Migration Of Bisphenol Research Articles

Spectrophotometric determination of bisphenol A in beverages using multi-dispersion calibration

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that may be present in plastics and coatings of food and beverage packages. In this regard, the World Health Organization recommends the maximum migration of BPA to foodstuffs as < 0.6 mg kg−1. Analytical BPA determination procedures have been based on chromatographic techniques, which generate waste with organic solvents. Alternatively, proposed spectrophotometric procedures have often shown high detection limits for foodstuffs analysis, requiring pre-concentration prior to determination. The analysis of beverages is susceptible to interferences because of their complex formulation comprising dyes and sugars, for example, that hinder spectrophotometric determinations. Multi-signal calibrations are powerful tools used to minimize matrix effects, and recently, they have proven efficient when performed in flow analysis systems, denominated as multi-dispersion calibration (MDC). This work proposes a multi-pumping flow system for the spectrophotometric determination of BPA based on the reaction with sulfanilamide (used for the first time) after diazotization to yield a compound with an absorption maximum at 446 nm. After the optimization of the main parameters, a linear response was observed between 0.25 and 10 mg L−1. The detection limit (by external calibration), coefficient of variation (n = 20), and determination rate were estimated at 0.11 mg L−1, 4.0 %, and 33 h−1, respectively. The MDC was exploited to analyze beverage samples to minimize interferences, especially due to dyes and sucrose. The detection limit estimated for this method was 0.057 mg L−1. Recoveries from 84 to 114 % and the agreement of comparative analysis of the samples with the reference procedure (at the 95% confidence level) demonstrated the accuracy of the proposed procedure. Therefore, the developed alternative is reliable with proper sensitivity and minimum sample preparation for the spectrophotometric determination of BPA in beverages.

Determination of Diffusion Coefficients of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) to Estimate Migration of BPA from Recycled PET into Foods

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a known substance that is found in food contact materials as an intentionally added as well as a non-intentionally added substance. Traces of BPA were found as a non-intentionally added substance in recycled PET (rPET). In 2023, the EFSA proposed a new TDI of 0.0002 µg/kg bw/d, which is lower than the previous (temporary) TDI of 4 µg/kg bw/d by a factor of 20,000. The TDI of 0.0002 µg/kg bw/d would translate for a default 60 kg person eating one kilogram of food into a migration limit of 0.012 µg/kg in the food. This very low migration limit is a challenge to measuring BPA levels in food. A solution is to use migration modeling to establish maximum concentrations in rPET for different food contact applications. Precise diffusion coefficients for BPA in PET were determined within this study by use of migration kinetics. In June 2024, the European Commission proposed a new migration threshold limit for BPA of 1 µg/kg, which should be understood as a detection limit. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that a BPA concentration in the PET bottle wall of 297 mg/kg (3% acetic acid), 255 mg/kg (10% ethanol), and 192 mg/kg (20% ethanol) after storage for 365 d at 25 °C is in compliance with the migration threshold limit of 1 µg/kg. These maximum concentrations are far above the measured BPA concentrations on rPET bottles in Europe between 2019 and 2023. Therefore, the new proposed migration threshold limit for BPA cannot be exceeded.

A Comparative Review on Bisphenol A Sources, Environmental Levels, Migration, and Health Impacts in India and Global Context

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely utilized chemical found in numerous everyday products, including plastic containers, food packaging, and thermal paper. Research has linked BPA exposure to a range of health concerns, encompassing developmental and reproductive issues, cancer, and obesity. Given India's status as one of the world's largest producers and consumers of plastic goods, understanding the potential risks associated with BPA exposure and its health impacts on the Indian population is of paramount importance. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of BPA sources, environmental levels, migration, and health impacts in India in comparison to other countries. By examining data from various nations, we aim to discern overarching trends and patterns in BPA exposure and its associated health effects. This analysis serves as a foundation for the development of policies and regulations designed to safeguard public health. While the Indian government has taken some regulatory steps, such as banning the production, import, and sale of BPA-containing polycarbonate baby bottles, there is a notable absence of specific regulations or bans on BPA in other food-contact materials (FCMs). Studies conducted in India have detected BPA in various food items, underscoring the potential risk of BPA exposure through food consumption. This emphasizes the urgent need for effective monitoring and control of BPA migration in FCMs within India. In conclusion, this comparative review underscores the imperative for ongoing research and rigorous monitoring of BPA exposure and its health impacts in India, as well as in other nations. Safeguarding the health of the general public necessitates a comprehensive understanding of BPA's prevalence, sources, and consequences. By implementing and refining regulations, such as extending bans on BPA in additional FCMs, policymakers can work towards mitigating the risks associated with BPA exposure and ensuring the safety of populations worldwide.

