Bit Error Rate Measurements Research Articles

Error performance analysis for OOK modulated optical camera communication systems

Integrating image sensors’ imaging capabilities into the receiver for visible light communication is a prominent characteristic of optical camera communication (OCC). However, the exposure effect during imaging distorts received waveforms and introduces inter-symbol interference (ISI), leading to decreased OCC reliability. This paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the impact of image sensor exposure effects on the error performance of OCC systems. Analytical expressions of the pixel signal-to-interference and noise ratio (PSINR) are derived using the pulse response function (PRF) for an on-off keying (OOK) modulated OCC system with varying exposure times. Furthermore, the bit error rate (BER) performance is evaluated analytically using PSINR, and a straightforward BER measurement scheme is proposed for experimental validation. Results from analyses and experiments conducted under different exposure times indicate that longer exposures lead to increased ISI and decreased PSINR, thereby increasing the error probability of data demodulation. Additionally, a combined impact of noise and exposure on OCC system reliability is observed, highlighting noise-limited and interference-limited characteristics under low and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, respectively. By utilizing PSINR as a bridge, this paper precisely analyzes OCC system reliability under exposure effects, laying a theoretical foundation for system design and optimization.

Sub-6 GHz beamforming with low-cost software-defined radio: Design, testing, and performance evaluation

The rapid evolution of mobile communication systems has led to the introduction of novel technologies and techniques that address existing challenges, such as interference caused by multiple users and transmission through the millimetre-wave band. In this paper, we present a novel approach that utilises a low-cost software defined radio (SDR) unit to enable transmitting and receiving beamforming in the sub-6 GHz band. We provide a detailed account of the underlying concepts and background of beamforming and SDR, outline the design of multiple components, and report on the comprehensive testing and verification of a real-life prototype using over-the-air (OTA) methods. Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves outstanding performance, with measurements of bit error rate (BER) that outperform existing solutions. In summary, this work contributes to the ongoing efforts to enhance mobile communication systems by providing an innovative, high-performance solution that is cost-effective and reliable using SDR technology in the sub-6 GHz band.

A 27-MHz frequency shift keying wireless system resilient to in-band interference for wireless sensing applications

<span lang="EN-US">A 27-MHz wireless system with binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) modulation at 400-kHz is reported. The receiver has been designed to handle in-band interference corrupting the BFSK signal with the use of complex filters and amplitude comparison method. The BFSK modulation is carried out with a voltage-controlled oscillator before up-converting with a 27-MHz local oscillator. The bipolar junction transistors (BJT-based) power amplifier with 30% efficiency pumps 220 mW into a spiral antenna. The inductive-degenerated low-noise amplifier with a voltage of more than 30 dB amplifies an incoming signal before feeding into a mixer for complex direct down conversion. With deliberate Gaussian interference injection, the minimum ratios between the signal with interference and the interference only at the distance of 2.5, 10 and 15 m are 3.3, 8.5 and 11.5 dB, respectively at a maximum data rate of 20 kbps. Without any interference included, the system can achieve a data rate of 40 kbps at the maximum transmission distance of 15 m. Conceptually agreed with the presented bit-error-rate (BER) analysis, the BER measurements with Gaussian and single-tone/two-tone in-band interferences also confirm superiority offered by the amplitude comparison method where the signal-to-noise ratio is at 1 dB for BER=10<sup>-3</sup> at 10 kbps (10 dB better than the phase detection counterpart).</span>

