Black Rice Bran Extract Research Articles

Assessment of Bioactive Compounds and Physiological Activities of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts from Black Rice, Black Rice Bran, and Milled Black Rice

Black rice (BR) is considered one of the healthiest foods worldwide. This study assessed the bioactive compound contents and antioxidant activities of the distilled water (DW) and 80% ethanol (EtOH) extracts of BR, black rice bran (BRB), and milled black rice (MBR). In addition, their anti-obesity, anti-obesogenic, and anti-muscle atrophy effects were comparatively evaluated. The results revealed that the 80% EtOH extract of BR contained higher contents of β-glucan, total flavonoids, and total phenolics (26.97 ± 0.70 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 16.58 ± 0.37 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g, respectively) and showed higher antioxidant activity than those of the BRB and MBR extracts. On the other hand, BRB contained the highest content of γ-oryzanol, which was 15.12 ± 0.03 mg/g. Moreover, the 80% EtOH extract of BR exhibited a stronger anti-obesogenic effect by downregulating adipogenesis-related proteins (PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, and FAS) and upregulating lipolysis-related proteins (PGC-1α and CPT-1), while the BRB extract effectively increased myotube diameter and fusion index. Overall, these findings indicate that the 80% EtOH extracts of BR, BRB, and MBR, particularly the BR extract, have high potential as natural antioxidants and anti-obesity agents, with BRB showing promise in preventing muscle atrophy.

Black rice bran extract exerts hepatoprotection via attenuating inflammation and apoptosis in obese-insulin-resistant rats

Global pandemic of obesity contributes to increasing the risk of diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To find an alternative approach to lower the risk caused by obesity. AimsWe investigated the antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activity of black rice bran extract (BRE) in obese, insulin-resistant rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Main methodsAfter HFD feeding, the parameters related to glucose, lipid profiles, and liver injury were determined. Key findingsRats on a HFD exhibited significantly elevated plasma glucose and lipid levels, as well as increased liver enzyme activities (aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase), relative to the control group. Interestingly, those parameters in the BRE-treated group were significantly decreased. We investigated the liver histological study, and the BRE-treated group showed to ameliorate the liver injury accompanied by lower inflammatory and apoptotic markers. SignificanceOur findings suggest that BRE has the potential to be used as a dietary supplement to lessen metabolic dysregulation and prevent liver impairment.

Anthocyanin-Rich Fraction of Black Rice Bran Extract Protects against Amyloid β-Induced Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Neuronal Apoptosis in SK-N-SH Cells.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. An accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles causes degeneration of neurons, leading to neuronal cell death. The anthocyanin-rich fraction of black rice (Oryza sativa L. variety "Luem Pua") bran (AFBRB), extracted using a solution of ethanol and water and fractionated using Amberlite XAD7HP column chromatography, contains a high anthocyanin content (585 mg of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and 24 mg of peonidin-3-O-glucoside per gram of the rich extract), which has been found to reduce neurodegeneration. This study focused on the neuroprotective effects of AFBRB in Aβ25-35-induced toxicity in the human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH). SK-N-SH was exposed to Aβ25-35 (10 µM) to induce an AD cell model in vitro. Pretreatment with AFBRB (0.1, 1, or 10 µg/mL) or C3G (20 µM) was conducted for 2 h prior to the treatment with Aβ25-35 (10 µM) for an additional 24 h. The results indicate that AFBRB can protect against the cytotoxic effect of Aβ25-35 through attenuation of intracellular ROS production, downregulation of the expression of the proteins Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3, upregulation of the expression of Bcl-2 in the mitochondrial death pathway, and reduction in the expression of the three major markers of ER stress pathways in similar ways. Interestingly, we found that pretreatment with AFBRB significantly alleviated Aβ-induced oxidative stress, ER stress, and apoptosis in SK-N-SH cells. This suggests that AFBRB might be a potential therapeutic agent in preventing neurodegenerative diseases.

