Black Bug Research Articles

EVALUATION OF BIOPESTICIDES AGAINST RICE BLACK BUG

ABSTRACT Rice black bug is the major pest of rice in Thiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts. Yield loss at 10 bugs per hill in susceptible cultivars was estimated as 23%. In this context, biopesticide like neem oil (3%), Metarhizium anisopliae (1 x 108 spores) and new molecules profenophos (1000 ml/ha.) were tested against black bug. The results revealed that black bug population was found to be significantly low in profenophos (1000 ml/ha.) sprayed plots 2.0 no./hill. Population reduction was 60.8% followed by Metarhizium anisopliae (1 x 108 spores) applied plots. In neem oil applied plots black bug population ranged from 3.0 no/hill to 3.3 no. /hill whereas control plot recorded the maximum population of 5.1 bugs / hill.

Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Head, Pronotum and Genitalia of the Rice Black Bug Associated with Selected Rice Types

The Rice blackbug, Scotinophora coarctata (Fabricius, 1798) is one of the major rice pests causing high yield loss in terms of rice production in the Philippines. Resistant varieties developed to reduce yield has never been successful as there are populations of the pest that are able to survive and utilize the different rice types. It was argued that population differentiation occurs in deployed rice varieties thus this study was conducted. Landmark - based and outline morphometric analysis and correlation analysis based on distances (CORIANDIS) were used to compare the shape and sizes of the head, pronotum, abdominal segment, genital plate and scutellum of rice black bug individuals associated with rice host varieties. Results of the analysis showed that RBB populations differ in the shapes and sizes of the scutellum indicating a significant rice host associated shape differences. It can be concluded from this study that rice types or genotypes affect population structures of the pest.

Mark Anthony J. Torres1, Liza A. Adamat1, Muhmin Michael E. Manting1, Sharon Rose M. Tabugo1, Ravindra C. Joshi2, Leocadio Sebastian2,Alberto T. Barrion2 and Cesar G. Demayo1*

This study was conducted to determine the possible number of developmental modules defining the shape of the forewing of the rice black bug Scotinopharacoarctata. The new method of geometric morphometrics (GM) was used and the shapes of the forewings were summarized via Procrustes analysis of a total of 120 landmarks. In this study, Modularity and Integration Analysis was used as a tool to test a priori models of variational modularity in multidimensional (mainly morphometric) data in order to analyze the number of developmental modules of the forewings of the insect. Twelve a priori models of variational modularity in the GM forewing data were tested using the γ* (Gamma*) test for goodness of fit (GoF) statistic by comparing the observed and expected covariance matrices. Jackknife support values for each model were also computed using γ* as the GoF statistic. The analysis was implemented based on a total of 1000 replicates, dropping 10% of the specimens per jackknife replicate, and computing 95% confidence intervals for the statistic. Results showed that the female RBB forewing is spatially organized into two modules, the partition of clavus and membrane and the corium as an independent structure whereas the male populations exhibit two possible developmental models. These modules are mutually integrated but statistically independent from each other.

Black Stink Bug Proxys punctulatus (Palisot) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

EENY-432, a 3-page illustrated fact sheet by Celina Gomez and Russell F. Mizell III, is part of the Featured Creatures collection. It describes this stink bug with broad geographical range in the Americas — distribution, description, life cycle and biology, hosts, and damage. Includes selected references. Published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, February 2009. EENY 432/IN795: Black Stink Bug Proxys punctulatus (Palisot) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) (ufl.edu)

Reaction of hybrid rice and component lines to rice black bug [Scotinophara coarctata (Fabricius), Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

A limiting factor to hybrid rice production in the Philippines is the susceptibility of hybrid rice component lines to diseases and insect pests. Rice black bug (Scotinophara coarctata Fabr.) is among the insect pests and is the newest addition to the list of major pests of rice. This study aims to determine the reaction of hybrid rice component lines to rice black bug (RBB). Eighty-four (84) hybrid rice componet lines were evaluated for their reacton to RBB. Two batches of unreplicated preliminary screening of the lines were done. Two sets of re-evaluation were also conducted. The standard evaluation system for rice (SE) was followed. No lines showed resistance to RBB during the preliminary screening. Twentysix (26) lines which showed a moderately susceptible reaction were re-evaluated in a replicated experiment. Among them, R2-6 and IR60819R showed resistance, PR4B showed an intermediate reaction and GUI99 showed a moderatley susceptible reaction. These promising lines were further valueated against RBB and results showed thatR2-6 was rated highly resistant (HR), IR60819R was resistant (R), PR4B was moderately resistant (MR) and GUI99 was moderately susceptible (MS). Most of the hybrid rice component lines are susceptible to RBB.