92 Mb/s Fat-Intrabody Communication (Fat-IBC) With Low-Cost WLAN Hardware.

The human subcutaneous fat layer, skin and muscle together act as a waveguide for microwave transmissions and provide a low-loss communication medium for implantable and wearable body area networks (BAN). In this work, fat-intrabody communication (Fat-IBC) as a human body-centric wireless communication link is explored. To reach a target 64 Mb/s inbody communication, wireless LAN in the 2.4 GHz band was tested using low-cost Raspberry Pi single-board computers. The link was characterized using scattering parameters, bit error rate (BER) for different modulation schemes, and IEEE 802.11n wireless communication using inbody (implanted) and onbody (on the skin) antenna combinations. The human body was emulated by phantoms of different lengths. All measurements were done in a shielded chamber to isolate the phantoms from external interference and to suppress unwanted transmission paths. The BER measurements show that, except when using dual on-body antennas with longer phantoms, the Fat-IBC link is very linear and can handle modulations as complex as 512-QAM without any significant degradation of the BER. For all antenna combinations and phantoms lengths, link speeds of 92 Mb/s were achieved using 40 MHz bandwidth provided by the IEEE 802.11n standard in the 2.4 GHz band. This speed is most likely limited by the used radio circuits, not the Fat-IBC link. The results show that Fat-IBC, using low-cost off-the-shelf hardware and established IEEE 802.11 wireless communication, can achieve high-speed data communication within the body. The obtained data rate is among the fastest measured with intrabody communication.

Compact MIMO System Performances in Metallic Enclosures

In this work, we present a 2 × 2 near-field multi-input multiple-output (MIMO) prototype for bit-error-rate (BER) and error vector magnitude (EVM) measurements in a metal enclosure. The near-field MIMO prototype was developed using software-defined-radios (SDRs) for over-the-air transmission of QPSK modulated baseband waveforms. We checked the near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements in three different scenarios in a highly reflecting metal enclosure environment. In the first scenario, the line-of-sight (LOS) communication link was investigated when the mode stirrer was stationary. In the stationary channel conditions, near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements are performed. In the second scenario, BER and EVM measurements were performed in dynamic channel conditions when the mode stirrer was set to move continuously. In the third scenario, LOS communication near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements were performed in stationary channel conditions but now in the presence of MIMO interference. In three different scenarios, near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements were investigated at different Tx USRP gain values and in the presence of varying levels of MIMO interference.

PAPR Reduction Techniques and Their BIT Error Rate Measurement at OFDM in LTE System

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has become an indispensable part of waveform generation in wideband digital communication since its first appearance in digital audio broadcasting (DAB)and it is indeed in use. These descriptions are simplified version of the detailed descriptions provided by 3gpp. It is a superior technology for the high-speed data rate of wire-line and wireless communication systems. The OFDM has many advantages over other techniques such as its high capacity and immunity against multipath fading channels. However ,one of the main drawbacks of the OFDM system is the high-peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) that leads the system to produce in-band distortion and out-of-band radiation because of the non-linearity and reduces its efficiency is the distortion of the signal caused at the High Power Amplifier (HPA) of a transmitter . Therefore, it is highly desirable to reduce the PAPR of an OFDM signal. For this, numerous techniques have been proposed to overcome the PAPR problem such as i) selective mapping(SLM) ii) partial transmit sequence (PTS), iii) clipping, iv) clipping and filtering. In this paper, the PTS technique was analytically reviewed as one of the important methods to reduce the high PAPR problem. Simulations are used to analyze the efficiency of the techniques used which signifies OFDM to be providing much better PAPR reduction and a better Bit Error Rate (BER) . From simulation results clipping method shows good PAPR reduction with significant amount of BER degradation. Clipping and filtering method shows slight increase in PAPR with small degradation in BER performance than Clipping method and both methods are computationally less complex. PTS provides good PAPR reduction with high computational complexity.

True differential superconducting on-chip output amplifier *

The true-differential superconductor on-chip amplifier has complementary outputs that float with respect to chip ground. This improves signal integrity and compatibility with the receiving semiconductor stage. Both source-terminated and non-source-terminated designs producing 4 mV demonstrated rejection of a large common mode interference in the package. Measured margins are ±8.5% on the output bias, and ±28% on AC clock amplitude. Waveforms and eye diagrams are taken at 2.9–10 Gb . Direct measurement of bit-error rates are better than the resolution limit of at 2.9 Gb , and better than at 10 Gb .

