Migration Of Bisphenol Research Articles

Fast and simple determination and exposure assessment of bisphenol A, phenol, p-tert-butylphenol, and diphenylcarbonate transferred from polycarbonate food-contact materials to food simulants

Polycarbonate (PC) plastics find extensive use in baby bottles, food storage containers, and various kitchen items. Possibly hazardous chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA), phenol, p-tert-butylphenol (TBP), and diphenylcarbonate (DPC), are source materials or by-products from PC production. Therefore, a fast and simple analytical method was developed to determine and assess the exposure of BPA, phenol, TBP, and DPC transferred from PC food-contact materials to four different food simulants (water, 4% acetic acid, 50% ethanol, and n-heptane) at different temperatures. The method was validated in terms of limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), recovery, and precision for the detection of BPA, phenol, and TBP using HPLC-FLD and of DPC using HPLC-UV. BPA, phenol, TBP, and DPC concentrations transferred from 200 PC samples to food simulants were determined. The highest migration levels of BPA (54.3 μg L−1) and phenol (43.8 μg L−1) were found in 50% ethanol at 70 °C. TBP did not migrate to any simulant. DPC did not show any migration from PC samples into water and only migrated from a cup to 4% acetic acid at 70 °C and 100 °C, whereas migration occurred from several cups, ladles, spoons, and tongs to 50% ethanol and to n-heptane at 25 °C. Food simulants and temperature were the crucial factors for the migration of BPA and phenol from PC samples. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs), based on food consumption and food-type distribution factors, for BPA, phenol, and DPC were calculated to be 0.007, 0.001, and 2.5 × 10−4 μg kg−1 bw day−1, respectively.

Study of the effect of the presence of silver nanoparticles on migration of bisphenol A from polycarbonate glasses into food simulants

The impact that the presence of nanoparticles in food can have on the migration from food contact materials (FCMs) of substances, which occurrence in foodstuffs is regulated, is posed in this paper through a case-study. Migration of bisphenol A (BPA) from polycarbonate glasses into aqueous food simulant B (3% acetic acid, w/v) and simulant D1 (50% ethanol, v/v), both in the absence and presence of silver nanoparticles is tested. The analysis of the amount of BPA released into the food simulants is conducted by comparing population results instead of using the classical location and scatter estimates. β-content tolerance intervals are used to model the statistical distribution of BPA migrated from the polycarbonate glasses. Experimental measurements are performed by HPLC-FLD, and partial least squares regression models are then fitted to determine the concentration of BPA. The analytical procedure fulfils the trueness property. The capability of detection of the method is between 1.7 and 2.3 μg L−1 when the probabilities of false positive and false negative are fixed at 0.05. Using β-content tolerance intervals, in 90% of the specimens of a population of polycarbonate glasses, the amount of BPA migrated into simulant B in the presence of AgNPs is 13.34 μg L−1, at least twice the quantity that migrated in the absence of them.

Effect of sterilisation and storage conditions on the migration of bisphenol A from tinplate cans of the Lebanese market

ABSTRACTThe use of bisphenol A (BPA) in lacquer coating of food cans has been restricted by different authorities in many countries, such as in Europe. However, such regulation does not exist in many other countries including Lebanon. Due to the lack of data on the quality of Lebanese can production; this study investigates the migration of BPA from two types of tinplate cans manufactured in Lebanon, before and after sterilisation. Cans were analysed under different storage conditions (time and temperature) and filled with an aqueous simulant. The determination of BPA was carried out using UPLC with fluorescence detection, and further confirmed by MS detection. After sterilisation BPA levels drastically increased from an average of 0.15 to 109 µg/kg, giving a BPA migration around 10.5 µg/dm2 for both types of cans. Storage temperature and time had no significant influence on BPA levels in sterilised cans (p-value > 0.05); however, these factors significantly affected BPA levels in non-sterilised cans.

An on-line solid-phase extraction disc packed with a phytic acid induced 3D graphene-based foam for the sensitive HPLC-PDA determination of bisphenol A migration in disposable syringes

In this study, an on-line SPE-disc filled with phytic acid induced 3D graphene-based foam (PAGF) has been applied to the determination of the migration of bisphenol A (BPA) in disposable syringes. The approach is of quick, easy, sensitive and environmentally-friendly. Experimental conditions were investigated and optimized including the character of enriched material and the amount of migrated BPA under different temperature, time and pH conditions. The experimental results reveal that the approach presents a wide linear range between the signal response and the concentration of BPA from 1 to 1000ngmL−1, as well as the detection limit of 0.03ngmL−1. The recoveries from 73% to 117% are achieved. BPA could be found and detected in disposable syringe samples with the migration amount from 1.47 to 82.69ngmL−1, which is lower than the permissible values of National Standard People's Republic of China, GB 9685-2008.

