Black Gram Research Articles

Exploring organic cultivation methods for black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper): A review

Black gram is vital in South Asia, with organic farming promoting sustainability by enhancing soil fertility, agro-ecosystem quality, and crop nutrition. However, limited research and complex cultivation methods hinder its widespread adoption. Overcoming these challenges is essential for expanding organic black gram production to meet the growing demand for sustainable agriculture. This review article deals with various techniques and prospects of organic black gram production by collecting important information spread across organic black gram production research articles published on the internet. It is found that the application of 3 percent Panchagavya foliar spray increases physiological growth, leaf area index, dry matter production, chlorophyll content, N content, yield, and yield attributes of black gram. It is also found that the proper and effective use of bio-fertilisers has more advantages over other fertilizers. Farmers can use a foliar application of Panchagavya, bio-fertiliser, and other non-chemical practices for efficient production of organic black gram. Through this review, it is concluded that the research for organic production of black gram is limited, so focus should be given to organic black gram production research for the development of efficient technologies and the instant dissemination of findings among farmers.

IoT based smart agri system: deep classifiers for black gram disease classification with modified feature set

IoT based smart agri system: deep classifiers for black gram disease classification with modified feature set

Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Generation of Biodiesel from a Mixture of Multiple Oil Feedstocks

A cost-effective catalyst is essential to reduce the expenses of producing biodiesel. This study is aimed at utilizing the waste of the black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) plant as an efficient catalyst for producing biodiesel from a blend of different edible and inedible oils. The catalyst was developed by igniting the dried material and then subjecting it to calcination at 550°C for 2 h. The feedstock was prepared by mixing the oils in an equivalent ratio for the reaction. Various sophisticated techniques such as XRD, FT-IR, XPS, BET, FESEM-EDX, HRTEM, and SAED were employed to characterize the prepared catalyst. The catalyst’s catalytic activity was assessed by transesterification of the oil mixture. The optimized transesterification conditions were 10 wt% of catalyst loading, 9 : 1 of MTOR, 65°C of reaction temperature, and 1.6±0.14 h of reaction time producing 94.79±0.27% of biodiesel yield and 96.86% oil conversion. The calcined catalyst’s alkaline solubility was found to be 2.77 mmol/g, basicity as 0.13 mmol/g, and 14.57 per hour as the turnover frequency (TOF). Catalyst reusability was conducted and found that the catalyst could be reprocessed up to three successive cycles. The synthesized biodiesel’s physicochemical characteristics were assessed and found to conform to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 requirements.

Cultivars and Method of Application Influences the Effect of Silicon on Incidence and Damage of Phloem Feeders, Induction of Defense Reaction, Attraction of Natural Enemies and Yield in Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

Cultivars and Method of Application Influences the Effect of Silicon on Incidence and Damage of Phloem Feeders, Induction of Defense Reaction, Attraction of Natural Enemies and Yield in Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

Influence of Zinc and Humic Acid Application on Growth Parameter, Yield and Yield Components and Quality Traits of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

A field experiment was conducted in kharif season during 2021-22 on the field at village Ap-Sonalagi Tq-Jath Dist- Sangli of Maharashtra through Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry College of Agriculture, Badnapur, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, with objectives, to study the influence of zinc and humic acid application on growth parameter, yield and yield components and quality traits of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) The field trial was conducted in Randomized Block Design with five treatments (T1): RDF (25:50:00 N, P2O5, K2O kg ha-1), (T2): RDF+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-¹, (T3): RDF+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-¹ + Humic Acid @ 5 kg ha-¹, (T4): RDF+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-¹ + Humic Acid @ 10 kg ha-¹, (T5) RDF+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-¹ + Humic Acid @ 15 kg ha-¹ with four replications.According to the results obtained by the field investigation clearly indicated that the significantly higher plant height (44.50 cm), maximum number of branches plant-1 (9.10), number of pods plant-1 (26.15) and grain and straw yield (1305.00 and 2190.00 kg ha-1) at harvest stage were observed in treatment (T5) RDF+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-¹ + Humic Acid @ 15 kg ha-¹. In grain quality the results revealed that higher protein content (22.15%) and test weight (43.05 g) was also found in the same treatment i.e., (T5) RDF+ ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-¹ + Humic Acid @ 15 kg ha- ¹ (22.15%).