Simultaneous development and validation of an HPLC-UV method for the analysis of bisphenol A in Moroccan extra virgin olive oil stored in plastic bottles

This study explores the migration of Bisphenol A (BPA) from plastic packaging to Moroccan extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), a key Mediterranean diet component. Assessing the impact of plastic containers on olive oil quality and safety, the research investigates the influence of olive oil acidity on BPA release using an HPLC-UV method. Despite BPA’s known environmental and health risks, detectable levels persist in human samples, emphasizing the need for strict control. Examining 30 olive oil samples from the Beni Mellal-Khenifra region stored in plastic bottles, the study revealed BPA levels above the daily intake limits set by EFSA in its latest version (0.2 ng/kg body weight per day), reaching (0.238 ppm) in polycarbonate (PC) bottles and (0.144 ppm) in polyethylene (PE) bottles. It advocates for controlled packaging and highlights the delicate balance between convenience and consumer well-being. The findings call for informed choices in production and storage practices, urging increased scrutiny of food packaging for enhanced public health and regulatory measures.

Molecularly imprinted photopolymers combined with smartphone-based optical sensing for selective detection of bisphenol A in foods.

Bisphenol A (BPA), known for its endocrine-disrupting properties and potential to leach into food products, has led to significant food safety concerns. Therefore, the development of sensitive and selective BPA rapid detection methods is crucial. In this study, molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled to a colorimetric method was adopted for the smartphone-based determination of BPA. The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared via photopolymerization and used as a selective adsorbent material for SPE columns. The solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns with multiple cycles significantly reduced the extraction time to only 30 min. The developed method demonstrates useful sensitivity for BPA (LOD = 30 ppb). Furthermore, BPA migration from plastic packaging was evaluated under different storage conditions, revealing that microwave treatment for 5 min led to BPA release from polycarbonate packaging in juice and basic solutions. The MIP selective extraction/clean-up and smartphone-based optical sensor were successfully applied to BPA standard solutions and complex food samples (e.g., juice and tap water), resulting in reproducible and selective BPA determination (RSD ≤ 6%, n = 3). This rapid and cost-effective method of producing MIPs for BPA offers a promising solution for fast and low-cost sensing for on-site fresh food analysis.

Assessing the Migration of BPA and Phthalic Acid from Take-out Food Containers: Implications for Health and Environmental Sustainability in India

The research investigates the escalating consumption of take-out food in India and the associated health risks stemming from the extensive use of plastic packaging. Through a comprehensive nationwide online survey, the study delved into dietary preferences, frequency of take-out food consumption, delivery service timing, and the types of packaging commonly encountered by Indian consumers. To address these concerns, the research team developed an analytical method to detect Bisphenol A (BPA) and Phthalic acid migration from food-contact materials (FCMs) into various food simulants. The investigation revealed that prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures led to increased migration of BPA and Phthalic acid, particularly in polyethylene pouches using 3% acetic acid as a food simulant, with the highest concentrations observed after 45 minutes of exposure. Additionally, a microbial bioassay demonstrated the mutagenic potential of migrated plasticizers, showcasing significant effects in mammalian systems, particularly under metabolic activation. The study underscores the substantial health risks associated with plastic packaging in take-out food, emphasizing potential implications for consumer health and calling for more extensive research and considerations regarding food packaging materials.

Influence of UV light, ultrasound, and heat treatment on the migration of bisphenol A from polyethylene terephthalate bottle into the food simulant

This research examined the impacts of ultrasound, UV light, storage time, and temperature on the leaching of bisphenol A (BPA) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) drinking water bottles in Turkey. The initial phase of the investigation encompassed the quantification of BPA in two distinct brands of bottled water. Samples were extracted by solid- phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC‐FLD). According to the results in the first part, the highest BPA levels were found in bottled water. In the second part of the study, 10 to 30 min of ultrasound treatment increased the BPA migration with increased time in simulants. In the first and second weeks of storage at 25 °C, the effect of storage on BPA migration was below the detection limit (<LOD) in simulants. However, at 35 °C and 45 °C, BPA concentration increased with increased temperature. According to these results, increasing the storage temperature to 35 °C and 45 °C increased the BPA pass faster than the increase in storage time. When simulants in PET bottles were exposed to UV light for 1 and 6 h, BPA transitions higher from 6 to 1 h was found in simulants. Except for first-brand water samples, the passing of bisphenol A was found to comply with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) criteria in this study.