Encapsulation of Black Rice Bran Extract in a Stable Nanoemulsion: Effects of Thermal Treatment, Storage Conditions, and In Vitro Digestion.

This study aimed to improve the dispersibility of phenolic compounds from black rice bran through the encapsulation process within nanoemulsion. The study focused on assessing the stability of the nanoemulsions, which were prepared using a combination of surfactants with distinct hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values and sunflower oil under different thermal treatments and storage conditions. The study revealed a significant correlation between the mixed surfactant HLB value and the nanoemulsions properties, including average particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and ζ-potential. Specifically, an increase in the HLB value was associated with a decrease in the initial average particle size. The encapsulated polyphenols exhibited remarkable stability over a storage period of up to 30 days at different temperatures with no significant changes observed in particle size or PDI. The study also investigated the impact of different ionic strengths (0.2, 0.5, and 1.00 mol L-1 NaCl) on the physical stability and antioxidant black rice bran extract nanoemulsion, and the results revealed that adding NaCl influenced the particle size and surface charge of the nanoemulsions. Total phenolic content and DPPH results demonstrated a significant impact of salt concentration on antioxidant properties, with varying trends observed among the HLB formulations. Furthermore, the behavior of the encapsulated extracts during digestion was examined, and their antioxidant activity was evaluated.

The Effect of Anthocyanins Black Rice Bran Extract (ABRiBE) on Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and ABCA1 Gene Expression in the HT-29 Cell Line

The Effect of Anthocyanins Black Rice Bran Extract (ABRiBE) on Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and ABCA1 Gene Expression in the HT-29 Cell Line

The Potential of Crude and Partially Purified Black Rice Bran Extracts Obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction: Anti-Glycemic, Cytotoxicity, Cytoprotective, and Antitumoral Effects.

Recovering anthocyanins from black rice bran is a way of valuing this byproduct, by obtaining an extract with biological potential. The objective of this study was to recover anthocyanins using ultrasound-assisted extraction. Some of the extract was partially purified, and both (crude and partially purified) extracts were evaluated for their anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic and antitumoral activities, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress. An increase in the laboratory scale was also achieved, making possible to increase the extraction volume up to 20 times without significantly changing the content of anthocyanins (1.85 mg C3G/g DW). It was found that the purified sample presented a 4.2 times higher value of total anthocyanins compared to the crude sample. The best IC50 values for the purified sample were verified by DPPH and ABTS (0.76 and 0.33 mg/mL). The best results for antidiabetic activity were obtained for the partially purified sample: 0.82 µM C3G for α-glucosidase and 12.5 µM C3G for α-amylase. The extracts demonstrated protection (~70%) when subjected to the oxidative stress of L929 cells. An antitumoral effect of 25-30% for both extracts was found in A459 cells. The crude and partially purified extracts of black rice have antidiabetic and anticancer effects and more studies are needed to explore their potential.

Effect of Black Rice Bran ‘Sembada Hitam’ on T47D Breast Cancer Cells

Indonesians have a rich tradition of incorporating black rice into their diet as a functional food due to its high antioxidant content. This research investigates the effects of the ethanolic extract of "Sembada Hitam" black rice bran on T47D breast cancer cells, specifically its cytotoxic, cell growth, and apoptotic induction properties. The MTT assay method was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the black rice bran extract on T47D cells after 24 and 48 hours of incubation. The acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) dye double staining method was employed to assess the apoptosis-inducing properties of the extract. Additionally, a cell growth assay was conducted to evaluate the effect of the extract on cell growth, with observations recorded on days 0, 3, and 6. The results revealed that the ethanolic extract of black rice bran "Sembada Hitam," when administered at various concentrations ranging from 7.81 to 1000 µg/mL, did not exhibit cytotoxic effects on T47D cells during the 24 and 48 hours of incubation. The cell growth assay revealed that T47D cells treated with the ethanolic extract of "Sembada Hitam" black rice bran at concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/mL exhibited lower growth rates than the 1% DMSO group from the 3rd to 6th day after incubation. The ethanolic extract of "Sembada Hitam" at concentrations of 250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL resulted in cell death of 10.64 ± 2.98%, 9.99 ± 5.87%, and 5.84 ± 0.78%, respectively. In conclusion, this study found that the ethanolic extract of "Sembada Hitam" black rice bran did not demonstrate significant cytotoxic effects on T47D breast cancer cells and is, therefore, unlikely to be a suitable candidate for an anti-cancer agent.