Measurement and data-assisted simulation of bit error rate in RQL circuits

A circuit-simulation-based method is used to determine the thermally-induced bit error rate of superconducting Single Flux Quantum logic circuits. Simulations are used to evaluate the multidimensional Gaussian integral across noise current sources attached to the active devices. The method is data-assisted and has predictive power. Measurement determines the value of a single parameter, effective noise bandwidth, for each error mechanism. The errors in the distributed networks of comparator-free Reciprocal Quantum Logic nucleate across multiple Josephson junctions, so the effective critical current is about three times that of the individual devices. The effective noise bandwidth is only 6%–23% of the junction plasma frequency at a modest clock rate of 3.4 GHz, which is 1% of the plasma frequency. This analysis shows the ways measured bit error rate comes out so much lower than simplistic estimates based on isolated devices.

A Bit-Error Rate Measurement and Error Analysis of Wireline Data Transmission using Current Source Model for Single Event Effect under Irradiation Environment

A Bit-Error Rate Measurement and Error Analysis of Wireline Data Transmission using Current Source Model for Single Event Effect under Irradiation Environment

Experimental Assessment of the Transmission Performance of Step Index Polymer Optical Fibers Using a Green Laser Diode.

Large-core polymer optical fiber (POF) links have limitations in capacity and reach due to the fibers’ high modal dispersion and attenuation. Most of these links use red laser diodes, even though the attenuation spectrum of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), the basic polymer used to manufacture these fibers, has a lower minimum in the green region. Therefore, we set out to explore the potential use of green light in transmission systems, comparing the performances of three step-index polymer optical fibers (SI-POFs) with different numerical apertures. We obtained measurements of intensity distribution, frequency response and bit error rate (BER), as functions of fiber length. We have also compared the fibers’ frequency responses with red and green light for a few selected lengths. Our results confirm that SI-POFs attenuate less in response to green light, which can increase their length. This advantage is partially counterbalanced by a slightly higher dispersion that limits the capacity of the high-aperture fibers, particularly at relatively short lengths. Our conclusions are critical to understanding SI-POF behavior and to designing thorough SI-POF models that can aid the design of POF-based links for different scenarios.

Design and Performance Analysis of THz Wireless Communication Systems for Chip-to-Chip and Personal Area Networks Applications

Terahertz (THz) communication is a promising technique for chip-to-chip communication and wireless personal area networks. In this paper, we present an experimental study and design to realize such THz communication systems. We develop two different chip sets for on-off-keying (OOK) modulation based THz transceivers which include carrier generators, modulators, THz amplifiers, and baseband amplifiers. Specifically, the first chip set integrates the circuit blocks for the OOK modulation without the THz amplifier for short-range communication. In addition, the second chip set design includes the THz amplifier modules to extend the coverage of transmission. For these two chip sets, we experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of the wireless communication at THz frequency bands and assess performance using the bit error rate (BER) analysis. We estimate the BER by calculating the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based on the eye diagram and compare with actual BER measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. We also address the impact of the distance, the transmit power, and the data rate for the proposed THz transceivers based on the link budget analysis, and confirm the accuracy of the derived BER expression.

Physical Layer Authentication Based on BER Measurement of Optical Fiber Channel

Physical layer authentication is an important way to ensure the security of optical communication network. We hereby propose a scheme to realize it by measuring the variation of the bit error rate (BER) on both sides of communication. In this scheme, the legitimacy of the receiver is identified by analyzing the BER variation of the optical fiber loop based on the short-term correlation of the channels. We then simulate a 16 PSK optical transmission system with intensity modulation direct detection-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (IMDD-OFDM). The authentication effect is analyzed in the case of disturbance and beam split, as well as replacement of optical fiber channels caused by eavesdropper (Eve). The results show that this scheme is sensitive to the three kinds of attacks. A high probability of detection (PD) and a low false alarm rate (FAR) can be obtained. The experimental results show that with the increase of the frequency test, PD and FAR tend to be stable, and the authentication effect is better with the accuracy rate 100%.

