Male Births Research Articles

Benefits of Nori Fruit Extract (Morinda Citrifolia Linn) in Increasing the Storage of Spermatozoa Y Bali Cows Resulting from Sexing at a Temperature of 5oC

The sperm sexing technique is the separation of spermatozoa carrying the X chromosome and the Y chromosome, which allows farmers to choose male births for beef cattle businesses. However, the process of centrifugation and sperm preservation can cause oxidative stress which gives rise to free radicals. Therefore, an antioxidant ingredient is needed in the diluent, including noni fruit extract which contains lots of flavonoids. This research aims to analyze the addition of noni fruit extract in a diluent to improve the quality of Y-chromosome spermatozoa at a storage temperature of 5oC. The results of the study showed the results of analysis of the progressive motility of Y-chromosome spermatozoa, showing a decrease in progressive motility, on D7 and D-9 there was a difference between control vs P1 and P2 (P<.05) respectively 37.63% vs 49.96% vs 48.56%, while on day 11 showed a very real difference between P0 vs P1 vs P2 respectively 24.32% vs 36.77% vs 40.87%. The addition of 3% and 5% noni extract can improve the quality of Y spermatozoa stored at 5oC. This is because noni extract contains amino acids, ascorbic acid, and flavonoids as antioxidants so that it is able to prevent free radicals, scavengers, and damage to the spermatozoa plasma membrane can be prevented. The addition of 5% noni fruit extract in the diluent to improve the quality of Y-chromosome spermatozoa at a storage temperature of 5oC for up to 11 days.

Factors affecting male-to-female ratio at birth in frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles: a large retrospective cohort study.

ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) leads to a reduced male-to-female ratio at birth, whereas blastocyst transfer results in an increased male-to-female ratio. However, limited knowledge exists regarding the impact of these factors on the live birth rate for each gender. This study aimed to investigate the influence of patient characteristics and treatment parameters on the live birth rate for each gender, as well as the ultimate male-to-female ratio at birth in frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. This retrospective cohort study involved a total of 28,376 FET cycles and 9,217 subsequent deliveries, spanning from January 2003 to December 2015. The study consisted of two parts. First, logistic regression models were constructed to determine the factors influencing the male-to-female ratio among babies born after FET. Second, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying this sex ratio imbalance by analyzing data from all transfer cycles. Generalized estimated equations were employed to assess the impact of risk factors on rates of male and female live births separately. ICSI resulted in a lower proportion of male offspring compared to in vitro fertilization (IVF) (50.1% vs. 53.7%, aOR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80-0.96). Conversely, blastocyst transfer yielded a higher proportion of male offspring than cleavage-stage embryo transfer (58.7% vs. 51.6%, aOR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.17-1.48). Analysis of all cycles indicated that ICSI resulted in a reduced likelihood of male live birth in comparison to IVF (19.8% vs. 21.6%, aOR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83-0.97). However, the transfer of blastocysts rather than cleavage-stage embryos not only increased the chance of male live birth (26.9% vs. 20.2%, aOR: 1.70, 95% CI:1.56-1.85) but also facilitated female live birth (20.3% vs. 19.3%, aOR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.15-1.39). ICSI was associated with a reduction in the male-to-female sex ratio and a lower rate of male live births, while blastocyst transfer was associated with an increased male-to-female sex ratio at birth and a higher rate of male live births.

The Relationship between Sociodemographic Factors and Short Stature in Toddlers

Stature is the human physical form or somatotypes. Stature is often associated with sociodemographic factors. However, now, further evidence is needed about this phenomenon, especially in the toddler population. This study aims to analyze the relationship between sociodemographic factors and short stature in toddlers. Cross-sectional study design. The population is 303 toddlers aged 12-60 months in Lojejer Wuluhan Jember Village, East Java. A total of 172 samples were taken by cluster sampling. Sociodemographic variables that were measured included: father's age, mother's age, father's education, mother's education, family income, under-five gender, and birth weight. Toddler stature dependent variable. Data collection techniques using observation and questionnaires. Data analysis using logistic regression. The results showed that the variables of family income, child's gender, and birth weight had a relationship with short stature in toddlers. The results of the modeling analysis showed that male sex (p 0.004, AOR 3.94, 95% CI 1.54 to 10.07) and birth weight (p <0.001, AOR 39.005, 95% CI 7.69 up to 197.63) have been shown to have a significant relationship with short stature in toddlers. Birth weight is an illustration of the nutritional status of toddlers during the intra-uterine period. This study concluded that male toddlers have a higher risk of experiencing short stature compared to female toddlers. Babies born with low birth weight are at risk of experiencing short stature compared to those with normal birth weight and more. Nutritional status at birth is the initial capital for children's growth in the Toddler period. Therefore, the government needs to establish stricter policies so that pregnant women get assurance of adequate nutritional intake for themselves and their babies. In addition, it is necessary to carry out further studies related to mediating variables related to gender and their effect on short stature.