Ethanolic Extract of Black Rice ‘Sembada Hitam’ Bran Did not Show Cytotoxic Effect on HeLa Cell (Cervical Cancer Cell Line)

Black rice (Oryza sativa L.) contains various phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins which act as antioxidants. Antioxidants inhibit cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of cancer cells as well as protect cells from damage that triggers cancer. 'Sembada Hitam' is a new cultivar of black rice in Indonesia that has not been studied for its anticancer potential. This study aimed to study the cytotoxic activity and apoptosis induction of the ethanolic extract of black rice (Oryza sativa L. 'Sembada Hitam') bran against HeLa cells. The method used was the cytotoxicity test with the MTT assay and the apoptosis test with the AO-PI double staining method. The test used various concentrations of black rice bran extract, DMSO as solvent control, and doxorubicin as a positive control for 24 and 48 hours. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA (p = 0.05) followed by the Tukey HSD test. The results showed that ethanolic extract of black rice 'Sembada Hitam' bran has no cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells (p > 0.05). Moreover, extracts at the concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/mL only induced apoptosis of HeLa cells by 11.62 ± 0.50 and 11.49 ± 9.88% respectively. These results indicate that the ethanolic extract of black rice 'Sembada Hitam' bran has no potential to be developed as an agent for cervical cancer therapy.

Pengaruh pemberian ekstrak bekatul beras hitam (Oryza sativa L. indica) terhadap kadar MDA, SOD dan trigliserida pada tikus diabetes mellitus tipe 2

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, the pancreas can produce the hormone insulin, but the body has difficulty using it. The study aimed to prove the effect of black rice bran extract on MDA, SOD, and triglyceride in type 2 Diabetic Mellitus rats. The method is quasi-experimental with a pre-posttest randomized control group design in 2021. The intervention was given for 21 days to 42 male Wistar rats. MDA examination using the TBARs method, SOD examination using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Triglyceride examination using a spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis used Paired T-Test or Wilcoxon test and One-Way ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis test. Descriptive research findings show that the intervention of black rice bran extract at a dose of 60 mg/200g reduced MDA in rats to 2,21 mmol/ml and triglycerides to 85,17 mg/dL. In addition, it can increase SOD to 69,67 units/ml. Almost the same as the intervention of metformin 9 mg/200 g body weight. However, statistically, no significant difference exists in the interventions carried out (p> 0,05). The study concluded a decrease in MDA, SOD, and triglyceride in rats, given the black rice bran extract intervention.

Comparative analysis of bioactive-phytochemical characteristics, antioxidants activities, and anti-inflammatory properties of selected black rice germ and bran (Oryza sativa L.) varieties.

Black rice has numerous health benefits and one of the well-known functional foods throughout the world. To encourage the increasing trend of the consumer interest in health-promoting functional foods, special varieties of rice have been developed offering greater nutrient values and exhibiting biological activities that are beneficial to the consumer. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the associations of the phytochemical contents, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory properties among eight selected black rice germ and bran extracts (BR extracts) from 4 non-glutinous and 4 glutinous rice varieties. Accordingly, glutinous BR extracts possessed higher degree of Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), Peonidin-3-O-glucoside (P3G) contents, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties than the non-glutinous BR extracts. Pearson’s correlation indicated that the amount of C3G in the BR extracts had a strong positive association with the antioxidant properties (DPPH; r = 0.846, ABTS; r = 0.923, and FRAP; r = 0.958, p < 0.01). While P3G exhibited a strong positive association with the anti-inflammatory properties (r value = 0.717 and 0.797 for IL-6 and TNF-α inhibition, respectively, p < 0.05). Lastly, the principal component analysis (PCA) categorized the black rice varieties into three groups: Group A with high C3G content and superior antioxidant properties, Groups B with a high amount of P3G and potent anti-inflammatory properties, and Group C with a lower amount of phytochemical contents and less potent bioactivities. Overall, the outcomes of this study could provide vital information to food industries in selecting the variety of black rice for the functional food based on the anthocyanin contents that could benefit to consumers for new normal healthy lifestyle.