Secure Key Distribution System Based on Optical Channel Physical Features

This paper proposes a novel key distribution system based on the measurement of the bit error rate (BER) in a fiber channel. By carrying out the loopback BER measurement at both the transmitting and the receiving end, the BER is quantified and codified to generate consistency keys. Alice and Bob respectively encrypt the signal with the help of the public key base at the transmitting end. At the receiving end the data are decrypted and then the BER is measured. The security of generated keys in the system is enhanced by the use of the encryption base and the randomness of the channel. Additionally, noise sources are added to the channel so that the random noise conceals signals and Eve cannot eavesdrop the useful information in it. Due to the randomness of the channel noise, the generated keys have good randomness. This system at a high key generation rate is compatible with the existing communication device and its measurement is simple. The 10G bit/s-200 km coherent optical communication system is used to measure the BER of the security feature information of the extracted channel. The experimental results show that the key distribution system obtains a consistency rate of 98% with the key generation rate 2 Mbps, both of which have been significantly improved.

Ultra-low power all-optical wavelength conversion of high-speed data signals in high-confinement AlGaAs-on-insulator microresonators

Wavelength conversion technology is imperative for the future high-speed all-optical network. Nonlinear four-wave mixing (FWM) has been used to demonstrate such functionality in various integrated platforms because of their potential for the realization of a chip-scale, fully integrated wavelength converter. Until now, waveguide-based wavelength conversion on a chip requires a pump power beyond the reach of available on-chip lasers. Although high-quality factor (Q) microresonators can be utilized to enhance the FWM efficiency, their narrow resonance linewidths severely limit the maximal data rate in wavelength conversion. In this work, combining the ultrahigh effective nonlinearity from a high-confinement aluminum gallium arsenide waveguide and field enhancement from a microring resonator with a broad resonance linewidth, we realize all-optical wavelength conversion of a 10-Gbaud data signal by using a pump power, for the first time, at a submilliwatt level. With such a low operation power requirement, a fully integrated high-speed wavelength converter is envisioned for the future all-optical network. The waveguide cross-sectional dimension is engineered in a submicron scale to enhance the light confinement, which pushes the device effective nonlinearity to 720 W−1 m−1 while maintaining a broad operation bandwidth covering the telecom S-, C-, and L-bands. Moreover, we demonstrate that a single microring resonator is capable of handling a high-speed data signal at a baud rate up to 40 Gbit/s. All the wavelength conversion experiments are validated with bit-error rate measurements.

Four-dimensional trellis-coded modulation using sphere packing non-cubic constellations

In the paper, we introduce the 8-state trellis-coded modulation (TCM) scheme using sphere packing four-dimensional (4D) non-cubic constellations on the basis of a novel set-partitioning (SP) method. Sphere packing four-dimensional formats have a higher asymptotic power efficiency (APE) because the spatial arrangement of constellation points is more dense. The scheme can further alleviate the contradiction between spectral efficiency (SE) and APE in 4D modulation format. The SP process of 4D non-cubic constellations is completed in the condition that the minimum Euclidean distance between the constellation points and the number of nearest neighbors are adequately considered. We compared these 4D TCM formats to their corresponding 4D formats (i.e., dicyclic4_16, b4_32, b4_64, SP-QAM4_128 and 256-D4) in the 800 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) transmission system. Through measurements of bit error rate (BER) performance, at the BER = 1 × 10−3, the coding gains are 5.7 dB, 3.8 dB, 3.6 dB, 3.9 dB and 4.1 dB respectively.

Integration of millimeter-wave and optical link for duplex transmission of hierarchically modulated signal over a single carrier and fiber for future 5G communication systems

Integration of optical and millimeter-wave systems provide a promising solution for future giga-bits per second wireless communication systems. We have proposed and simulated full-duplex transmission of a hierarchically modulated signal carrying data for two different users at a combined rate of 1.5 Gbps. Analogue modulation of the optical carrier is used for the transmission of downlink data while the same carrier is re-used by digitally modulating it with the uplink data. The use of optical analogue and digital modulation schemes allow the transmission of duplex data over a single optical fiber. A millimeter-wave channel $$\hbox {NYUSIM}\_{\mathrm{v1}}\_4$$ is integrated with the optical link. The performance of the downlink and uplink signals are evaluated in terms of error vector magnitude and bit-error rate measurements, respectively. The effect of fiber length, received optical power and data rates on the performance has also been evaluated. It is shown that for a fiber length of 10 km, the lowest error vector magnitude obtained for the hierarchically modulated signal after transmission through a 14 m millimeter-wave link is 9.5%.