Does the decline in Swedish adolescent drinking persist into early adulthood?

Sweden has experienced a substantial decrease in adolescent drinking over the past decades. Whether the reduction persists into early adulthood remains unclear. Using survey data, the present study aimed to determine whether reductions in indicators of alcohol use observed among adolescents remain in early adulthood and whether changes in alcohol intake are consistent among light/moderate and heavy drinkers. Data from the Swedish monthly Alcohol Monitoring Survey (2001-20) were used to construct five 5-year birth cohorts (1978-82, 1983-87, 1988-92, 1993-97 and 1998-2002). Sweden. A total of n = 52 847 respondents (48% females) aged 16 and 30 years were included in this study. For both males and females, temporal changes in the prevalence of any drinking, the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking (HED) and total alcohol intake in the past 30 days in centilitres were analysed. The prevalence of any drinking in more recent cohorts remained low until young people came into their early (females) and mid- (males) 20s. Male cohorts differed in the prevalence of HED across age, with the later cohorts showing lower odds than earlier cohorts (odds ratios between 0.54 and 0.66). Among females, no systematic differences between cohorts across age could be observed. Later male birth cohorts in light/moderate drinkers had lower alcohol intake than earlier cohorts (correlation coefficients between -0.09 and -0.54). No statistically significant cohort effects were found for male heavy drinkers. Although differences in alcohol intake among females diminished as age increased, the cohorts did not differ systematically in their level of alcohol intake. In Sweden, the reduced uptake of drinking in adolescents appears to fade as people move into adulthood. Observed reductions in alcohol intake among light and moderate drinkers appear to persist into adulthood. More recent male cohorts show a lower prevalence rate of heavy episodic drinking.

The metabolomic plasma profile of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: providing new evidence for its pathogenesis

BackgroundDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal genetic muscle-wasting disease that affects 1 in 5000 male births with no current cure. Despite great progress has been made in the research of DMD, its underlying pathological mechanism based on the metabolomics is still worthy of further study. Therefore, it is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms or pathogenesis underlying DMD, which may reveal potential therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers.ResultsPlasma samples from 42 patients with DMD from a natural history study and 40 age-matched healthy volunteers were subjected to a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based non-targeted metabolomics approach. Acquired metabolic data were evaluated by principal component analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis, and metabolic pathway analysis to explore distinctive metabolic patterns in patients with DMD. Differentially expressed metabolites were identified using publicly available and integrated databases. By comparing the DMD and healthy control groups, 25 differential metabolites were detected, including amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, carnitine, lipids, and metabolites related to the gut microbiota. Correspondingly, linoleic acid metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism were significantly altered in patients with DMD, compared with those of healthy volunteers.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated the abnormal metabolism of amino acids, energy, and lipids in patients with DMD, consistent with pathological features, such as recurrent muscle necrosis and regeneration, interstitial fibrosis, and fat replacement. Additionally, we found that metabolites of intestinal flora were disordered in DMD patients, providing support for treatment of intestinal microbia disturbance in DMD diseases. Our study provides a new research strategy for understanding the pathogenesis of DMD.

Latent tuberculosis infection testing in a large integrated healthcare system

PurposeTuberculosis (TB) is a public health threat with >80% of active TB in the United States occurring due to reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). We may be under-screening those with high risk for LTBI and over-testing those at lower risk. A better understanding of gaps in current LTBI testing practices, particularly as it relates to LTBI test positivity, is needed. MethodsThis study, conducted between 01/01/2008 and 12/31/2019 at Kaiser Permanente Southern California, included individuals aged ≥18years without history of active TB. We examined factors associated with LTBI testing and LTBI positivity. ResultsAmong 3,816,884 adults (52% female, 37% White, mean age 43.5years [SD 16.1]), 706,367 (19%) were tested for LTBI, among whom 60,393 (9%) had ≥1 positive result. Among 1,211,971 individuals meeting ≥1 screening criteria for LTBI, 210,025 (17%) were tested for LTBI. Factors associated with higher odds of testing positive included male sex (OR:1.32, 95% CI:1.30–1.35), Asian/Pacific Islanders (2.78, 2.68–2.88), current smoking (1.24, 1.20–1.28), diabetes (1.13, 1.09–1.16), hepatitis B (1.45, 1.34–1.57), hepatitis C (1.54, 1.44–1.66), and birth in a TB endemic country (3.40, 3.31–3.49). Despite being risk factors for testing positive for LTBI, none of these factors were associated with higher odds of LTBI testing (Fig. 1). ConclusionsWe identified a mismatch between populations tested for LTBI and populations testing positive. Current LTBI testing practices may be missing individuals at high risk of LTBI. Additional work is needed to develop and implement screening guidelines that appropriately target testing for those at highest risk for LTBI.