Highly sensitive aptamer based on electrochemiluminescence biosensor for label-free detection of bisphenolA.

BisphenolA (BPA), a typical endocrine disruptor, is widely used as a key monomer in the packaging industry. Residual monomer can transfer from the package material to the food and thereby pose a risk to the health of the consumer, so determination of BPA migration is highly important for food safety control. In this study, a simple but sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor, which combines the characteristics of high selectivity of an aptamer and high sensitivity of ECL, has been developed to detect BPA from package materials. The aptamer was immobilized on a gold electrode surface through Au-S interaction. The aptamer was then hybridized with complementary DNA (CDNA) to form double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Ru(phen)32+ can intercalate into the grooves of dsDNA and acts as an ECL indicator; high ECL intensity can therefore be detected from the electrode surface. In the presence of BPA, which can competitively bind with the aptamer owing to their high affinity, Ru(phen)32+ is released from the electrode surface and the ECL of the system is decreased. The decreasing ECL signal has a linear relationship with BPA in the range of 0.1-100pM with a detection limit of 0.076pM. The developed biosensor has been applied to detect migration of BPA from different categories of canned drink with satisfactory results.

The Analysis and Migration of Bisphenol A Related Compounds from Metal Food Cans

The Analysis and Migration of Bisphenol A Related Compounds from Metal Food Cans

Characterization of the Migration of Bisphenol A and F Diglycidyl Ethers from Epoxy-coated Containers to Food Simulants

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the migration of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and its chlorinated and hydrolyzed derivatives and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) from the inner surface coatings of food containers into three food simulants including 3% (w/v) aqueous acetic acid, 10% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, and sunflower oil. After a storage period of 429 days from 155 to 584 days, BFDGE, a prohibited chemical by the European legislation, was not detected in any samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. However, BADGE, BADGE.H2O, BADGE.HCl.H2O, and BADGE.2H2O were found at levels below the European Union limits. Conducted analyses using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode showed that epoxy–phenolic lacquers may be used as food container coatings. Additional work using atomic force microscopy did not reveal the signs of degradation of the inner coatings in contact with the simulants.

Analytical determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol analogues in paper products by GC-MS/MS

ABSTRACTBisphenol A (BPA; 4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]phenol), a suspected endocrine disruptor with a weak estrogenic activity, is used in a variety of consumer products, including food-contact materials made of paper and cardboard products. Due to restrictions on the use of BPA because of its potential health risks, BPA is gradually being replaced by other bisphenols because no limitations exist for these substances. This study presents a method for the simultaneous analysis of BPA, bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) in paper and board products using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Paper samples were extracted by liquid extraction, as well as by Folch extraction, derivatised with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and the results compared. The developed method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9965) and precision, yielding relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 16.6% for reproducibility and 19.8% for repeatability. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for the different bisphenols ranged from 0.23 to 2.70 µg kg–1 paper and from 0.78 to 9.10 µg kg–1 paper, respectively. Analysis of different paper products (recycled, virgin fibre) showed that all the analysed bisphenols were present in the samples, except for BPAF and BPB. A calculation of the ‘worst-case’ scenario assuming a maximum potential migration of 100% of the analytes into food showed that the analysed products can be assumed to be safe regarding the migration of bisphenols.

Structural Transformation of MnO2 during the Oxidation of Bisphenol A.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound widely used in the plastic industry and found in natural waters at concentrations considered harmful for aquatic life. BPA is susceptible to oxidation by Mn(III/IV) oxides, which are commonly found in near-surface environments. Here, we quantify BPA oxidation rates and the formation of its predominant product, 4-hydroxycumyl alcohol (HCA), in tandem with transformation of a synthetic, Mn(III)-rich δ-MnO2. To investigate the effect of Mn oxide structural changes on BPA oxidation rate, 12 sequential additions of 80 μM BPA are performed at pH 7. During the additions, BPA oxidation rate decreases by 3 orders of magnitude, and HCA yield decreases from 40% to 3%. This is attributed to the accumulation of interlayer Mn(II/III) produced during the reaction, as observed using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, as well as additional spectroscopic and wet chemical techniques. HCA is oxidized at a rate that is 12.6 times slower than BPA and accumulates in solution. These results demonstrate that BPA degradation by environmentally relevant Mn(III/IV) oxides is inhibited by the buildup of solid-phase Mn(II/III), specifically in interlayer sites. Nevertheless, Mn oxides may limit BPA migration in near-surface environments and have potential for use in drinking and wastewater treatment.