Standardization of Optimum Grading Sieve Size for Seed Processing in Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] Varieties

Background: The seeds harvested from the field may not be homogenous in seed size, physical purity and viability in Black gram. Seeds are to be cleaned and graded using seed processing machineries to maintain uniformity of a seed lot. Every variety is having its individuality in seed size. Hence, the common recommendation of 2.8 mm sieve size recommended by Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards (IMSCS) for grading black gram seeds may not be suitable to recover a maximum quality seeds in all varieties while processing. The present study was carried out to identify a suitable grading sieve size for newly released black gram varieties for getting good quality seeds with better seed recovery during processing. Methods: The study was conducted at Seed Technology Research Unit, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal during the year 2020-2023. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with four replications. Four newly released black gram varieties viz., ADT 6, VBN 8, VBN 10 and VBN 11 were taken for the study. Specified quantities of unprocessed seeds have been sieved using slotted sieves of three sizes above (3.4 mm, 3.2 mm and 3.0 mm) and two sizes below (2.7 mm and 2.5 mm) the recommended sieve size of 2.8 mm for black gram varieties as per the IMSCS. The seeds retained over each sieves were collected separately and tested for seed quality parameters. Result: The results revealed that the seed recovery percent increased with decrease in sieve size while the seed quality parameters found higher with increase in sieve size.The sieve size of 2.7 mm (slotted) registered the maximum cumulative seed recovery of 87% and 89.9%, respectively in Black gram seeds of cv. ADT 6 and VBN 10 along with required seed standards. However, seeds retained from the sieve size of 3.0 mm (slotted) registered the maximum cumulative seed recovery of 91.2% and 87.5%, respectively in VBN 8 and VBN 11 with requisite seed germination and physical purity as per the IMSCS (75% and 98%). Hence, it is suggested that the sieve size of 2.7 mm may be considered as grading sieve size for seed processing in Black gram seeds of cv. ADT 6 and VBN 10 and 3.0 mm may be used as grading screen (Bottom screen) for VBN 8 and VBN 11 for getting good quality seeds with higher seed germination, physical purity and pure live seeds.

Impact of Various Levels of Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorus and Biochar on Soil Physico-chemical Properties and Yield of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) Var: Shekhar-2

At the “Central Research Farm, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Department, SHUATS, Prayagraj”, an experiment titled "Impact of various levels of Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorus and Biochar on Soil Physico-chemical Properties and Yield of Black gram(Vigna mungo L.)Var: Shekhar-2" was carried out during the Zaid season of 2023–2024. A randomized block design was used, consisting of three variables and three levels of NPK (at 0, 50, and 100% ha-1) and biochar (at 0, 50, and 100% ha-1). An excavated soil specimen from the experimental site prior to the start of study activities showed that the soil had a sandy loam texture, a neutral to alkaline reaction, and significantly higher treatment levels.

Utilizing Vigna mungo wash water for simultaneous power generation and desalination using two distinct anodes in a microbial desalination cell

AbstractThis study aims to improve the performance of microbial desalination cell (MDC) using Vigna mungo (Black gram) wash water, reported for the first time as an anolyte utilizing a graphite plate and carbon brush as the anode. Power generation was facilitated by the exoelectrogen, Shewanella putrefaciens MTCC 8104. Polarization studies revealed that the graphite plate MDC attained a high power density of 2720 ± 50 μW/m2 compared to carbon brush for two electrode pairs. The COD removal and desalination efficiency were better for carbon brush MDC, achieving 58.17 ± 2% and 38.14 ± 2% removal, respectively. Power production can be enhanced by increasing the cathode's ability to accept the electrons, reducing the ageing of biofilm and promoting complete oxidation of the substrates. Upon improving its performance, MDC can act as a sustainable technology, collaborating with industries seeking solutions for wastewater treatment, energy generation and agricultural sectors on a large scale.

Effect of dose and time of imazethapyr on weed and yield in summer season blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of dose and time of imazethapyr on weed and yield in the summer season black gram. The predominant weed species in the experimental field were Eleusine indica, Amaranthus viridis, Commelina benghalensis, Alternanthera sessilis etc. The minimum weed population was observed with two-hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS which was closely followed by imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 25 DAS and imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i. ha-1 at 15 DAS. Imazethapyr 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 25DAS recorded the pod length, number of seeds pod-1, test weight, harvest index, seed and stover yield. Application of imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 25 DAS gave a higher B:C ratio (1.03) as compared to two-hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS.