Fermented black rice bran extract inhibit colon cancer proliferation in WiDr cell lines

The objective of this study was to find the best inhibition of WiDr colon cancer cells growth using Fermented Black Rice Bran (FBRB) extract and the mechanism of colon cancer inhibition by fermented rice bran. In this study, BRB was fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus (FBROLI), Rhizopus oryzae (FBRO), respectively, for 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h to analyze changes profile of phenolic content, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity during fermentation. The result of elected fermentation and non-fermented (0 h) (NFBR) analyzed cytotoxic activity on Vero normal cells and WiDr cells. Genes’ mRNA expression of proliferation and apoptotic markers on WiDr cells was also analyzed that normalized the ACTB housekeeping gene. The results demonstrated that fermentation for 72 h produced the highest phenolic content, total flavonoids, and antioxidants activity with FBROLI extract, which had the highest inhibition of WiDr cells with IC50 value 650.7 μg/mL, while the FBRO with IC50 was 873.9 μg/mL, and NFBR with IC50 was 831.8 μg/mL. The mechanism of inhibition of WiDr cells through suppression of PCNA proliferation gene expression and increased apoptotic gene expression of p53, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-7 with the highest increase of apoptotic gene expression obtained FBROLI extracts.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Lotion Containing Black Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. indica) Extract as Skin Brightening Agent: A Clinical Trial

Background: Ultraviolet exposure is an extrinsic factor to initiate melanogenesis, the process of melanin formation in the skin. Nowadays, natural ingredients tend to be more prevalent in cosmetic formulations due to consumers’ concern about synthetic ingredients and the risks they may represent for human health. Rice bran, the outer layer of a rice grain, can be utilized as a skin-lightening agent. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the efficacy of a lotion containing black rice bran (Oryza sativa L. indica) ethanolic extract as a skin lightening agent. Methods: The black rice bran ethanolic extract was formulated into oil in water (o/w) lotion. In this study, 34 women applied the lotion at one side of the forearm and base placebo lotion as control at the other side of forearm. The results were tested with a paired t-test by GraphPad Prism 8.3.0 software. Results: There was a significant decrease in the melanin index and erythema index in the forearm with a lotion containing black rice bran extract (P-value &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions: The lotion containing 10% black rice bran extract was effective as a skin lightener because it effectively reduced skin melanin production when applied topically.

Anthocyanin-rich fraction from black rice, Oryza sativa L. var. indica "Luem Pua," bran extract attenuates kidney injury induced by high-fat diet involving oxidative stress and apoptosis in obese rats.

Obesity is acknowledged as being a world health problem and increases the risk of several chronic diseases including chronic kidney disease. High-fat diet consumption and obesity-related renal disease show a close correlation with increased oxidative stress. Black rice bran extract, (BRE) Oryza sativa L. variety "Luem Pua" contains a high anthocyanin content. This study evaluated the effects of an anthocyanin-rich fraction from BRE on renal function and oxidative stress in obese rats. Male Wistar rats were fed a normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HF) for 16 weeks. After this, the rats were given either vehicle (HF), BRE 100 (HF100) or BRE 200 mg/kg/day (HF200) orally for 8 weeks. The HF rats had increased body weight, visceral fat weight, plasma glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides. These parameters were normalized following HF100 administration and showed a decreasing trend with HF200. Serum creatinine and renal cortical MDA were increased in the HF group but these effects were attenuated by BRE. Negative kidney injury and histopathology changes were observed following a HF, but treatment with BRE reversed these deleterious effects. These results suggest that BRE could be used as a food supplement to improve metabolic disturbance and prevent kidney dysfunction in cases of obesity.