Estimating the temporal and spatial distribution and threats of bisphenol A in temperate lakes using machine learning models

Bisphenol A (BPA) is easily enriched in many human-disturbed watersheds, particularly lakes with poor water mobility, which is posing a threat to aquatic biota. While previous studies have focused on the concentration of BPA in water and its toxicity to aquatic organisms, a small amount of measured data is not enough to reveal the temporal and spatial distribution and threats of BPA, and estimate the ecological risk in watersheds. Therefore, we collected 164 measured BPA data points from Taihu Lake to develop machine learning models using random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM) and least square regression (LSR) and created month-by-month watershed prediction maps in temperate lakes to estimate the spatiotemporal distribution and threats of BPA. Due to RF's superior robustness to noisy data, the RF model exhibits the best performance among the three algorithms. The RF model showed acceptable predictive performance on the modeling dataset (coefficients of determination and root-mean-square error for the training set were 0.927 and 17.499, respectively, and 0.607, 39.645 for the validation set, respectively). The maps indicated that areas susceptible to anthropogenic activities were more severely polluted by BPA, and rainy climate may favor the migration of BPA to aquatic ecosystems. The model was also applied to predict 42 data points of BPA collected from Dianchi Lake, and the results showed that most predicted data were within a factor of 10 of the measured data, but the prediction accuracy of the model has declined. The ecological risks in the two lakes were evaluated and attention should be paid to the regions with higher risks. Our study provided a novel idea for comprehensive monitoring of an unconventional trace pollutant with endocrine disrupting effects in aquatic ecosystems and analyzing their spatiotemporal distribution, which will contribute to the scientific assessment of the ecological risk of BPA.

Chromatographic methods for the determination of free bisphenol A in technical and food products

The article provides a brief overview of chromatographic methods for the determination of free bisphenol A in technical and food products. Bisphenol A (BPA) is used as a monomer in the production of some plastics and epoxy resins. Free BPA may be present in quantities exceeding acceptable levels in plastic food containers and in food products packaged in these containers. Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of BPA in the air of the working area is 5 mg/m3, which in terms of liquid is 5 µg/dm3. Maximum permissible concentration for the content of BPA in water, in water bodies for domestic, drinking and community water use is 0.1 mg/dm3. In European countries for plastics in contact with food, the BPA migration value is 0.6 mg/kg. Despite the relatively low toxicity of BPA, it can accumulate in the human body and cause harmful effects. To determine BPA in plastic, food products, and biological fluids, gas chromatography with preliminary derivatization by silylation or acylation of the analyte is most often used. Gas chromatographic techniques for direct chromatography on heat-resistant columns have also been developed. A fluorometric detector and a mass spectrometric detector are used as detection devices, along with a flame ionization detector. An alternative method for determination of BPA is HPLC with optical and mass spectrometric detection methods. The TLC method was also developed for the determination of BPA. For the preparation of BPA samples, solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), combined extraction method with acetonitrile separation (QuEChERS) are used.

Nano-Structural Superwetting Surfaces for Highly Reliable On-Site Detection of Bisphenol A.

In the domain of big data geographic screening for environmental pollutants, the expeditious dissemination of testing results to environmental investigation professionals is pivotal in facilitating comprehensive analysis and the implementation of more efficacious strategies for managing environmental issues. However, this endeavor can prove to be particularly arduous when conducting examinations in remote, resource-scarce rural areas and field environments, where deficient infrastructure often emerges as the principal impediment to unimpeded environmental monitoring. Therefore, the development of a reliable and portable monitoring strategy with the ability to analyze large amounts of data is highly required. Here, a deep-learning (DL)-assisted portable sensing strategy was developed based on thermal and pH dual-responsive nano-structural superwetting surfaces, for highly reliable, quick, and field monitoring of environmental pollutants. In our experiment, bisphenol A (BPA) was selected as the representative pollute. The achieved limit of detection, attaining a remarkably low value of 1.05 μM, unequivocally adhered to stringent international testing standards for evaluating the migration of BPA in thermal paper. Based on a DL image classification algorithm, highly precise predictions regarding the migration of BPA concentration were achieved, with an accuracy rate exceeding 99%. Furthermore, it successfully facilitated automated and exceedingly reliable monitoring of the migration of BPA from thermal paper within the principal provinces of thermal paper production in China. This strategy engenders the potential to establish correlations between environmental pollutant concentrations in specific regions and the prevalence of certain human ailments.

