Bivariate Analysis Methods Research Articles

Pengetahuan, Sikap, dan Tindakan Masyarakat tentang Filariasis Limfatik di Kecamatan Kodi Balaghar, Kabupaten Sumba Barat Daya

Kaki Gajah (elephantiasis) is a chronic non-communicable disease caused by filarial worms (microfilaria) and transmitted by many species of mosquitoes. Commonly, this disease was called filariasis. The Sumba Barat Daya Regency was declared as endemic filariasis because it’s microfilariae rates was more than 1%. The research was carried out to observe the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the microfilaria positive respondents and negative respondents with filaria incident. The study was conducted at Kodi Balaghar district of Sumba Barat Daya Regency from April to November in 2014 by cross-sectional research design. Respondents obtained by purposive sampling. The data analyzed by univariate and bivariate analysis methods. The result showed that filariasis patients were found in respondents who have low education or never study at school, 30‒45 years old, and a farmer. The statistical tests showed P-value for 0.000 and explain about the knowledge level, attitude, and practice of the filaria incident. The analysis of knowledge variable shows that Relative Risk (RR) = 6.000 and explains that the probability of the patients with low knowledge was 6.000 times compared to the patients with high knowledge, attitude/perception variable had RR = 3.333, and explains that the probability of the patients with a negative attitude was 3.333 times compared to the patients with positive attitude/perception. Practices variables had RR = 1.824 and explain that the probability of the patients with false practices was 1.824 times compared to the patients with true practices. It was a conclusion that Positive respondents of filariasis had lower education and knowledge level compared to positive respondents of filariasis. Meanwhile, the filariasis patients had a negative attitude and practices for controlling transmission risk and had false practice for disease prevention compared to the respondents who did not have filariasis.

Cognitive Distortions as Trauma-Specific Irrational Beliefs Among Burn Patients.

Burn injuries are most certainly stressful events, particularly when permanent disfigurement is a result. This situation can lead to the onset of irrational beliefs which can in turn lead to long-term psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, shame, guilt, posttraumatic stress, etc. The objective of this study is to explore the irrational beliefs among burn patients and its correlates in an Iranian sample. This cross-sectional study included 329 patients who had experienced disfigurement, as result of burn injuries. In order to assess irrational beliefs, a Scale for Irrational Thoughts after Burning was used. To identify correlated variables with irrational beliefs, both bivariate and multivariate analysis methods were conducted. In multivariate linear regression, forward strategy was used for building the model. The results of bivariate analysis showed that the location of the burn on bodies (body parts generally exposed in social environment or parts culturally perceived as sensitive areas of body), marital status, urbanities, age group, geographical areas, etiology of burning, and intent of injury had significant relationships with irrational beliefs (P < .05). Using forward linear regression, gender, marital status, geographical areas, etiology of burning, body burn by location (body parts generally exposed in social environment or parts culturally perceived as sensitive areas of body), and intent of injury had significant correlation with irrational beliefs. The models predicted 15.5% (P < .001) of irrational beliefs. Considering to irrational beliefs and development of facilities for screening is necessary. Moreover, consultation with mental health experts after burn injuries is highly recommended.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pengetahuan Kesehatan Reproduksi Remaja Tunanetra di Salah Satu Panti Sosial Jakarta Timur

Blind people are also classified according to the time of intimacy. Like blind people from birth or visually impaired at a certain age. This is related to their experience of seeing and allowing them to facilitate learning. Providing information about reproductive health in blind teenagers is still an in-depth study of the effectiveness and process of giving. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of blind teenagers about reproductive health and whether there is a relationship between the status of disability and the reproduction class that has been run by the social institution. This study uses a cross sectional approach with univariate and bivariate analysis methods. The sample of this study was 40 adolescents between the ages of 10-19 years who were disabled in terms of the blind. The results showed that the majority of respondents had good knowledge (52.5%), when the occurrence of disability in teenagers mostly occurred less than the age of 5 as many as 23 people (57.5%), the participation of adolescents in reproductive health classes was 20 respondent (50%). The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between the time of use and the respondents' knowledge about reproductive health (P value 0.491). There is a significant relationship between participation in the reproduction class and the respondents' knowledge about reproduction.