Discerning ideal blackgram (Vigna mungo) genotypes using multi-trait genotype ideotype distance index

Meticulous identification of ideal parental types with most of the improved traits is essential to develop superior varieties. The recently developed genotype-ideotype distance based selection index furnished an improved way in selection of ideal genotypes in plant breeding. The present experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) seasons of 2021 and 2022 at research farm of Agricultural College (Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University), Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh to identify potential blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] genotypes with majority of the improved traits. A total of 127 blackgram genotypes were analyzed by using Multi-trait Genotype Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) to select superior genotypes with improved traits. MGIDI provided selection differential and selection gain for all the traits with desired values. After varimax rotation, 10 traits were grouped under 4 factors, which cumulatively explained about 76.4% of total variance with eigen value more than 1. Out of 127 studied blackgram genotypes, MGID index identified 6 superior genotypes (GAVT 12, GAVT 7, TBG 106, VBG 13-003, GBG 12 and MBG 1046) at 5% selection intensity. Per cent contribution of factors towards the MGIDI values indicated that, the factor 3 which includes days to maturity, plant height and pod length contributed least and factor 1 which includes grain yield/plant, clusters/plant, pods/plant and seeds/pod contributed most. These selected genotypes with superior per se performance for multiple traits based on the MGIDI can be used as genitors in any hybridization programme to develop superior varieties in turn improving the blackgram productivity.

Productivity and profitability of chickpea as influenced by varying levels of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers under sub-tropical conditions of Madhya Pradesh

In the present study, the influence of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers was investigated on the productivity and profitability of summer black gram. The experimental study revealed that among the phosphorus levels, the application of 50 kg P ha-1 recorded significantly the high seed (1108 Kg ha-1) and stover (2616 Kg ha-1) yield. However, among the bio-fertilizers, t h e application of phosphate solubilizing bacteria + Rhizobium resulted in the highest seed (1116 Kg ha-1) and stover yield of chickpea (2655 Kg ha-1). Application of 50 kg ha-1 phosphorus and combined treatment of phosphate solubilizing bacteria + Rhizobium incurred the highest cost of cultivation (₹ 30,421 ha-1), highest gross return (₹ 1,00,015 ha-1), net return (₹ 69,594 ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (₹ 2.29). It can be concluded that the application of 50 kg ha-1 phosphorus and treatment of phosphate solubilizing bacteria+ Rhizobium in chickpea cultivation may be profitable.

Dual functionality of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles as a fertilizer and supercapacitor

Nanoparticles-based fertilizers can supply nutrients more effectively to the crops that can improve agricultural productions. Ferrite nanoparticles can replace the conventional iron fertilizers. Iron is more essential for plant growth and itsdeficiency mostly affects the cellular activities. Nickel isa constituent of plant enzymes like urease that converts nitrogen into useable ammonia inside the plant. It also prevents the accumulation of toxic levels of urea in plant tissues. In spinel ferrites, Nickel ferrite is considered for many applications because of its superior properties. NiFe2O4nanoparticles exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with highest capacity. NiFe2O4 nanoparticle (NP) has been successfully synthesized using sol–gel technique and its characteristics are analysed by XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques. XRD confirms the cubic-spinel structure with crystallite size of 23.98 nm. FT-IR spectrum shows the presence of functional groups in the sample. The SEM images shows the morphology and size of the obtained nanoparticles. The results of seed priming account of nickel ferrite NPs in the growth of rice and black gram have been explored. Seeds of rice and black gram are primed with various concentrations of NiFe2O4 NPs (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mgL−1) for 24 h by continuous aeration. Plant height, spike length, dry weights of roots, shoots, grains, and spikes are greater with synthesized NPs, especially in higher rates of NPs. The results confirm that NiFe2O4 NPs made significant influence in the growth of rice and black gram. NiFe2O4 NPs are developed as electrode for supercapacitor and tested their charge storage ability by the electrochemical techniques. It exhibits specific capacitance of 360 Fg−1 and cyclic retention of 98.9 % even after 5000 GCD cycles. Bifunctional performance of NiFe2O4 NPs is demonstrated as nano fertilizer and supercapacitor which is the need for fertilizer and energy storage devices industries.