Bisphenol a (BPA) emitted from food cans: an evaluation of the effects of dry heating, boiling, storage period, and food type on migration and its potential impact on human health

ABSTRACT Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the main pollutants associated with food hygiene. This study evaluates the health risk of BPA migrated from the inner wall of canned food to its contents. For this purpose, a total of 120 samples of 5 different types of canned food, including tuna fish, oil, beans, tomato paste, and eggplant, were randomly selected from the market of Kermanshah. BPA was analysed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) along with gas chromatography equipped with single quadrupole mass detection (GC-MS). Finally, the results were analysed statistically, and the estimated daily intake and hazard quotient for BPA from consuming 5 varieties of canned food among Iranian consumers were calculated using formulas and functions related to health risk assessment. The results showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the mean concentration of BPA in various canned foods. Generally, boiling and dry heating processes, as well as increasing the storage time above 6 months, cause a significant increase in BPA migration from the inner wall of the can into the canned food. Lastly, it can be concluded that the consumption of each canned food, both separately and simultaneously, is safe in creating non-carcinogenic health risks associated with BPA (HQ < 1). Furthermore, the amount of BPA released cannot harm Iranian consumers’ health since the initial amount of BPA in analysed canned food was low, even after boiling and heating processes for 20 minutes to destroy the botulinum toxin.

Application of the GC-MS method in combination with preliminary solid phase extraction on a magnetic molecular imprinted polymer for the determination of bisphenol A in soils of various types

A method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in combination with pre-concentration on a sorbent with BPA molecular imprints (dosage of sorbent — 50 mg, sorption time — 10 min, pH — 3, desorption with methanol) is used to determine bisphenol A (BPA). The sorbent extracts about 96% of BPA from aqueous solutions with a single sorption and is characterized by a high imprinting factor reaching 7.1. The samples of soils of urbanized territories, as well as typical chernozems and residual carbonate chernozems outside the large cities of the Voronezh region were studied. The limit of BPA detection was 0.07 μg/kg (in terms of dry soil), the range of the linearity of the calibration graph was 0.3 – 35 μg/kg. Determination of bisphenol is hindered by soil contamination with petroleum products, which can be eliminated by washing with heptane. It has been revealed that pH of soils has a significant effect on the BPA migration of along the soil profile. The concentration curves of the BPA distribution over the soil profile up to a depth of 1 m were plotted. The maximum BPA concentrations in the soils of urbanized territories depend on the contamination of the territory with polymer waste. The maximum BPA concentrations (29.84 μg/kg) were determined at a depth of 20 cm in samples taken near the landfill of municipal solid waste. At other points within the city limits, the maximum concentrations range within 5.38 – 8.77 μg/kg. Outside the city of Voronezh, the mobility of BPA increases in more alkaline typical and residual-calcareous chernozems and significant concentrations of the pollutant were found at a depth of 50 – 80 cm. The developed scheme can be applied to targeted screening and monitoring of the BPA content. The method can be used for BPA determination in soil horizons for various soil types, meteorological conditions (precipitation, annual temperature regime), and contamination of the territory (the presence of unauthorized landfills, MSW landfills, sewage treatment facilities near the sampling point).

Bisphenol A and di-ethylhexyl phthalate analysis in gallon water distributed in Makassar

Bisphenol A (BPA) and Di-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) are chemical compounds that are used as raw materials for making disposable bottles or PET, including gallons. BPA can migrate into food or drink if the temperature is raised due to heating processes. This research aimed to identify BPA and DEHP compounds in various brands of gallon water distributed in Makassar and the effect of sun exposure towards BPA and DEHP migration. The sampling method was done based on an early analysis from field survey data in the location that represents all gallon water refills distributed in Makassar. There were 4 selected samples from 2 most marketed brands of gallon water refill. Research method included sample preparation with two different treatments, namely with exposure and without exposure to sunlight by letting them settle inside and outside the room for 6 days, afterwards, BPA and DEHP were analyzed using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of the study show that in various brands gallon water packages, both with sun exposure or without, no BPA and DEHP compounds were detected.