Abstract P200: Tnf-α Blockade During Pregnancy Does Not Impact Offspring Development In A Rat Model Of Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE), new onset hypertension during pregnancy, is associated with increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), agonistic autoantibodies to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-AA), and low birth weight babies. We have previously shown that Etanercept ( E ), a TNF-α inhibitor, improves PE features in the reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) rat. However, the long-term effect of E on offspring health and immune competency has not been studied. Therefore, we hypothesize that E will improve maternal health without affecting offspring outcomes in a rat model of PE. To test this hypothesis, E (0.4 mg/kg) was injected on gestation day 18 into sham and RUPP dams which were allowed to deliver. Weights were recorded at birth and 16 weeks of age when mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured. Whole blood was collected to measure immune cells by flow cytometry. AT1-AA was measured using a cardiomyocyte bioassay. A student’s t-test was used to compare differences among male and female RUPP offspring with and without E . RUPP male and female offspring were smaller (5.21±0.19 g, n=7; 5.24±0.10 g, n=7) than sham offspring (5.94±0.14 g, n=7, p<0.05; 5.86±0.16 g, n=9, p<0.01) while RUPP male offspring were larger and female offspring were unchanged following perinatal E (6.01±0.29 g, n=9, p<0.05; 5.28±0.14, n=9). MAP was comparable between sham (133±4 mmHg) and RUPP (132±4 mmHg) male offspring with no change seen following perinatal E (133±4 mmHg). Perinatal E did not impact adult male circulating B cells. Circulating AT1-AA was elevated in male RUPP offspring (16±2 ΔBPM, p<0.01) compared to sham and was not improved with E (13±2 ΔBPM). MAP was comparable in sham (131±5 mmHg) and RUPP (130±5 mmHg) female offspring but trended downward with perinatal E (123±4 mmHg). RUPP female offspring had reduced circulating B cells (4.24±0.81 % gated, p=0.066) compared to sham females (9.56±2.07 % gated) which was normalized following perinatal E (9.04±1.42 % gated, p<0.05). AT1-AA trended lower following perinatal E (7±2 ΔBPM, p=0.0888) compared to RUPP female offspring (16±3 ΔBPM). Our findings indicate that E does not worsen fetal outcomes. Moreover, E improves male birth weight and reduces adult female AT1-AA without compromising offspring immune competency.

Outcomes of hypospadias repair and factors associated: A study in a tertiary care hospital

ABSTRACT Background: Hypospadias is the most common congenital abnormality of the urethra affecting 1 in 300 live male births worldwide. The results of hypospadias surgery are still frequently unfavorable with a reported complication rate as high as 50% or above. Aims and Objective: The aim of our study was to determine the demographics and analyze the surgical management and factors influencing the postoperative outcomes of hypospadias repair. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based prospective study was conducted in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, for 2 years from December 2019 to November 2021. The study was conducted on 28 male patients who underwent hypospadias repair. Demographics, operative techniques reviewed, and the outcome of hypospadias repair were evaluated for results and complications. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 21). Descriptive statistics such as mean, median, and percentage were used to summarize the data. The Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and t-test were used to see the associations between variables of interest and prognosis of repair. P < 0.05 was taken statistically significant. Results: A total of 28 male patients with a mean age of 7.46 ± 5.25 standard deviation presented for hypospadias repair. Mid-penile hypospadias was the most common type in the study population accounting for 60.71% of patients, followed by penoscrotal 35.71% of cases. 82.14% of the hypospadias were associated with some degree of chordee. Meatal stenosis, cryptorchidism, and inguinal hernia were observed in 17.8%, 3.57%, and 7.14%, respectively. 46.42% of hypospadias were repaired in two stages, while 25% were subjected to tubularized incised plate repair, and 28.57% of patients were repaired with the Asopa technique. The most common complications were edema and urethrocutaneous fistula. The complications were significantly lower in the hands of specialists than residents (P = 0.037). Two-stage repair has higher complications than single-stage repair (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: Hypospadias surgery has a long learning curve because it requires a great deal of temperament, surgical skill, and acquaintance with magnifications along with knowledge of surgical anatomy. Regular periodic audits should also be performed to improve the outcome of the hypospadias repair.