Influence of Different Level of NPK and Rhizobium on Physico Chemical Properties of Soil, Growth and Yield Attribute of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) Var: Shekhar-2

Influence of Different Level of NPK and Rhizobium on Physico Chemical Properties of Soil, Growth and Yield Attribute of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) Var: Shekhar-2

Enhancing Nutritional Value of Urdbean (Vigna mungo L. hepper) Through Agronomic Biofortification with Zinc and Iron

Zn & Fe deficiencies are prevalent nutritional concerns globally, particularly in developing countries, leading to various health complications such as stunted growth, anaemia, and compromised immune function. Traditional methods of addressing these deficiencies, such as dietary supplementation, are often limited in effectiveness, especially in regions with resource constraints. Biofortification emerges as a promising strategy to address iron and zinc deficiencies in populations with limited access to diverse diets. In this study, we investigate the efficacy of foliar applications of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) and ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) at different growth stages of Urdbean (Vigna mungo) to enhance the concentration of these essential minerals in the grains. By utilizing agronomic practices, we aim to increase the nutritional value of urdbean grains, thereby contributing to the alleviation of malnutrition. The study was conducted at the Research Farm of the Department of Agronomy, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. The experimental design comprised a randomized block design with three replications. Ten treatments were evaluated, including various combinations of foliar applications of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at flower and pod initiation stage, along with control treatments. Foliar sprays were applied plot-wise as per the designated treatments. Among the treatments, T7, which involved the foliar application of both ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at flower and pod initiation stages, exhibited the highest increase in Zn & Fe concentration in urdbean seeds. Conversely, treatment T10, which received 100% RDF showed lesser improvements in nutrient concentration compared to other treatments. Foliar applications of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at specific growth stages effectively increased the concentration of Zn & Fe in urdbean grains along with yield. Further optimization of nutrient application rates and timing may be necessary to balance nutritional enhancement with yield considerations. Biofortification through agronomic practices holds promise as a sustainable approach to addressing nutritional deficiencies and promoting food security in resource-constrained regions.

Harnessing Green Electricity from Food: A Split Black Gram-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for a Self-Powered Autonomous Lighting System and Portable Electronics.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) represent a promising solution to mounting environmental concerns associated with battery disposal amid the escalating demand for portable electronics. However, prevailing TENG fabrication predominantly relies on nonbiodegradable, nonbiocompatible, and synthetic materials, posing a grave ecological threat. To mitigate this, there is a pressing need to develop eco-friendly and green TENGs leveraging sustainable, naturally occurring materials. This study pioneers the use of split black gram (SBG) as a tribo-positive material for TENGs. SBG's effectiveness as a tribo-positive material stems from its abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups, as confirmed by FTIR analysis, facilitating electron donation during the triboelectric process. SBG offers compelling advantages, including widespread availability, cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, and hydrophobic and adhesive properties due to its richness in starch and protein, positioning it as an optimal choice for eco-conscious TENG manufacturing. The fabrication process of an SBG-TENG is not only economical and facile but also solvent-free, requiring no specialized tools. Demonstrating commendable performance, the SBG-TENG achieves a maximum power density of 15.36 μW/cm2 at 1 MΩ, with an open circuit voltage of 84 V and short circuit current of 28 μA, comparable to recent studies. In practical applications, the SBG-TENG seamlessly integrates with LEDs and portable electronic devices via a full bridge rectifier, successfully powering them postcapacitor charging. Moreover, an autonomous lighting system is developed by embedding the SBG-TENG in a foot mat, enabling wireless light control through human stepping on the mat, introducing power-saving functionality for residential and office environments. In essence, the introduction of the SBG-TENG not only delivers cost-effectiveness but also minimizes the environmental impact by harnessing sustainable energy from food sources.

Selection efficiency of molecular markers associated to Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV) tolerance and identification of donors for earliness, yield and YMV tolerance in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) using GT Biplot analysis

Selection efficiency of molecular markers associated to Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV) tolerance and identification of donors for earliness, yield and YMV tolerance in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) using GT Biplot analysis

Piloting Pulse Producer Support System Through ICT Enabled Services for Enhanced Climate Resilience