Disability among patients with mental illness in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia, 2017, community based crosssectional study

Background: Disability is a limitation in performing socially defined roles and tasks expected within a social, cultural and physical environment. Despite it is a focus of concern in mental health care, the score of disability among mentally ill patients and its determinant factors were not studied in Jimma town, Southwest, Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the disability of patients with mental illness in Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia, 2017. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study, with case tracing method, was conducted from April 20 to June 24/2017 among 304 patients in Jimma University Teaching Hospital. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 with 12 items. The collected data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate linear regression analysis method using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. Results: Out of 300 respondents, a majority had the diagnosis of schizophrenia 96 (32%) followed by 73 (24.3%) major depressive disorder. The median score of disability of the respondents was 11.1 within the ranges from 0 to 100). Over one-third of the respondents (39.3%, n = 118) reported no difficulty in any activity and only 5% (n = 15) reported an extreme difficulty or not able to do any activity for the past 30 days. While having a job negatively associated with disability (unstandardized B − 0.075, P = 0.007) and not attending school (unstandardized B 0.113, P = 0.020), number of admission (unstandardized B 0. 022, P = 0.033), and stigma (unstandardized B 0.008,P

Knowledge and practice of health workers about standard precaution: Special emphasis on medical waste management in Ethiopia

Abstract Standard precautions are simple infection prevention and control measures that reduce the risk of transmission of bloodborne pathogens through exposure to blood and body fluids among patients and health workers. While compliance with standard precautions protects health workers from injury and related accidents, lack of compliance in basic standard precautions poses health workers to a significant health risks. This study has therefore assessed the knowledge and practices of standard precautions among health workers with special emphasis to healthcare waste management in the eastern part of Ethiopia. Institutional bases cross-sectional study was made on 818 healthcare workers under 65 health facilities. Data were collected using a self administered questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 statistical software. Variables were analyzed with a univariate, bivariate and multivariable analysis methods. Factors associated with the outcome variable were identified by Generalized Estimating Equation. Out of the total respondents, 619(78.8%) responded that they ever heard about standard precautions. However, the overall knowledge about standard precaution was 54.6%. Variables such as recapping needles (AOR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.22-0.85, P-value = 0.012), taking training about hygiene education (AOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.14-2.77, P-value = 0.014) and safe injection (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.54-3.06, P-value = 0.000). Knowledge of healthcare workers about universal precaution was low. Arranging in-service trainings could enhance the knowledge as well as the practice of health workers about safety precautions.

Determinants of Tourism and HIV/AIDS Incidence in West Java

Indonesia defined as tourist destination where the international and domestic tourists enjoy the tourist attractions. Prostitution existing in tourism place may increase the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. The incidence and spread of AIDS in many areas in West Java is a problem for tourism industry. These issues become acute in locations where sexual attraction is used as a determinant of tourist portability. The aim of this study was to determine relation between tourism and the incidence of HIV/AIDS in West Java. Non-reactive research design was used to collect secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics in 2016 from 26 districts/cities in West Java. This study was conducted in January - October 2016. Univariate and bivariate analysis methods with Spearman’s statistical test and multivariate analysis (multiple logistic) were applied. Bivariate analysis results showed the number of star hotels had p value = 0.003, r = -0.552), visit to accommodation had p value = 0.009, r = 0.499) and averageguest per day had p value = 0.022, r = 0.447. Results of multivariate analysis showed that accommodation visits had p value = 0.000). In conclusion, tourism determinants associated with the incidence of HIV/AIDS are the number of star hotels, visits to hotel, and the average guest per day.