Inhibition of Oral Bacterial Growth (Streptococcus Mutans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis) using Black Rice Bran Ethanol Extract (Oryza Sativa L.) as A Natural Mouthwash

Oral health problems in Indonesia are still relatively high. Indonesian National Health Research 2018 stated that oral health problem’s proportion in Indonesia is 57.6%. Diseases in the oral cavity occur due to accumulation of bacteria, including bacteria that cause dental caries (Streptococcus mutans) and periodontal disease (Porphyromonas gingivalis). Current scientific methods prioritize prevention care to take care of oral health such as teeth brushing regularly using toothpaste and using mouthwash rather than surgical intervention. However, mouthwash contains alcohol, in which can increase the risk of developing oral cancer. Rice bran is a natural comestible containing antibacterial substances. Differences in pigment in rice affect its antibacterial activities. Hence, this research novelty lies in using black rice bran extract (Oryza sativa L.) formulated mouthwash. This study was a laboratory experimental study with post-test only with control group design. The study itself was divided into several phases, extract making to inhibition test. Statistical analysis resulted bran extract with concentration of 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100% with ampicillin positive control each have different inhibition zone and are statistically significant (p<0.05) to Streptococcus mutans (p=0.00) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (p=0.00). Based on study conducted mouthwash A and negative control was used as comparative variables for mouthwash with 10% concentration and shows significance level of 0.00 (p<0.05) which means there is a significant difference between each group. Black Rice Bran extract mouthwash as inhibitor Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis growth bacteria. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Marhamah, Harun Achmad, Hendrastuti Handayani, Sherly Horax, Fajriani, Nurhaedah H. Galib B, Sasmita M. Arief. of Oral Bacterial Growth (Streptococcus Mutans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis) using Black Rice Bran Ethanol Extract (Oryza Sativa L.) as A Natural Mouthwash . SRP. 2020; 11(5): 666-671. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.93 Web Style Marhamah, Harun Achmad, Hendrastuti Handayani, Sherly Horax, Fajriani, Nurhaedah H. Galib B, Sasmita M. Arief. of Oral Bacterial Growth (Streptococcus Mutans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis) using Black Rice Bran Ethanol Extract (Oryza Sativa L.) as A Natural Mouthwash . http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=114289 [Access: March 30, 2021]. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.93 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Marhamah, Harun Achmad, Hendrastuti Handayani, Sherly Horax, Fajriani, Nurhaedah H. Galib B, Sasmita M. Arief. of Oral Bacterial Growth (Streptococcus Mutans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis) using Black Rice Bran Ethanol Extract (Oryza Sativa L.) as A Natural Mouthwash . SRP. 2020; 11(5): 666-671. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.93 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Marhamah, Harun Achmad, Hendrastuti Handayani, Sherly Horax, Fajriani, Nurhaedah H. Galib B, Sasmita M. Arief. of Oral Bacterial Growth (Streptococcus Mutans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis) using Black Rice Bran Ethanol Extract (Oryza Sativa L.) as A Natural Mouthwash . SRP. (2020), [cited March 30, 2021]; 11(5): 666-671. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.93 Harvard Style Marhamah, Harun Achmad, Hendrastuti Handayani, Sherly Horax, Fajriani, Nurhaedah H. Galib B, Sasmita M. Arief (2020) of Oral Bacterial Growth (Streptococcus Mutans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis) using Black Rice Bran Ethanol Extract (Oryza Sativa L.) as A Natural Mouthwash . SRP, 11 (5), 666-671. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.93 Turabian Style Marhamah, Harun Achmad, Hendrastuti Handayani, Sherly Horax, Fajriani, Nurhaedah H. Galib B, Sasmita M. Arief. 2020. of Oral Bacterial Growth (Streptococcus Mutans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis) using Black Rice Bran Ethanol Extract (Oryza Sativa L.) as A Natural Mouthwash Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (5), 666-671. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.93 Chicago Style Marhamah, Harun Achmad, Hendrastuti Handayani, Sherly Horax, Fajriani, Nurhaedah H. Galib B, Sasmita M. Arief. Inhibition of Oral Bacterial Growth (Streptococcus Mutans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis) using Black Rice Bran Ethanol Extract (Oryza Sativa L.) as A Natural Mouthwash . Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 666-671. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.93 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Marhamah, Harun Achmad, Hendrastuti Handayani, Sherly Horax, Fajriani, Nurhaedah H. Galib B, Sasmita M. Arief. Inhibition of Oral Bacterial Growth (Streptococcus Mutans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis) using Black Rice Bran Ethanol Extract (Oryza Sativa L.) as A Natural Mouthwash . Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.5 (2020), 666-671. Print. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.93 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Marhamah, Harun Achmad, Hendrastuti Handayani, Sherly Horax, Fajriani, Nurhaedah H. Galib B, Sasmita M. Arief (2020) of Oral Bacterial Growth (Streptococcus Mutans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis) using Black Rice Bran Ethanol Extract (Oryza Sativa L.) as A Natural Mouthwash Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (5), 666-671. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.5.93

