Bismarck Brown Research Articles

Susceptibility to Predation of Blacktail Shiners Stained with Bismarck Brown Y

Abstract The use of Bismarck Brown Y as a tool in mark-and-recapture studies was tested under laboratory conditions. Dyed blacktail shiners, Notropis venustus, were consumed at a greater rate than control fish by largemouth bass and bluegill. When both dyed and control prey were anesthetized no preference was exhibited by largemouth bass. Selection of dyed fish by largemouth bass continued under different lighting conditions. Behavioral response rather than color is considered to be the primary factor effecting differences in selection. At least 6 h were required for the dyed fish to recover from the observable effects of the dyeing process. The use of the stain Bismarck Brown Y may introduce bias in population studies.

The Most Common Contact Allergens

The 24 contact allergens are presented which produced positive patch test reactions in 3% or more of the patient population of the New York University Skin and Cancer Unit during the years 1968 to 1970. The ten most common among these were mercury bichloride, mercaptobenzothiazole, paraphenylenediamine, potassium dichromate, ethylenediamine, nickel sulfate, turpentine oil, formaldehyde solution, poison ivy, and bismarck brown. Some of the sources of exposure to these allergens and some of the known cross-sensitizing compounds are listed. The clinical significance of strong vs weak patch test reactions is discussed.

Fluorescent Pigment and Immersion Stain Marking Techniques for Lepidomeda mollispinis and Cyprinodon nevadensis

Two methods of marking, immersion dyeing and spraying with fluorescent pigments, were tested for use on Lepidomeda mollispinis and Cyprinodon nevadensis. Three dyes were used: Bismarck Brown Y, Rhodamine B and Trypan Blue. All three were rejected for use on L. mollispinis because of poor marking consistency and severe stress. Bismarck Brown Y was found suitable for C. nevadensis for short-term mark and recapture experiments. Fluorescent pigment marking with compressed air produced permanent marks in both species but resulted in high mortality to C. nevadensis in the laboratory.

The Comparative Morphology of the Cochlospermaceae. III. The Flower and Pollen

The Comparative Morphology of the Cochlospermaceae. III. The Flower and Pollen

Marking Juvenile American Shad by Immersion in Bismarck Brown Y and Neutral Red

Marking Juvenile American Shad by Immersion in Bismarck Brown Y and Neutral Red

Immersion staining of coarse fish in the Thames

Thirty‐one vital dyes were screened for marking bleak, roach and gudgeon by total body immersion in aqueous solutions of the dye. Only six dyes stained without killing, and of these Nile blue, neutral red and Bismarck brown were used successfully in the field. This approach to estimation of population size was abandoned because (1) the toxicity of the dyes varied at different times of year, (2) the numbers needed for release were impractically high and (3) fingerlings showed extremely high mortality on handling.

Feulgen Reaction-Bismarck Brown; A Stain for Mast Cells in Mitosis

Dividing mast cells of the rat have been demonstrated previously by the Feulgen-methyl green staining method (Allen, A. M, Anat. Rec., 139, 13-21, 1961). In the present study, Bismarck brown was substituted for methyl green as a cytoplasmic stain because of its greater permanence in tissues previously subjected to the Feulgen reaction. Segments of mesentery of 30-day-old rats were spread on glass slides and fixed in 10% formalin for I hr. They were stained first by the Feulgen reaction, then by a solution of 0.5% Bismarck brown in 50% ethanol containing 0.2% acetic acid. The tissues were dehydrated, cleared, and mounted in synthetic resin (Permount). Nuclei and mitotic figures in mast cells were stained reddish violet; cytoplasmic granules, yellow-brown. The nuclei were clearly visible through the cytoplasm. Similar results were obtained with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue.