70 Gb/s Low-Power DC-Coupled NRZ Differential Electro-Absorption Modulator Driver in 55 nm SiGe BiCMOS

We present a 70 Gb/s capable optical transmitter consisting of a 50 $\mu$ m long GeSi electro-absorption modulator (integrated in silicon photonics) and a fully differential driver designed in a 55 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. By properly unbalancing the output stage, the driver can be dc-coupled to the modulator thus avoiding the use of on-chip or external bias-Ts. At a wavelength of 1560 nm, open eye diagrams for 70 Gb/s after transmission over 2 km standard single-mode fiber were demonstrated. The total power consumption is 61 mW, corresponding to 0.87 pJ/b at 70 Gb/s. Bit-error rate measurements at 50 Gb/s and 56 Gb/s (performed both back to back and with up to 2 km standard single-mode fiber) demonstrate large (0.4 UI at a BER of $10^{-12}$ ) horizontal eye margins. This optical transmitter is ideally suited for datacenter applications that require densely integrated transceivers with a low power consumption.

Performance evaluation of perfect optical vortices transmission in an underwater optical communication system.

In this paper, we experimentally evaluated the performance of underwater optical communications using 1Mbit/s on-off keying signals of perfect optical vortices. Perfect optical vortices generated by Fourier transformation of the Bessel-Gaussian beam are propagated through a 2.6m underwater medium and affected by various water conditions such as stagnant water, water flow, temperature difference, and air bubbles, so beam wander and fluctuation of the signal are studied. Air bubbles have the maximum effect on signal fluctuations and beam wanders. Measurement of the system bit error rate (BER) based on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for these situations matches the results of wandering and fluctuations. The system BER is studied for different values of SNR, and its value is more degraded due to the air bubbles.

Development of a Non-Invasive On-Chip Interconnect Health Sensing Method Based on Bit Error Rates.

Electronic products and systems are widely used in industrial network systems, control devices, and data acquisition devices across many industry sectors. Failures of such electronic systems might lead to unexpected downtime, loss of productivity, additional work for repairs, and delay in product and service development. Thus, developing an appropriate sensing technique is necessary, because it is the first step in system fault diagnosis and prognosis. Many sensing techniques often require external and additional sensing devices, which might disturb system operation and consequently increase operating costs. In this study, we present an on-chip health sensing method for non-destructive and non-invasive interconnect degradation detection. Bit error rate (BER), which represents data integrity during digital signal transmission, was selected to sense interconnect health without connecting external sensing devices. To verify the health sensing performance, corrosion tests were conducted with in situ monitoring of the BER and direct current (DC) resistance. The eye size, extracted from the BER measurement, showed the highest separation between the intact and failed interconnect, as well as a gradual transition, compared with abrupt changes in the DC resistance, during interconnect degradation. These experimental results demonstrate the potential of the proposed sensing method for on-chip interconnect health monitoring applications without disturbing system operation.

Real-time PAM4 fiber-IVLLC and fiber-wireless hybrid system with a parallel/orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength scheme

A real-time four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) fiber-invisible laser light communication (IVLLC) and fiber-wireless hybrid system with parallel/orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength scheme is proposed and practically demonstrated. Real-time measurement of the PAM4 bit error rate (BER) is adopted to avoid the complex offline calculation by MATLAB. To our understanding, this study is the first to construct successfully a real-time PAM4 fiber-IVLLC and fiber-wireless hybrid system with parallel/orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength scheme. Through PAM4 signal modulation, parallel/orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength scheme, and fiber-IVLLC/fiber-wireless hybrid architecture, the total transmission capacities of systems are enhanced to eight times. With an in-depth investigation in this real-time PAM4 fiber-IVLLC and fiber-wireless hybrid system, BER, and eye diagrams are observed to perform impressively over the 25-km single-mode fiber transmission with 100-m free-space link/5-m RF wireless transmission. This real-time PAM4 fiber-IVLLC and fiber-wireless hybrid system reveals a notable one not only owing to its advancement in the incorporation of fiber-based backhaul and optical/RF wireless-based extender, but also owing to its advantage in the communication link for providing higher transmission capacities.