Migration of Bisphenol A and several phthalate acid contaminants into bottled drinking water: influence of storage conditions and their health risks

ABSTRACT The presence of bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates (PAEs) as endocrine-disrupting chemicals in drinking water stored in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles leads to serious consideration regarding the possible impacts on human health. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and migration of PAEs (DNOP, DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, DEHP) and BPA from PET bottles into drinking water immediately after production (control) and storage at −18, 4, 25 and 40°C for 30, 60 and 90 days. The main novelty of this study was to investigate the release of hazardous contaminants from PET bottles into drinking water under different storage conditions using the method of magnetic solid phase extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry technique. The results revealed that control samples contained 0.44 µg/L of DEHP, and the levels of other compounds were below the detectable levels. The migration of phthalates and BPA were positively correlated with temperature and time of storage. The slight increase in the release of compounds started after 30 days of storage under freezing conditions (−18°C). The highest leaching was found at 40°C after 90 days for water bottles with BPA and total phthalates amounting to 0.18 and 5.75 µg/L, respectively. Among the detected phthalate esters, DBP concentration was lower than the other phthalates, and measured levels were in the range of 0.76–0.96 µg/L, whereas the highest migration level was related to DEHP (0.44–3.44 µg/L) and was lower than the permissible limit established by US EPA. The non-carcinogenic health risk assessment indicated HQ for all target compounds was within the safe limit. The carcinogenic risk of DEHP was 1.37 × 10−6 in samples kept for 90 days at 40°C. Therefore, long-term exposure to DEHP through bottled water consumption did not pose carcinogenic health risks to consumers.

A novel strategy for foodstuff can coatings: Hybrid resinous materials beside silica nanoparticles

For many years, Bisphenol A (BPA) based epoxy resins have been used as coating material for foodstuff cans because of their appropriate properties. Recently, with attention to the harmful health effects of BPA derivatives, limitation of the usage of epoxy resins has escalated. In this research, using Taguchi experimental design method, different nanocomposite coatings based on hybrid resinous materials containing different amounts of epoxy and polyester and silica nanoparticles were formulated. The migration properties of formulated coatings were investigated based on the standard methods. The results showed that the 45 wt.% replacement of epoxy by polyester resin in combination with 2 wt. % of nano silica, had not any inverse effect on needed mechanical, physical and chemical properties of optimized formulation and, at the same time, migration of BPA and toxic materials were in the acceptable ranges, based on the EN1186-EU 10:2011 standard.

Βisphenol a and its analogues migrated from contact materials into food and beverages: An updated review in sample preparation approaches.

Bisphenols are used as monomers in the production of plastic materials, and they are likely to be detected in food contact materials. Due to their migration from these plastic packaging materials into food and beverages, the organoleptic properties of the products are changing and plenty of harmful effects on human health are caused, especially if consumers are exposed to higher levels of bisphenols than those established by legislation. However, because of their trace-level presence, their determination into food and beverage matrices is rather difficult. For this reason, sensitive, simple, rapid, and green methods are required to extract and preconcentrate the analytes of interest. Effective and representative tests are required as well, to evaluate the migration of bisphenols from plastic materials under realistic usage conditions. This review provides a detailed background of Bisphenol A chemistry and legislation. Furthermore, it refers to bisphenol's A migration test procedures and the recent advances of the last decade in extraction of bisphenols from various matrices by using different sample preparation techniques prior to their chromatographic determination. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Hydroxy-Containing Covalent Organic Framework Combined with Nickel Ferrite as a Platform for the Recognition and Capture of Bisphenols.