A decade of road traffic fatalities among the elderly in north-West Iran

BackgroundIran has a uniquely catastrophic status for road traffic injury incidence and fatality. The elderly account for a substantial number of the hospitalizations and fatalities due to traffic injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the crash mechanisms and medical outcomes of traffic fatalities among the elderly in East Azerbaijan province of Iran during the period 2006–2016.MethodsA total of 9435 fatalities registered in East Azerbaijan forensic medicine database, Iran, during 2006–2016, were investigated. Of these, 1357 were elderly persons (age > 65). Both victim- and crash-related variables were compared for the elderly and other age groups. Bivariate and multivariate analysis methods were applied using Stata statistical software package version 13.ResultsOf the 9435 fatalities, 1357 victims (14.4%) were elderly persons. The mean age of the elderly traffic fatalities was 75.3(SD = 6.2) years. About 78% of the elderly versus 80% of those in other age groups were males. A decreasing trend of fatal traffic accidents was observed over the study period both for the elderly and other age groups. The elderly were nearly seven times more likely to die as a pedestrian compared to other age groups. By exclusively analyzing pedestrians, it was found that motorcycles were responsible for pedestrian deaths in 9.1% of the fatalities while this figure was 5.5% for pedestrians in other age groups killed in a traffic accident (P < 0.05). About 56% (N = 761) of the elderly died in hospital which was higher than the proportion for other age groups (39%). Ambulance was the main vehicle for transferring the injured victims in four-fifths of the cases both for the elderly and other age groups. Although, in the present study, head injuries were the most common type of injury regardless of the age group, the elderly had a lower percentage of head injuries and a higher percentage of injuries to the torso, pelvis and limbs compared to younger victims.ConclusionsPedestrian inner-city crashes in East Azerbaijan province of Iran are a major cause of road injury fatalities among the elderly and should be considered as a priority in road safety interventions.

Dropout of first year undergraduate students: A case study of engineering students

AbstractThe phenomenon of drop out studies appears in the current Romanian context as an acute problem of the national education system. In the present research we will try to identify how factors such as the average obtained in the baccalaureate exam, the place of provenance and the number of credits obtained at the end of the first year of study influence the abandonment. Using a bivariate analysis method, we followed the correlation between the variables "number of students expelled after the first year of study" in the case of students enrolled in the first year of study and having obtained a "grade less than or equal to 7 in the baccalaureate exam" and, respectively the correlation between the variable "number of students expelled after the first year of study" and the origin from urban or rural areas. As can be seen from the data collected, an obvious need to investigate the expectation of students at high risk of drop out - as regards the teacher-student relationship - can be presumed: what are the most effective ways of transmitting knowledge and what communication is acceptable by college students.

The health literacy dyad: the contribution of future GPs in England

Background: Health literacy studies have primarily focused on the cognitive and social skills of individuals needed to gain access to, understand, and use health information. This area of study is undergoing a paradigm shift with increased attention being paid to the skills of practitioners and an examination of their contribution to the link between literacy and health outcomes. The aim of this study was to describe the health literacy related competencies of General Practice (GP) trainees who will soon be responsible for the clinical encounter.Methods: A cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 206 GP trainees was conducted online. Univariate and bivariate analysis methods were used to describe GP trainees’ health literacy-related competencies.Results: GP trainees overestimated the numeracy and literacy levels of the English population and did not regard the improvement of patient health literacy as a GP responsibility. GP trainees rated their general communication skills highly but the skills that are important for patients in health decision-making such as coaching skills, explaining risk and using visual aids to clarify were rated low.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that health literacy is insufficiently addressed in the undergraduate and postgraduate medical education of GPs to enable them to fulfil the core competence which is part of building an effective partnership with patients.

The Effect of Work Life Balance on Employee Job Satisfaction among Non Executives in the Public Banking Sector in Colombo District

Area of the Study This study is mainly focused on discussing the effect of work life balance on job satisfaction among non executives in the public banking sector in Colombo district. Problem of the Study The research problem addressed under this study is to investigate what extent work life balance affects on job satisfaction among non executives in public banking sector in Colombo district. Method of the Study The data for the present study was collected from 224 respondents in public banks in Colombo by administrating a structured questionnaire, which consisted of 36 statements with 5 point Likert scale. The data analysis included the univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis method conducted using SPSS (version 16.0). Findings of the Study The results of the study emphasize that there was a negative relation of work life balance with job satisfaction and 78.9% of job satisfaction was explained by work life balance (sig-0.000). Except job autonomy, work to family interference, family to work interference, work stress, life stress and work load were negatively correlated with job satisfaction. 82.7% of job satisfaction was explained by the total variables of work life balance of the model according to multiple regression analysis. Conclusion of the Study It is concluded that there was negative relationship between work life balance and job satisfaction of the non executives in the public banking sector in Colombo district. The bank management has to introduce various strategies to reduce the conflicts of work life of non executives for the purpose of getting maximum contribution. Keywords: Work Life Balance, Work/Life Stress, Work Load, Job Autonomy

