxa in the Danube Region, 11 taxa in the Dnieper Region, 23 taxa in the Turkish coastal zone of the Mediterranean Sea were registered. Species of forage zooplankton were dominant over non-forage ones in all seasons and all investigated aquatoria. The percentage of Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921 and jellyfish did not exceed 5% of the total biomass of zooplankton. In summer in the Black Sea, the majority of zooplankton by number and biomass was formed by organisms of meroplankton, species of Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida, in autumn species of the genus Acartia, Oithona davisae Ferrari F. D. & Orsi, 1984, larvae of Cirripedia and Penilia avirostris Dana, 1849. The number and biomass of adults and Copepodid Stages of Acartia species increased from spring to autumn in all years. In populations of Acartia species Copepodid stages predominated over adults by number and biomass in all seasons. In the Mediterranian Sea, the majority of zooplankton by number and biomass was formed by larvae of benthic invertebrates and Copepoda. The abundance and biomass of zooplankton at a distance of 300 m from the river mouth were greater than directly at the mouth. The hydro-front was expressed near all investigated rivers, the maximum values of zooplankton number and biomass were observed here and they decreased in direction both towards the mouth of the river and towards the open sea.

The Entente’s Support for the White Armies in Southern Russia (Late 1918–1919)

This article examines a previously underexplored aspect of the Russian Civil War during its critical phase in late 1918–1919: the logistical support provided by the Entente to the White armies in the South, set against the backdrop of the final military interventions. The authors concentrate on the interactions between General A.I. Denikin's regime and the British authorities, who were the primary proponents of the Entente's intervention in Russia, as well as the conditions surrounding the involvement of the French armed forces.The research primarily draws on documents from the Russian State Military Archive, created by officers of the White armies of Southern Russia, and the National Archives of Great Britain. This comprehensive source base enables a reassessment of some long-held views in Russian historiography regarding the Entente's intervention in the Black Sea region. The study aims to delineate the scope and nature of the Entente’s support and to understand why this assistance failed to secure a victory for the White forces.Post-Soviet historiography commonly posits that the Red Army enjoyed an economic advantage in terms of weapons and ammunition supply for most of the Civil War. This article, however, reveals that the support from Entente countries was substantial and that the use of foreign weapons and equipment significantly influenced the late 1918-1919 period. Nonetheless, the critical factor, as argued by the authors, was the timing of deliveries. The peak of the Entente’s military-technical support to the Armed Forces of Southern Russia occurred after the Red Army had already fortified its positions with adequate firepower. The lengthy strategic decision-making processes of the British Cabinet, characteristic of British democratic and bureaucratic systems, resulted in delayed assistance to Denikin’s troops, ultimately undermining its effectiveness.