A hydroxy-containing covalent organic framework (COF) was successfully obtained via a simple nitrogen-purge synthetic procedure for the first time. The COF favored a serrated AA-stacking arrangement, which enhanced the stability compared with common AA or AB arrangements. To validate the potential of the COF in environmental applications, we decorated the COF onto NiFe2O4 and used the NiFe2O4@COF nanocomposite for magnetic solid-phase extraction of trace bisphenols (BPs). The parameters affecting extraction efficiencies were systematically optimized. Under the optimum extraction conditions, calibration plots showed good linearity (5.0-1.0 × 103 ng mL-1) for six BPs, and limits of detection varied from 0.14 to 0.73 ng mL-1. Molecular polarity indexes and molecular dynamics simulations revealed why the COF could efficiently recognize and capture BPs. An adsorption mechanism related to the interaction between BP clusters and the COF was discovered. Ecotoxicological assessment of BPs further unraveled the significance of the developed method for the timely tracking of the concentration, distribution, and migration of BPs in environmental media.

Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to Bisphenol A in Polymeric Baby Bottles.

In recent decades, paying attention to bisphenol A (BPA), as one of the endocrine disruptor compounds, has increased due to its harmful effects. Although, scattered studies have been conducted in order to measure BPA concentration migrated into polymeric baby bottles in different countries of the world, there are no review studies and evaluation with a global perspective in the field of BPA risk. Some of these studies indicated the potential risks and estrogenic effects associated with BPA in babies' daily intake. For this purpose, we reviewed the information on the migration levels of BPA into baby bottles has been reported in 10 countries. The potential risks associated with BPA through the daily intake as well as the estrogenic effect on 3 age groups of babies which include 0 to 6, 6 to 12, and 12 to 24 months were analyzed using the Monte Carlo simulation. Also, kinetic models were applied to predict the kinetics of the migration process of BPA. The median daily intake for 3 age groups was obtained as 191.1, 161.37, and 153.76 µg/kg/day, respectively; which indicated Hazard Index (HI) > 1. The median estrogenic effect for the 3 groups was estimated to be 0.021 ngE2/L. The kinetics of contaminant transfer with Polynomial model at 2 temperatures of 24°C and 40°C showed a better fit with R 2 = 0.99 and 0.91, respectively. Based on the risk assessment analysis conducted in the present study, the BPA migration in baby bottles appeared to be a health concern for babies. Therefore, it is needed to increase the safety level of bottles for babies as they are sensitive and vulnerable members of every society. Furthermore, in this study, only the investigation of the global situation of BPA in polymeric baby bottles was stated; therefore, more investigation about another potential sources of BPA in food chain is needed.

Migration of Bisphenol‐A into packaged food simulants: Development of a novel MAE‐LDS‐ME strategy for the investigation of storage time and temperature

AbstractIn this research, migration of bisphenol A from epoxy resin into 64 food simulants including tuna fish cans, eggplant cans and cherries cans have been measured. The effective of storage time in the range 0–180 days and storage temperature at 25 and 45°C were investigated. Microwave‐assisted extraction and low‐density solvent based on microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography has been applied to analyze migrated‐BPA. The limit of detection 2.7 ng ml−1 and limit of quantification 9.33 ng ml−1 were obtained for the proposed method. The results confirmed that the migration of BPA has been increased with raising the storage time and temperature. Also, the migration of BPA in oily simulant was higher than acidic simulant. The migrated‐BPA concentration range has been measured in the range 3.42–4165 ng ml−1. The highest amount of migrated‐BPA has been found for simulant of tuna fish cans at 45°C and the lowest amount of migrated‐BPA has been detected for simulant of cherries cans at 25°C.

Analysis of Bisphenol A migration from microwaveable polycarbonate cups into coffee during microwave heating

SummaryPolycarbonate (PC) is a polymer containing Bisphenol A (BPA) monomers in its structure. It is frequently used in manufacturing consumer goods such as food storage containers, reusable water bottles, infant feeding bottles, microwave containers and microwaveable cups. Under varying pH and temperature conditions, additives used in the plastic manufacture can leach in trace levels into the food in contact and negatively affect human health over time. Therefore, quantitative determination of BPA in food can be of great significance. The present study analysed the migration of BPA in coffee from different qualities of polycarbonate microwaveable cups under the influence of microwave heating by reversed‐phase ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The amount of BPA detected in samples ranged from undetected to 391.105 ± 0.05 μg kg−1. Results obtained indicate that BPA migration is minimal in good‐quality polycarbonate cups. Poor‐quality cups are accelerated time‐dependent; increased contact duration between polycarbonate and hot contact medium leads to more significant BPA migration. Furthermore, the BPA leaching process is enhanced during microwave heating due to high temperatures reached in a short time.