Utilization of Immediate Post-Partum Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device and Associated Factors: A Facility based Cross Sectional Study among Mothers Delivered at Public Health Facilities of Sidama Zone, South Ethiopia

Background: Insertion of an Intra Uterine device (IUD) immediately after delivery have a proven record of very high effectiveness, protection against unintended pregnancy, cost effectiveness, suitability and high user satisfaction. Despite these benefits, information on Post-Partum Intra Uterine device (PPIUD) acceptance and utilization was limited in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess postpartum intra uterine contraceptive device utilization and its associated factors among mothers delivered in selected facilities found in South Ethiopia. Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted in two health facilities providing PPIUD insertion service (Yirgalem hospital and Bursa health center). Data were collected using structured questionnaire among 310 selected women. Frequency tables and graphs were used to describe the study variables. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis methods were used to identify factors associated with postpartum intrauterine device use. Variables with P-value of <0.05 with 95% CI were used to declare statistical significance. Results: Postpartum intra uterine contraceptive device use within 48 h of delivery was 21.6% while 38% of the respondents were interested in using PPIUD. Only 22.8% of participant mothers were counselled during ANC, labor and postpartum period. Mother who do not have a plan to have another child [AOR=2.36, 95% CI, (1.25, 4.47)], undecided plan to have another child [AOR=0.17, 95% CI, (0.05, 0.58)], mothers who did not heard [AOR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.41 (0.20, 0.83)] and not counselled about PPIUD [AOR=0.17, 95% CI: 0.17 (0.06, 0.52)] were associated with PPIUD utilization. Conclusion: Despite more than one-third of participants were accepted PPIUD, the actual utilization was low. Most mothers were not counselled during the important contact points through the whole cascade of pregnancy. Program managers need to develop strategies to raise pregnant mother awareness on PPIUCD through media sources. This study also highlights, the need to improve and integrate standard PPIUD counselling scheme during FANC, labor and postpartum period.

Participação eletrônica e suas relações com governo eletrônico, efetividade governamental e accountability

Resumo No alvorecer do século XXI, os modelos tradicionais já não conseguem dar respostas satisfatórias às demandas da sociedade, precipitando uma nova reinvenção do Estado. Esse período corresponde, por um lado, à emergência de modernas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), ubíquas e interativas. Por outro lado, essa fase é marcada pela crescente fragmentação do poder estatal, em paralelo com o aumento proporcional de regimes democráticos no mundo. Nesse contexto, emerge a “Governança Responsiva”, modelo orientado por princípios de responsabilização, transparência e participação, no qual a efetividade se vincula a seu atributo-chave: a responsividade. Portanto, torna-se fundamental aprofundar o entendimento dessa mudança de paradigma, em particular no que tange ao papel desempenhado pelo governo. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as relações entre a participação eletrônica e três aspectos-chave: governo eletrônico, efetividade governamental e responsabilização dos agentes públicos (accountability). Para tanto, lançou-se mão de uma abordagem dedutiva e objetiva da qual derivou uma estratégia de trabalho de natureza quantitativa, com emprego do método de análise bivariada denominado correlação linear de Pearson. Em suma, constatou-se que altos índices de desenvolvimento do governo eletrônico estão correlacionados a altos índices de participação eletrônica. Além disso, verificou-se que quanto mais elevado o nível de participação eletrônica, mais elevado o nível de efetividade governamental e também de responsabilização dos agentes públicos.

English

This study investigates the building culture of migrant fishermen of the Ijo ethnic origin in Nigeria, who undertake prolonged sojourns in other communities as part of their livelihood. The study focuses on migrant fishermen and their socio-economic role as migrant workers. The aim of this study is to investigate if Ijo migrant fishermen operate a similar migrant labour ideology based on remittance theories as other migrant workers who invest in building houses back in their sending communities. This study adopts a mixed methods approach of quantitative and qualitative techniques in data analysis. It uses bivariate analysis method via statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to examine the relationships between variables such as length of stay in Diaspora, income, size of family, age and frequency of visit back home, on the building-back-home culture of these fishermen. In addition, content analysis was used to examine interview narratives to reveal other possible factors affecting their building-back-home culture. Results show that some relationships exists between two of the variables and the need to build back home. In addition, other socio-economic variables such as family demands, traditional credit systems and policy and tax issues that could affect the building-back-home culture of these fishermen were also observed. Key words: Migrant labour, home, migrant fishermen, building culture, houses.