Metabolomics of Pigmented Rice Coproducts Applying Conventional or Deep Eutectic Extraction Solvents Reveal a Potential Antioxidant Source for Human Nutrition.

Rice bran (RB) corresponds to the outer layers of whole grain rice and contains several phenolic compounds (PCs) that make it an interesting functional food ingredient. PC richness is enhanced in pigmented RB varieties and requires effective ways of extraction of these compounds. Therefore, we investigated conventional and deep eutectic solvents (DES) extraction methods to recover a wide array of PCs from red and black RB. The RB were extracted with ethanol/water (60:40, v/v) and two DES (choline chloride/1.2-propanediol/water, 1:1:1 and choline chloride/lactic acid, 1:10, mole ratios), based on Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) components. Besides the quantification of the most typical phenolic acids of cereals, nontargeted metabolomic approaches were applied to PCs profiling in the extracts. Globally, metabolomics revealed 89 PCs belonging to flavonoids (52%), phenolic acids (33%), other polyphenols (8%), lignans (6%) and stilbenes (1%) classes. All extracts, whatever the solvents, were highly concentrated in the main phenolic acids found in cereals (37–66 mg/100 g in black RB extracts vs. 6–20 mg/100 g in red RB extracts). However, the PC profile was highly dependent on the extraction solvent and specific PCs were extracted using the acidic DES. The PC-enriched DES extracts demonstrated interesting DPPH scavenging activity, which makes them candidates for novel antioxidant formulations.

A Bioprocessed Black Rice Bran Glutathione-Enriched Yeast Extract Protects Rats and Mice against Alcohol-Induced Hangovers

Human and animal alcohol-induced hangovers are caused by adverse effects of acetaldehyde formed in vivo by the enzymatic oxidation of ethyl alcohol to acetaldehyde. This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of a bioprocessed black rice bran (BRB-F) and glutathione-enriched yeast extract (GEYE) on hangovers as tested in rats and mice. Because analysis by HPLC showed that the content of the biologically active rice bran compound γ-oryzanol as well as of the antioxidant reduced glutathione were unaffected during the preparation of tablets containing 100 mg/kg of the bran formulation, the tablets were then administered orally to rats. The results showed decreased blood concentrations of both alcohol and acetaldehyde compared to the control group. Additional behavior experiments using the Rota-rod and wire tests in mice confirmed that the food formulation relieved hangover behavior caused by alcohol. It seems that the combination of BRB-F and GEYE can effectively control hangovers in rodents caused by alcohol intake. Mechanistic aspects of the hangover and anti-hangover effects of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde are similar to browning-type reactions between the aldehyde group of glucose and proteins, the antibiotic effects of cinnamaldehyde against pathogenic bacteria, the adverse effects of the heat-induced food toxin acrylamide, and the alkali-induced formation of the unnatural amino acid lysinoalanine.