Bismarck Brown as a Selective Stain for Mast Cells

Bismarck Brown as a Selective Stain for Mast Cells

Cationic dye adsorption in sugar cane juice

AbstractThe adsorption of cationic dyes at the surface of particles in suspension in cane juice is sudied electrophoretically over the pH range 4–7. It is found that the reversal of charge concentrations (C) depend upon the original zeta potential (ζ0) of juice particles before addition of the dye; the relationship between c and ζ0 is linear for Methylene Blue which does not change in basicity over this pH range. With Bismarck Brown the basicity does change gradually over the whole of this range but it appears that the adsorption is governed to a greater extent a colour change, having the form of a simple dissociation of pK 5–10, than by the total charge of the dye molecule. It is shown that each of the two coloured forms of the dye, obeys a linear relationship between C and ζ0.A theoretical linear relationship is derived from the Stern and Gouy equations.

Identification of Carbonate Minerals by Staining Methods

ABSTRACT The visual differentiation between the different mineral constituents in a carbonate rock is fundamental to most studies of carbonate petrography, correlation and genesis. Differential staining of the constituent minerals provides a rapid means of recognizing the textural and compositional differences in the rock. This contrast between the component minerals can be accentuated by etching prior to staining. For routine identification of carbonate minerals, alizarine red S and Harris' hematoxylin stains are recommended, since they are fast, efficient and dependable. For dolomitic rocks, the following twenty organic dyes provide a wide choice of colors for staining: Titan Yellow, 4(p-Nitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol, Quinalizarin, Alizarine Cyanine Green, Rhodamine B Base, Benzopurpin 4B, Co go Red, 1,5 Diphenylcarbolhydrazide, Alizarine Red S, Barium Eosinate, Trypan Blue, Safranine O, Anthraquinone Green G (and Green G Base), Janus Green B, Bismarck Brown Y, Carmine Cert., Orange G, Neutral Red, Hastings Light Fast Violet, and Celutate Brilliant Blue. A combination of two different stains, alizarine red S and Feigl's solution, can be used in differentiating dolomite, calcite, aragonite, high-magnesian calcite, gypsum, and anhydrite. Organic dyes stain calcite in acid solution and dolomite and magnesite in basic solution. The period of immersion in a staining solution, the acidity or alkalinity and temperature of the solution (i.e., whether the solution should be boiled or not) vary with the composition, porosity and grain size of the material to be studied. Because prepara ion and use of the solutions do not require laboratory facilities, the staining experiments may be conducted in any geological office on cores and cuttings for quick and accurate identification of these minerals. Outlines of recommended staining procedures are given in tabular form.

Ionization constants of basic dyes in relation to gastric secretion.

SummaryThe ionization constants of 14 basic dyes belonging to 5 chemical classes, azo, azines, xanthenes, oxazines and thiazines, each containing 2-4 compounds, were determined spectrophotometrically in buffered 50% alcoholic solutions. The dyes were those which Ingraham and Visscher have found to be secreted by the stomach. Fairly good agreement for the ionization constants by 3 different methods (spectrophotometric in buffered 50% alcohol, titration in water and in 50% unbuffered alcohol) is obtained for Nile Blue A, Bismarck Brown Y, Rhodamine B, Chrysoidin Y, Neutral Red and Pyronine B. With the exception of Acridine Red these are all the weaker bases. Higher values were found for the other dyes by the spectrophotometric method. The spectrophotometric pKa values paralleled the buffer/benzene ratios. The order of basicity varies in different media. It was not possible to correlate satisfactorily the secretion of dyes in a biological system with their ionization constants in aqueous or buffered 50% alco...

Bismarck Brown As A Stain For Mucoproteins

Bismarck brown has been used for many years as a stain for mucin. But some types of mucoprotein are so water-labile that they cannot be demonstrated by the aqueous or weak alcoholic solutions usually employed. It has been found that Bismarck brown in slightly acidified, strong alcoholic, solution stains mucin. A simple method is given for using this solution for staining water-stable mucoproteins. Another method is included in which full precautions are given for avoidance of water at all stages subsequent to fixation. This method must be used for the more water-labile mucoproteins. By the use of these methods, it has been possible to demonstrate a wide range of mucoproteins including those of the mast cells of Hardie and that of the zona pellucida of the graafian follicle.