DOES THE REALISTIC CONTACT AND DAILY USE CONDITIONS LIMIT THE USE OF POLYCARBONATE BABY BOTTLES FOR MIGRATION AND RESIDUE LEVEL OF BISPHENOL-A

Bisphenol-A (BPA) which is a plastic monomer acting as endocrine disruptor, can cause developmental effects and change the metabolism even at low concentrations. This study was carried out to make (i) a general assessment by performing residue analysis on the polycarbonate baby bottles, (ii) determining the factors affecting the migration of BPA to the food and (iii) determining the effect of repetitive procedures on PC baby bottles in daily use. Amount of residual BPA ranged from 0.60 ±0.05 ppm to 6.23 ±0.24 ppm and BPA migration could not be detected in any of contact conditions. Estimated daily intakes of BPA via infant formula in PC baby bottle were calculated as 1.8 µg kg -1 bw day -1 for a 3 month-old infant and 1.22 µg kg -1 bw day -1 for a 6 month-old infant which was lower than but very close to the latest value of t-TDI (4 µg kg -1 bw day -1 ) determined by EFSA. Sterilization procedures changed the amount of residual BPA significantly. Although it is concluded that the use of brand-new PC baby bottles does not pose a risk to health, sterilization procedures can lead to the higher amounts of migrated BPA which can be toxically important.

Efficiency of dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria to bind bisphenol A in phosphate buffer saline

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor widely used in plastics and resin for food packaging. BPA migration to foods is believed to be a major source of human exposure of BPA. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a promising solution to reduce exposure to toxins. The aim of the present study was to investigate the removal of BPA from aqueous solution by six LAB strains from commercial fermented dairy products. Effects of the bacteria viability, bacteria concentration, BPA concentration, incubation time, and temperature on the binding ability were tested. In addition, binding stability was determined by washing the bacteria–BPA complexes with phosphate buffer saline (PBS). A considerable proportion (24.48%–50.80%) of BPA was removed from the aqueous solution by the six viable LAB strains. Moreover, an enhancement of bacterial ability to bind BPA was observed for nonviable strains via heat or acidic treatment. Binding was dependent on the bacterial concentration, initial BPA concentration, and incubation temperature. In addition, binding of BPA by six LAB strains was a rapid reaction. The reduction of BPA in the PBS solution was observed to reach a high level after 15 min of incubation time. The results on binding stability indicated that all strains tested show reversible binding on BPA, and the binding of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum on BPA was more stable, with 48.11% and 53.24% released in the PBS solution, respectively. In contrast to the viable cells, heat and acid treatments markedly enhanced the stability of the bacteria–BPA complexes. The binding capability of the six LAB strains towards BPA could provide potential for detoxification of contaminated foods and reduction of the bioavailability of BPA in the human diet and animal feed.

The relationship between the aging of polycarbonate characterized by SEC and the release of bisphenol A quantified by HPLC–UV

Aging of polycarbonate (PC) and migration of bisphenol A (BPA) from PC in solutions were studied under different conditions of temperature, pH, and treatment duration. In order to investigate the relationship between the migrant and its polymer and explain the release mechanism of the BPA, the impact of different treatments on PC aging was studied by measuring molecular masses using size exclusion chromatography. The BPA which migrates in the solutions was measured using HPLC–UV. It has been found that the molecular weights of PC samples change as the conditions of treatment change. In general, the trend was to shift the Mn toward a lower average molecular weight by increasing treatment temperature, pH, and treatment duration. The findings are in concordance with the BPA concentrations in solutions. The obtained results show clearly that the levels of BPA concentrations increase with temperature, pH, and treatment duration. The BPA released does not only result from degradation mechanism originating from the treatments of the polymer, but also it results from the transport of non-polymerized monomer from the polycarbonate.

Kinetic Study of Bisphenol A Migration from Low-Density Polyethylene Films into Food Simulants

Migration testing of bisphenol A (BPA) from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) into food simulants was performed as a function of three factors: temperature, initial BPA concentration, and food simulant type. An HPLC–UV method was applied to measure the amount of BPA that migrated into the solvents. The migration process was described by Fick’s diffusion equation, and the migration parameters such as the diffusion coefficient (D) were derived from the equation. D values ranged from 10–10 to 10–8 cm2 s–1 under different migration conditions. Statistical analysis showed that the single factors had significant effects on D, but among the interaction effects only the temperature-simulant interaction was significant. The dependence of D on temperature followed an Arrhenius-type relationship, with the activation energy (Ea) ranging from 112.8 ± 1.6 kJ mol–1 to 128.9 ± 4.3 kJ mol–1 for the three food simulants. An exponential relationship was found between the diffusion coefficient and initial BPA concentration for each food simulant. BPA migration into different food simulants was influenced by the affinity between the polymer and the solvent, and better affinity may reduce the diffusion rate of BPA.