Antidiabetic effects of Red Rice Bran Extract (Oryza nivara) and Black Rice Bran Extract (Oryza sativa L. Indica) in Wistar white rat by Glucose Induction Method

Antidiabetic effects of Red Rice Bran Extract (Oryza nivara) and Black Rice Bran Extract (Oryza sativa L. Indica) in Wistar white rat by Glucose Induction Method

Glutamine: Fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) inhibitory activity of the anthocyanins present in black rice bran: a probable mechanism for the anti diabetic effect

Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which plays an important role in type 2 diabetes. GFAT controls the flux of glucose into the hexosamine pathway and catalyzes the formation of glucosamine 6-phosphate. Recent findings indicate that the flux through the hexosamine pathway, regulated by GFAT, is responsible for the development of diabetic vascular diseases, particularly diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, this enzyme is a therapeutic target for control of type 2 diabetes and the complications caused by the disease. Black rice bran contains many bioactive compounds and previous studies have shown that the black rice bran extract (BRBE) can decrease glucose levels in diabetic rats. Among the phenolic compounds, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (COG) is the major anthocyanin in black rice. To elucidate the mechanism of antidiabetic effect of BRBE, the present study was designed to evaluate molecular interactions existing between six bioactive compounds extracted from black rice (Oryza sativa L.) viz. Cyanadin-3-O-Glucoside (COG), 6´-O-Feruloylsucrose (FLS), p-Coumaric acid (pCmA), Syringic acid (SYA), Sinapic acid (SPA) and Protocatechuic acid (PCA) with GFAT enzyme. The results indicated that of all the compounds extracted from black rice, COG and FLS show greater binding affinity than the native ligand glucose-6-phosphate. The other components of black rice also show a comparable binding affinity with the receptor. Thus the compounds extracted from black rice may produce significant antidiabetic effect by binding with GFAT.

Immunostimulatory Activity of Black Rice Bran in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Rats

Black rice bran extract (BRBE), containing various biologically active compounds, such as anthocyanin, has antioxidant activity and numerous pharmacological effects. Here, we aimed to confirm the immunostimulatory effects of BRBE in cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppressed cells. Our results confirmed that BRBE exerted an immunostimulatory effect. In vitro, BRBE treatment enhanced cell proliferation, activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and production of CP-repressed cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-12, and immunoglobulins G and A in isolated splenocytes. Additionally, in vivo, BRBE treatment increased the number of immune cells, such as white blood cells, lymphocyte counts, mid-range absolute counts, and neutrophils in CP-induced immunosuppressed rats. Furthermore, BRBE increased the serum levels of abovementioned inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulins in CP-induced immunosuppressed rats. In addition, BRBE protected against CP-mediated spleen and thymic tissue damage. Our findings suggest that BRBE could be potentially used as a component of functional food for immunity enhancement.

Production of natural dyes from black rice bran extract on solid to solvent ratio and various of pH solvent

Black rice bran is a byproduct of black rice removal process. It has the potential to be a source of natural dyes. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of solid to solvent ratio (1:10, 1:15 and 1:20) and various pH solvents (3,4,5, and 6) on characteristics of natural dyes from black rice bran extract and determine the best treatment to produce natural dyes from rice black bran extract. Extraction process used maceration method at ambient temperature. The experiment was designed using factorial randomized block design, and if there was a treatment that had a significant effect, it was continued with a Duncan test. The result showed that the solid to solvent ratio, various pH solvent, and their interactions had a significant effect on yield, anthocyanin content, and colors (L*, a* and b*). The best treatment is solid to solvent 1:10 and the value of pH 3, with characteristic 9,45% yield, 596,94 mg/l anthocyanin, 810,56 mg GAE/100 g polyphenol, and color (L* value 51.53, a value 26.93, b value 42.13).