Multiplexed Component Analysis to Identify Genes Contributing to the Immune Response during Acute SIV Infection

Immune response genes play an important role during acute HIV and SIV infection. Using an SIV macaque model of AIDS and CNS disease, our overall goal was to assess how the expression of genes associated with immune and inflammatory responses are longitudinally changed in different organs or cells during SIV infection. To compare RNA expression of a panel of 88 immune-related genes across time points and among three tissues – spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) – we designed a set of Nanostring probes. To identify significant genes during acute SIV infection and to investigate whether these genes are tissue-specific or have global roles, we introduce a novel multiplexed component analysis (MCA) method. This combines multivariate analysis methods with multiple preprocessing methods to create a set of 12 “judges”; each judge emphasizes particular types of change in gene expression to which cells could respond, for example, the absolute or relative size of expression change from baseline. Compared to bivariate analysis methods, our MCA method improved classification rates. This analysis allows us to identify three categories of genes: (a) consensus genes likely to contribute highly to the immune response; (b) genes that would contribute highly to the immune response only if certain assumptions are met – e.g. that the cell responds to relative expression change rather than absolute expression change; and (c) genes whose contribution to immune response appears to be modest. We then compared the results across the three tissues of interest; some genes are consistently highly-contributing in all tissues, while others are specific for certain tissues. Our analysis identified CCL8, CXCL10, CXCL11, MxA, OAS2, and OAS1 as top contributing genes, all of which are stimulated by type I interferon. This suggests that the cytokine storm during acute SIV infection is a systemic innate immune response against viral replication. Furthermore, these genes have approximately equal contributions to all tissues, making them possible candidates to be used as non-invasive biomarkers in studying PBMCs instead of MLN and spleen during acute SIV infection experiments. We identified clusters of genes that co-vary together and studied their correlation with regard to other gene clusters. We also developed novel methods to faithfully visualize multi-gene correlations on two-dimensional polar plots, and to visualize tissue specificity of gene expression responses.

Asthma outcomes in children and adolescents with multiple morbidities: Findings from the National Health Interview Survey

More Americans are managing multiple chronic conditions (MCCs), and trends are particularly alarming in youth. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and distribution of 9 chronic conditions in children and adolescents with and without asthma, and adverse asthma outcomes associated with having MCCs. Cross-sectional interview data from the National Health Interview Survey were analyzed (N = 66,790) between 2007 and 2012 in youth 0 to 17 years of age. Bivariate analysis methods and multivariate generalized linear regression were used to examine associations. Five percent of children with asthma had 1 or more coexisting health conditions. The prevalence of 1 or more comorbidities was greater among those with asthma than those without (5.07% [95% CI: 4.5-5.6] vs. 2.73% [95% CI: 2.6-2.9]). Those with asthma were twice as likely to have co-occurring hypertension (prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.2 [95% CI: 1.5-3.2]) and arthritis (PR = 2.7 [95% CI: 1.8-4.0]) compared with those without asthma. Every additional chronic condition with asthma was associated with a greater likelihood of an asthma attack (PR = 1.1 [95% CI: 1.0-1.2]), all-cause emergency department visits (PR = 1.3 [95% CI: 1.1-1.5]), and missed school days (PR = 2.3 [95% CI: 1.7-3.2]). Children and adolescents with asthma in the US who suffer from MCCs have increased asthma symptoms, missed school days, and all-cause emergency department visits. Further research on optimal management strategies for this group is needed.

Bivariate Calibration Method vs. HPLC and Derivative Spectroscopy for Simultaneous Determination of Binary Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations: A study on Prifinium Bromide/Paracetamol and Amoxicillin/Potassium Clavulanate

Bivariate analysis method has been applied to quantify binary combination of prifinium bromide/paracetamol and amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate. The method was tested for linearity, recovery, specificity and was found fast, precise, and free from interferences. The elaborated method for the two combinations was compared to validated HPLC-UV methods. The bivariate assay was used to quantify prifinium bromide/paracetamol and amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate in drug formulation samples. The results are in good agreement of the labeled contents. Statistical analysis using student's t-test and F-test showed no significant differences between the results obtained by bivariate method and HPLC method in commercial drug samples. The bivariate method is simple, time saving, sensitive, and versatile and could effectively be an alternative method to HPLC.