Migration of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol A Diglycidyl-ether from Can Coatings into Food Simulants

Migration of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol A Diglycidyl-ether from Can Coatings into Food Simulants

Report on the two‐phase public consultation on the draft EFSA scientific opinion on bisphenol A (BPA)

Report on the two‐phase public consultation on the draft EFSA scientific opinion on bisphenol A (BPA)

Bisphenol A Concentration in Breast Milk following Consumption of a Canned Coffee Drink.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is generally considered to be an endocrine disruptor. Previous reports indicate that the BPA content in breast milk is higher than that in serum; however, BPA is considered to be excreted in the urine and not to accumulate in the body. The current study aimed at evaluating the migration of BPA from a commercially available canned coffee drink in a container that was coated with vinyl chloride resin into breast milk. Ten women who had breastfed for ≥12 months, were ready to cease breastfeeding, and drank commercially available canned coffee drinks daily were approached to participate. A canned coffee drink in which the can contained vinyl chloride resin was chosen. Samples (5 mL each) of urine and breast milk were collected prior to and after ingestion (1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h) of a 190-mL canned coffee drink. BPA measurements were conducted using an ELISA kit. Each 190-mL can of coffee contained 196.9 ng/mL BPA, resulting in 37.4 μg that was consumed in each drink. In breast milk, peak BPA excretion occurred at 1 hour; in urine, excretion occurred rapidly during the first hour, remaining relatively unchanged at 2 hours. The present results indicate that BPA is excreted into the breast milk in addition to the urine and feces. Therefore, it is important to reduce both direct and indirect dietary BPA intake.

A novel and sensitive electrochemical sensor for bisphenol A determination based on carbon black supporting ferroferric oxide nanoparticles

A novel and sensitive electrochemical sensor for bisphenol A (BPA) determination based on carbon black supporting ferroferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs-CB) was developed. The Fe3O4NPs-CB nanocomposite fabricated on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) demonstrated a high electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of BPA. The oxidation overpotentials of BPA decreased significantly and the peak current increased greatly compared with those of Fe3O4NPs- or CB-modified or bare GCE. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used as a sensitive analytical method for the determination of BPA, and a much wider linear dynamic range of BPA determination was found between 0.1nM and 50μM. The limit of detection (LOD) for BPA was found down to 0.031nM based on S/N=3. Fabricated Fe3O4NPs-CB nanocomposite on GCE displayed several outstanding properties such as good stability, high sensitivity and remarkable repeatability. The described sensor has been used for the determination of BPA in water samples with good recovery, ranging from 93.2% to 104.1%. Additionally, the migration of BPA from PC drinking bottles was evaluated by using water to simulate migration into aqueous and acidic foods.

Migration of bisphenol A into canned tomatoes produced in Italy: Dependence on temperature and storage conditions

A method based on solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography, coupled to UV–visible and fluorescence spectrophotometry, has been developed for determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in canned tomatoes. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the procedure used is 0.03μM (0.26μg BPA/kg tomato). For each of three different tomato based products (peeled, cherry and concentrated paste), 16 samples belonging to six commercial brands, retailed in Italian markets, were tested for migration of BPA epoxy-coating cans. All the tomato samples exhibited migration levels below 0.4μg/kg, while samples subjected to heating process and/or can’s damage by denting, exhibited a significant increase in the migration levels. In any case, no sample contained BPA exceeding the European Union limit for migration, set at 600μg/kg of food. By comparing the results for each brand, no relevant difference in BPA concentration was found depending on the kind of tomato products.

Researching the Influence of Repeated Using to the Migration of Residue Bisphenol a from Polycarbonate with GC-MS Technology

Content of residue bisphenol A from polycarbonate (PC) was measured used the technology of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Dichloromethane was used as solvent and methanol was used as precipitating agent. The solution was rotary evaporation after the polymer was filtered. The simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate method of external standard which linear range is 0.05-200.0mg/L, standard addition recoveries is 90.8% ~94.2% and RSD is 3.2% -4.5% was used to quantitative analysis. The influence of repeated using to the migration of bisphenol A was also studied in this experiment. The results show that with the reusing times increased, the migration content of bisphenol A was gradually reduced which reduced to 0.75mg/L at the sixth time from 2.4mg/L at the first time.

Migration Study of Bisphenol A from Tea Bottle of Polycarbonate Plastic to Tea Water

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important organic intermediate that is an estrogen and an environmental endocrine disrupting chemical. Bisphenol A is used widely in the production of consumer goods, polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins. A large amount of studies have indicated that BPA might affect human health. In this work, four different tea (Tieguanyin tea, Black tea, Maofeng tea, Jasmine tea) were tested to verify if they were able to increase the BPA release from the PC cup. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) was used to quantify BPA. Result showed that the heating time and temperature could have an influence on BPA migration from polycarbonate plastic. BPA migrated into tea water from polycarbonate plastic, especially when heated to high temperatures. Relatively high levels of BPA were found to be released into food simulants water from high concentration tea water.