The Use of Bismarck Brown Y in some new Stain Schedules

The staining quality of Bismarck brown Y may be improved and sterility maintained by adding 5% phenol to a 1% aqueous solution. Use the phenolic Bismarck brown in combination with iron alum hematoxylin except for stripped epidermis in the following procedures:Stem and Root Schedule: Mordant sections from water in 4% iron alum for 10 minutes. Rinse in distilled water and stain in 0.5% aqueous hematoxylin for 1 minute or until darkly stained. Rinse in distilled water and destain in 2% iron alum until a gray color appears. Rinse thoroly in distilled water and intensify hematoxylin by transferring sections to 0.5% aqueous lithium carbonate until the desired black color appears. Rinse thoroly in distilled water and stain for 1–5 minutes in phenolic Bismarck brown. Rinse in distilled water, dehydrate successively in 30, 50, 70, 95 and 100% alcohol. Clear in methyl salicylate for 5 minutes, then to xylene for 3–5 minutes, and mount in balsam.Middle Lamellae in Wood: Destain more thoroly in 2% iron alum than for the general stem and root schedule, and intensify in lithium carbonate for a longer period (about 1 hour).White Potato Tuber Sections: Modify above schedule by reducing time of destaining in 2% iron alum to about 30–60 seconds and intensify hematoxylin until starch grains appear bluish in color. Stain in phenolic Bismarck brown for 1-2 minutes.Wheat Grain Sections: Fix grain for sectioning when in “dough” stage. Use schedule the same as for potato tuber except for reducing time of staining in phenolic Bismarck brown to about 45 seconds.Tradescantia zebrina Epidermis: Strip epidermis from leaf while submerged in water. Fix in 100% alcohol 10 minutes, pass thru 95, 70, 50, 30, and 10% alcohol to water. Stain in phenolic Bismarck brown for 10–20 minutes. Dehydrate, clear in methyl salicylate and mount in balsam.

The Cranial Characters of the Brevicipitid Genus Cacosternum (Boulenger)

ABSTRACT The present paper is a continuation of my work on the cranial characters of the two South African Brevicipitid genera lacking the claviculo-procoracoidal arch in the pectoral girdle. The genus Phry nomerus (Noble) was discussed in a previous paper in this Journal (vol. 73), to which the reader is referred for details of technique, which was, however, slightly varied for purposes of the present research, inasmuch as double bulkstaining was resorted to. The nuclear stain, haemalum, was applied in the usual way, and after all traces of alum used for differentiation were washed out, the object was bulk-stained for twenty-four hours in a strong aqueous solution of Bismarck brown and differentiated in ordinary tap-water for forty-eight hours. I have not yet experimented with bulk-staining for connective tissue and muscle; stains recommended for this purpose are fuchsin and light green or eosin respectively. The use of van Gieson in conjunction with Bismarck brown is considered by many workers to lead to confusing results, so that pure fuchsin is recommended for connective tissue and for decalcified bone. All material was decalcified with Ebner’s solution in preference to nitric acid, which is, however, used with great success for the same purpose by Professor Stadtmiiller of Gottingen, according to a personal communication from him. The material of Cacosternum bottgeri was kindly supplied by the Director of the Transvaal Museum; Cacosternum capense was collected by the author on the Stellenbosch Flats after the first rains in May 1928. The eighteen specimens collected are the only ones known besides the type specimens collected by Mr. Rose of Cape Town. Three specimens of Cacosternum namaquense were collected by Dr. Herre of Stellenbosch University during the phenomenal Namaqualand rains of 1929; but owing to the rarity of the material, this species was not microtomized. Mr. Hewitt has recently upheld the species and recorded the existence of two specimens referable to it in the collection of the South African Museum.