Land subsidence susceptibility mapping at Kinta Valley (Malaysia) using the evidential belief function model in GIS

Land subsidence is one of the frequent geological hazards worldwide. Urban areas and agricultural industries are the entities most affected by the consequences of land subsidence. The main objective of this study was to estimate the land subsidence (sinkhole) hazards at the Kinta Valley of Perak, Malaysia, using geographic information system and remote sensing techniques. To start, land subsidence locations were observed by surveying measurements using GPS and using the tabular data, which were produced as coordinates of each sinkhole incident. Various land subsidence conditioning factors were used such as altitude, slope, aspect, lithology, distance from the fault, distance from the river, normalized difference vegetation index, soil type, stream power index, topographic wetness index, and land use/cover. In this article, a data-driven technique of an evidential belief function (EBF), which is in the category of multivariate statistical analysis, was used to map the land subsidence-prone areas. The frequency ratio (FR) was performed as an efficient bivariate statistical analysis method in order compare it with the acquired results from the EBF analysis. The probability maps were acquired and the results of the analysis validated by the area under the (ROC) curve using the testing land subsidence locations. The results indicated that the FR model could produce a 71.16 % prediction rate, while the EBF showed better prediction accuracy with a rate of 73.63 %. Furthermore, the success rate was measured and accuracies of 75.30 and 79.45 % achieved for FR and EBF, respectively. These results can produce an understanding of the nature of land subsidence as well as promulgate public awareness of such geo-hazards to decrease human and economic losses.

Factors associated with prehospital delay in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction in China

BackgroundPrehospital delay is the most critical factor to prognosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Few study had examined a series of predictors of prehospital delay by multivariate analysis of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, onset features, and symptom condition of STEMI in China. MethodsA total of 1088 hospitalized STEMI participants were screened to collect sociodemographic data, medical history information, and symptom onset status from clinical medical records. Factors associated with prehospital delay were examined using bivariate and multivariate analysis method. ResultsThe median prehospital delay time (PDT) was 130 minutes in STEMI participants. Multivariate regression models examining 8 predictors were associated with prehospital delay, including senior high school or above educational level, myocardial infarction (MI) history, vertigo onset symptom, ambulance transportation, onset in daytime (6:00-18:00), onset at home, anterior wall MI, and posterior wall MI. Mortality in PDT more than 120 minutes group was 5.5%, whereas it was 4.3% in PDT 120 minutes of less group without significant statistically difference (P > .05). ConclusionsMultivariate analysis results found that symptom onset–related variables strongly influenced PDT. Onset-related status of STEMI needed to be combined into interventions of participants, and more emergency education should be recommended to both participants and their relatives. Most importantly, more efforts should be taken to educate the public about the symptoms and signs to increase the recognition of STEMI.

Association Between Addiction Treatment Staff Professional and Educational Levels and Perceptions of Organizational Climate and Resources

ABSTRACT. Background: Research studies have identified addiction treatment staff who have higher levels of education as having more positive attitudes about evidence-based treatment practices, science-based training, and the usefulness of evidence-based practices. This study examined associations between addiction treatment staff level of education and their perceptions of 3 measures of organizational change: organizational stress, training resources and staffing resources in their treatment unit. Methods: The sample included 588 clinical staff from community-based substance abuse treatment organizations who received Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) funding (2003–2008) to implement evidence-based practices (EBPs). Bivariate analysis and regression modeling methods examined the relationship between staff education level (no high school education, high school education, some college, associate's degree, bachelor's degree, master's degree, doctoral degree, and other type of degree such as medical assistant, registered nurse [RN], or postdoctoral) and attitudes about organizational climate (stress), training resources, and staffing resources while controlling for staff and treatment unit characteristics. Results: Multivariable models identified staff with lower levels of education as having significantly more positive attitudes about their unit's organizational capacity. These results contradict findings that addiction treatment staff with higher levels of education work in units with greater levels of organizational readiness for change. Conclusion: It cannot be inferred that higher levels of education among treatment staff is necessarily associated with high levels of organizational readiness for change.

Evaluating of Bivariate Statistical Analysis Method, by using GIS in Dez Olya Basin

Evaluating of Bivariate Statistical Analysis Method, by using GIS in Dez Olya Basin