Biology of Eumicrosolna sp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Reared on the Eggs of Black Bug, Dimorphopterus gibbus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) of Sugarcane

Biology and mass multiplication technique of Eumicrosoma sp. on eggs of sugarcane black bug, Dimorphopterus gibbus (Fabricius) were developed. The mean percent parasitisation of host eggs, developmental period, and adult emergence of the parasitoid were 41.33 to 61.05 percent, 8.65 to 10.26 days, and 75.0 to 90.0 per cent, respectively. The parasitoid preferred to parasitise freshly laid to two day old eggs. Longevity of adult wasps was 2.15 to 2.99 days. One mated female parasitised on an average 15:67 eggs. Sex ratio (male to female) was 1: 1 to 1: 1.1. Only one wasp emerged from one parasltiscd egg thus it indicates no super parasitism in this parasitoid.

Biological Control of Rice Black Bug, Scotinophara coarctata (FAB.), in Leyte

Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorokin was applied in three different methods: spray, through irrigation and broadcast. Spraying was the most effective method of applying M. anisopliae to reduce rice black bug population as evidenced by the significantly higher percentage of infected rice black bugs collected from plots sprayed with spore suspension of M. anisopliae than in plots applied with same fungus through immersion of the medium and broadcasting them regardless of the time of sampling. The effectiveness of spraying over the other two methods was the efficient deposition of spores on the plant surface or on the cuticles of the rice black bug themselves during application allowing greater chances of pick up by the insect which resulted in higher percentage (90%) infection of rice black bug on the sprayed plot. M. anisoploae had no effect on fecundity and hatchability of the eggs or rice black bug suggesting that the fungus was not transovarially transmitted. Percentage nymphal infection by M. anisopliae was very low. The results of the study also indicate that application of M. anisopliae in the field did not affect the egg parasitoid.

Distribution, Spread and Management Practices Against Rice Black Bug in Leyte

Rice black bug infestation in the island of Leyte was noticed in late 2001 in Libagon, Southern Leyte. Spread of infestation continued irregularly in many municipalities of Leyte in a year. Light trapping, delayed and synchronous rice planting, duck herding, handpicking of rice blag bug, fallowing, weeding and application of Metarhizium anisopliae were some of the control strategies done by farmers in reducing rice black bug population. Natural enemies that were observed to be present in the field were Solenopsis sp. (red ant), Micraspis crocet Mulsant (coccinellid beetle), Ophionia nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel) [ground beeetle], Metioche vittaticollis (cricket), salticid (jumping spider), Tetragnatha sp. (four-jawed spider), Lycosa sp. (ground spider), and Oxyopes sp. (lynx spider), Telenomus sp. (Order Hymenoptera, wasp) and M. anisopliae (green muscardine fungus)

Chemical defense in the plant bug Lopidea robiniae (Uhler).

Secretions from the metathoracic glands (MTG) of the black locust bug, Lopidea robiniae (Uhler) (Heteroptera: Miridae) contained six major compounds, including (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-octen-1-ol (E)-2-heptenal, and (Z)-3-octen-1-ol. Males and females did not differ significantly in the relative compositions of identified compounds. In feeding trials, six bird species [robin (Turdus migratorious), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), starling (Sturnus vulgaris), and house wren (Troglodytes aedon)] demonstrated feeding aversions towards L. robiniae implying that black locust bugs are chemically defended. Bugs discharged the liquid contents of their MTG when attacked, thereby producing a strong and distinct odor. Some birds immediately ejected bugs out of their mouth after biting them, suggesting that the MTG secretion was a deterrent.

An IPM module for the management of major insect pests of sugarcane in Indian subtropics

This paper describes the evaluation of some environmentally sound tactics developed for raising insect-pests damage free sugarcane crop in subtropical India. Six ecology based approaches were employed: timing irrigation and urea application, mechanical removal of damaging stages of pests and crop residues, earthing up, propping of cane stalks, liberation of egg parasitoid (Trichogramma chilonis) and foliar N application. Effects of these were determined on (i) incidence and intensity of four major insect pests namely, shoot borer (Chilo infuscatellus), top borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis), stalk borer (Chilo auricilius) and black bug (Cavelerius sweeti), (ii) crop growth function , (iii) control efficiency system and (iv) yield and quality of a number of commercial cane cultivars. Timing irrigation (10 day interval) and application of recommended dose of urea and earthing up during formative phase helped the crop escape shoot borer attack as also improved crop vigour in terms of increase in cane height and millable cane number, which ultimately contributed to higher cane yield than that obtained with insecticide treatment. The timely mechanical removal of top borer infested shoots or its egg masses and adults helped reduce the incidence of most damaging third brood alone by over 50 percent in all the cultivars studied. Apart from being completely safe to the environment the technique involves 3-4 times less (Rs. 150-250/ha) expenditure than the chemical treatment ( Rs. 1000-1500/ha ) and may find easy practicability in areas where labour is plentiful and inexpensive and on small family holdings. Innundative releases of egg parasitoid during July-October and the crop production practices like earthing up and propping of cane stalks which help avoid lodging could curtail stalk borer infestation adequately. The incidence and intensity of black bug in ratoon crop was also reduced between 50-70 percent with a concomitant increase in shoot height simply by removal of plant crop residue and foliar N applications. The cumulative use of these tactics resulted in reduced pest damage (below economic injury level), significantly increased yield (22-36% improved productivity), reduced costs of pest control, conservation of natural enemies maintaining resource quality, avoiding environmental and other risks to human and animals, and helped generate employment for poor and needy (mechanical control of top borer insect).