Background: In peninsular India, the frequency of climate-related risks is significantly lowering agricultural productivity and farmers’ standard of living. Reducing losses in the agriculture sector requires precise and timely weather information, weather based advisories on crop production, protection and post-harvest. Disseminating agromet advisories directly to the farmers using ICT tools allows farmers to adopt appropriate corrective measures, minimize loss and ensure climate resilient agriculture. In this sense, the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University established an Automated Agromet Advisory Web cum Mobile App (TNAU-AAS) in 2018, which sends location, crop and stage specific agromet advisories directly to farmers’ mobile App. Methods: TNAU-AAS App was evaluated in pulse crops as “Piloting pulse produce support system through ICT enabled services” between 2019 and 2021 in three TNAU centers under three different eco systems namely irrigated (Coimbatore), rice fallow (Aduthurai) and rainfed (Kovilpatti). Pulse growing farmers were registered in this smartphone application for agromet advisory based response farming. Result: The TNAU-AAS App had delivered approximately 10-12 advisories to each farmer, tailored to their unique crop and stage during the cropping period. Survey results inferred that the farmers received timely notifications on their mobile phones, 2-3 days in advance, which assisted them in preplanning. Occurrences of pests and diseases were well aligned (68-83%) with TNAU- AAS recommendations and the climate vulnerability of non AAS farmers is more than AAS farmer. According to partial budget analysis, the irrigated, rice fallow and rainfed black gram farmers have gained Rs. 2800, Rs. 2300 and Rs. 1900 per ha, respectively. It is concluded that the ICT-enabled agromet advisory system guarantees timely alerts, boosts labor and land productivity, lowers input loss and shields crops from weather-induced pests and diseases as well as climatic variability risk.

Decadal Performance of Major Kharif Pulse Crops in Madhya Pradesh: In Context of Growth, Decomposition and Instability Analysis

The study purpose examined the growth, decomposition and instability of major kharif pulses i. e. pigeon pea, green gram and black gram in Madhya Pradesh. The study was based on secondary data. The data of area, production, and productivity of selected pulse crops have been taken for 30 years from 1992-93 to 2021-22. The study period was divided into four periods i.e. period-I (1992-93 to 2001-02), period-II (2002-03 to 2011-12), period- III (2012-13 to 2021-22) and overall period (1992-93 to 2021-22). Three different analyses had been carried out in the study viz. (a) Compound annual growth rates, (b) Decomposition analysis and (c) Instability analysis. It was revealed from the outcomes that during the entire study period, a mixed growth pattern was observed in the area, production and productivity of pigeon pea and green gram while significant and positive growth was noticed in area, production and productivity of black gram with the magnitude of 4.31, 6.19 and 1.80 percent, respectively in Madhya Pradesh. During overall study period, area expansion was major instrument to increase the production of pigeon pea and black gram. The highest variability was noticed production of all selected crops during period – I, II, III and entire study period.

Multifunctional activated carbon derived from novel biomass for high-performance energy storage applications: A sustainable alternative to fossil-fuel-derived carbon

Biomass-derived activated carbon materials have been attracted as low-cost and sustainable electrode materials for energy storage applications. In this work, we synthesised activated carbon from black gram whole skin for the first time, and the used source is a cost-effective carbon precursor. Nitrogen and phosphorous doping in activated carbon improved electronic conductivity, surface area and porosity. In supercapacitor application, the nitrogen and phosphorous doped activated carbon sample showed a high specific capacitance of 425 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and cycling stability of about 92.5 % capacitance retention even after 5000 cycles in a three-electrode system. The observed stable specific capacitance in a three-electrode system encouraged us to make a two-electrode symmetric device, showing a specific capacitance of 100 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 with a higher energy density of 20 Wh kg−1. In addition, the lithium storage capability of doped carbon showed good capacity of 750 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 with a reversible capacity of 687 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. The hetero-atom doped activated carbon derived from black gram skin showed outstanding electrochemical performance towards supercapacitor and lithium battery application, indicating a potential alternative to fossil fuel-derived carbon.

Effect of different organic amendments on phosphorus dynamics of blackgram (Vigna mungo)

Legumes play a significant role in sustainable agriculture through their ability to improve soil fertility and health. With a mutual symbiotic relationship with some bacteria in soil, they can improve nitrogen (N) amount through biological N-fixation (BNF). But to maximize such functions, legumes need more phosphorus (P) as it is required for energy transformation in nodules. Besides, P also plays a significant role in root development, nutrient uptake and growth of legume crops. A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2019 at IFS unit, College of Agriculture, (University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad), Vijayapur, Karnataka to study the effect of different combination of organic sources on phosphorus dynamics of blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]. Among different treatments, the application of vermicompost + ghanajeevamrutha @ 100% RDP + Rhizobium + PSB recorded significantly higher soil available phosphorus (36.30 kg/ha) and uptake by blackgram (16.08 kg/ha). This study has demonstrated the dynamics of phosphorus through different organic sources in blackgram.