Phytoplankton in the English Lakes: I. The Proportions in the Waters of Some Dissolved Substances of Biological Importance

SINCE 1920, large numbers of observations have been made on the phytoplankton of the English lakes in the attempt to correlate its distribution and periodicity with the environmental factors. The main features were determined in 1921 and 19221 (12) and some attempt was made to determine the nature of the factors involved (9, 10). The methods available at that time for the estimation of the dissolved substances in the lake waters proved barely adequate or too cumbersome for the purpose, and in particular the phosphate content was too small for precise determination. Since then the valuable work of Atkins (1, 2) has brought into prominence refined and rapid methods of estimating phosphate and silica, and in 1928 a series of combined observations on the phytoplankton and the dissolved substances of the lake waters was carried out, in order to ascertain if any correlation could be traced between them'. The present paper deals with the water analyses. The collections were made at intervals of about six weeks (or less in summer) from nine lakes, the samples being obtained on two successive days. Each sample, of about two litres, was obtained from near the outlet of the lake-except those from Ullswater, which were collected off Stybarrow Crag. The samples were conveyed in bottles, which had been previously used for some time for the same purpose, and no material change in composition was detected. The analyses were started on the third day after collection. Regular determinations of phosphate, nitrate, silica, iron carbonate hardness and hydrogen-ion concentration were made. In addition, determinations of ammonia, albuminoid ammonia and calcium have been made when required. The methods used were as follows: Phosphate. The colorimetric method of Deniges as modified by Atkins (1) was employed, using tall clear glass tubes for the comparisons and 200 c.c. of water when the phosphate content was low. A blank determination was, with the reagents used, indistinguishable from 0*0005 part per million of phosphate P. It was found advisable always to employ two drops of stannous chloride to obviate the possible effects of occasional high nitrate. The figures, given as P, may be turned into P205 by multiplying by 4-59. For estimating phosphate in peaty waters, standards tinged to an appropriate colour with Bismarck Brown was used.

Societies and Academies

LONDON. Mineralogical Society, Mar. 19.—A. W. Groves and A. E. Mourant: Inclusions in the apatities of some igneous rocks. Apatite crystals with dark cores of inclusions have been observed among the heavy minerals of some English sedimentary rocks, but there are few records of such apatites in igneous rocks. The authors record several such occurrences in granites and in volcanic rocks from Normandy, Jersey, and Brittany. Five different types are distinguished in the granite of northern Brittany alone. In one type with a definitely pleochroic core the inclusions appear to consist of biotite or chlorite, but in other types it has not been possible to determine their nature.—L. A. Narayana Iyer: Calc-gneisses and cordierite-sillimanite-gneisses of Coimbatore, Madras Pres., and similar occurrences in India. The paper dealt with a suite of crystalline gneisses in the ancient Archaean complex of India of Dharwar age (Huronian), consisting of the above two facies, which are in close association. Similar suites of rock occur in different parts of India, forming a definite stratigraphic horizon. The author considers their formation as due to thermal or ‘infra-plutonic’ metamorphism followed or accom panied by regional or dynamo-thermal metamorphism of pelitie schists and calcareous sediments.—F. A. Bannister: A relation between the density and re fractive index of silicate glasses with application to the determination of imitation gem-stones. The study of simple glass families leads to a relation between the refractive index and density which can be applied in a modified form to the determination of imitation gem-stones, (n-N)/(d - D), where N and D are the refractive index and density of silica glass, is plotted against n by a simple graphical method, whereupon the various imitations separate into groups; the members comprising any one group are chemically similar. Doubtful cases can be solved by measuring in addition the relative dispersion.—H. E. Buckley: The crystallisation of potash-alum. The author described the results of experiments on the differences of crystal habit obtained under varying conditions of cooling and evaporation, and in the presence of various substances in solution such as strong acids, AlCl3, FCl3, amyl alcohol, Bismarck Brown, etc.

ADSORPTION AT CRYSTAL‐SOLUTION INTERFACES

ABSTRACTThe present work is a continuation of the study of adsorption processes at solution‐crystal interfaces. It consists of an investigation of the adsorption of dyes and gelatin by the various faces of potassium alum. The growth ratios of this alum were measured both in the presence and absence of the dyes and gelatin. It was found that Bismarck Brown and Diamine Sky Blue greatly affected the growth rates of the cube faces and also modified the crystal habit. This effect is explained on the basis of the ionic structure of the faces and the presence of polar groups in the dyes. The growth ratio V100/V111 for pure potassium alum was found to be 1.61.