Damage by the Malayan Black Bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Rice

Adult Malayan black bugs, Scotinophara coarctata (F.), are highly mobile, and heavy populations may quickly invade rice fields. Attack of seedling plants reduced plant growth significantly after 1 or more days of feeding. Damage was characterized by desiccation of leaves and plant death. S. coarctata attack of newly emerged panicles significantly reduced the number of filled grains after reaching feeding intensities of 1 or 2 bugs for 4 d and when 4 and 6 bugs fed for 4 or 6 d. The weight of grain per panicle was significantly reduced when 6 bugs fed for 4 or more days.

Effect of Flooding on Black Bug Scotinophara coarctata (F.) Egg Parasitization

Effect of Flooding on Black Bug Scotinophara coarctata (F.) Egg Parasitization

Effect of Flooding on Malayan Black Bug (Mbb) Egg Hatching and Parasitoid Emergence

Effect of Flooding on Malayan Black Bug (Mbb) Egg Hatching and Parasitoid Emergence

Parasitization of the Malayan Black Bug (Mbb) By Five Species of Egg Parasitoids

Parasitization of the Malayan Black Bug (Mbb) By Five Species of Egg Parasitoids

Stability and Variation in a Hopi Lullaby

T he changing interests of scholars are reflected in the terms they employ. The word change, itself, is now a term in frequent use. In a recent issue of Ethnomusicology, the editor noted that all four articles in the issue were concerned with change (Rice 1983: v). Total and abrupt change in any aspect of culture is, of course, uncommon. Thus, change or variation must be discussed simultaneously with its obverse, continuity or stability. In this study, I examine eleven performances of a song of the Hopi Indians of Northern Arizona and pose the following questions: If one asks a Hopi to sing the lullaby about the black bug, how is this performance likely to differ from those which were recorded in the past, and those which may be recorded in the future? What is stable, what is varied, and what are the parameters of such variation? What does a Hopi mean when he says that he will sing the lullaby about the black bug? Since what is being examined is a song, I shall consider both the words and the melody. Most Hopis live in three clusters of villages situated on the southern rim of the great Black Mesa. From east to west, these population areas are known as First Mesa, Second Mesa, and Third Mesa. They display some slight cultural differences such as dialect. The bulk of Hopi songs are composed by individuals for a particular occasion. This is true, for example, of the songs performed at public ceremonies, such as the kachina dance, and those sung by women while grinding corn. Before inexpensive, battery-operated tape recorders became available, such songs were usually known only in the area in which they were composed and had a relatively short life. To this, the black beetle or stink bug lullaby is an exception. It has been known throughout the Reservation during the century, at least, and its composer is not known. It is primarily sung by women, but is also occasionally sung by men to their children. In the past it was the custom of Hopi mothers to strap their infants to cradle boards which they then tied to their backs. By this means they could carry their infants from place to place as they worked. The child was sung to sleep while on the cradleboard or, by both sexes, while held in the arms. In the latter case the child's back was simultaneously rubbed. The lullaby has no pulse and no coordination of kinetic and musical rhythm is involved as there would be, for example, when rocking a child to sleep in a cradle.

Entomopathogenic fungi (Deuteromycotina) in the control of the black bug of rice, Scotinophara coarctata (Hemiptera; Pentatomidae)

The effects of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Paecilomyces lilacinus on populations of the black bug ( Scotinophara coarctata) were studied. Adult black bugs were kept on rice plants in screen cages in the field. Cages were placed in four different plots in two different rice fields. Two different fungal materials were tested, suspensions of conidia and mass-produced dry mycelium. The numbers of bugs were significantly reduced in all fungal treatments compared to the control over a period up to 9 weeks, except in one of the plots where severe drought hampered control. In addition, numbers of nymphs were suppressed by the fungi in the well-irrigated plots. The overall performance of the different species of fungi and different materials was similar. Implementation of dry mycelium preparations of the fungi in integrated control programs for the black bug should be considered.

Occurrence and Control of Rice Black Bug At Coimbatore

Occurrence and Control of Rice Black Bug At Coimbatore

Occurrence of Black Bug in Tamil Nadu

Occurrence of Black Bug in Tamil Nadu

Field Screening of Rice Cultivars for Resistance to Black Bug Scotinophara coarctata

Field Screening of Rice Cultivars for Resistance to Black Bug Scotinophara coarctata

γ-butyrolactone from the black stink bug: aethus indicus westwood (hemiptera: pentatomidae)

The volatile constituents of the black stink bug, Aethus indicus Westwood (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) from Nigeria has been examined by combined gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. γ-Butyrolactone along with with several straight carbon-chain aliphatic materials have been identified in the scent gland complex