Infant mortality in tribal communities of a rural remote region in context of biomass fuel use

Background: Infant mortality (IM) rates have fallen in many developing countries, but rates of fall have been low. Objective: Community based study was carried out to know about IM in context of biomass fuel use by remote rural communities. Material methods: After approval of institute’s ethics committee, study was conducted in 100 villages around the village with health facility, randomly divided into 50 study villages, sub divided into 40 where advocacy to prevent exposure from Biomass fuel was done, 10 in addition to advocacy, Chimneys were fixed on roofs of huts with no windows, biomass fuel used, 50 villages, (40 and 10 control villages), neither advocacy nor Chimneys. Results: In 40 study villages, 2700 pregnancies, 2431 (90.1%) live births were recorded, 5 (0.21%) infant deaths (ID) occurred, 2 (0.1%) of 1398 male live births, one preterm born had acute respiratory distress (ARD), other had pneumonia, 3 (0.3%) of 1033 female live births, one preterm born who had ARD, 2 septicaemia. Similarly 2700 pregnancies were recorded in 40 control villages and 2259 (83.7%) live births occurred with 11 (0.49%) ID, statistically significant difference (P value <0.0203), 4 (0.3%) of 1278 male live births, one born preterm, later had ARD, other pneumonia, 2 septicaemia, 7 (0.7%) of 981 female babies, statistically significant difference between male, female babies, 2 preterm born later had ARD, one had pneumonia, one diarrhoea dehydration, 2 septicaemia, in one cause was unknown. Conclusion: For wellbeing of every infant collective actions are needed, reducing biomass fuel effect also.

Hypospadias prevalence by severity and associated risk factors: A population-based active surveillance analysis

Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies. Trends of hypospadias prevalence by severity are not well reported. Most prevalence studies consist of pooled data from different countries or states suffer from low data quality due to inconsistent methodologies, limited variables, and lack of categorization of hypospadias severity. The objective of this study is to examine the prevalence of hypospadias by degrees of severity and associated risk factors using combined data sources from a stable and well-defined population. The study population includes infants born with hypospadias to mothers residing in Arkansas from 1997 to 2016. Cases were identified from an active population-based surveillance program of birth defects. Identified hypospadias cases from surveillance data were linked to birth certificate and to a clinical database. These two data sources provide more details on the location of the defect and maternal and infant characteristics. The prevalence and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using total male live births as denominator. Chi-square test was used to assess the association of nominal variables. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratio. A total 3230 hypospadias cases were identified from 1997 to 2016. The overall prevalence is 83.0 per 10,000 male births. A majority of cases (56.7%) were classified as first degree with the others having second degree (22.8%), third degree (4.7%) or not otherwise specified (15.6%). The highest prevalence of hypospadias was observed among Non-Hispanic whites. Higher prevalence also was observed among mothers in the older age group with no prenatal care in the first trimester and with gestational hypertension or diabetes. Premature or small for gestational age infants tend to have higher prevalence across all levels of severity. The number of hypospadias cases increased over time. After maternal age, race and education were adjusted, higher risk persisted for infants of restricted fetal growth, mothers with gestational hypertension or diabetes and the cohort of 2013-2016. There is an increase of hypospadias cases in Arkansas. Several maternal and infant characteristics associated with higher prevalence for all levels of severity are worth further investigation.

Suspicion of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in A 7-Year-Old Madurese Boy: A Rare Case Report

Introduction: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disorder presenting in early childhood and characterized by proximal muscle weakness and calf hypertrophy in affected boys associated with a functional deficiency of dystrophin. The incidence of these cases reached 1 in 3500-6000 male births. Research at RSUPN Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) showed that DMD is the second most frequent neuromuscular disorder in children regardless there is no prevalence data available yet in Indonesia. It is quite complicated to diagnose DMD due to the limited facilities of genetic testing and its high cost. Case Presentation: A 7-year-old boy came with the main complaint of weakness in both legs progressively two years before admission. He had to hold onto the floor and then both knees when started to stand. There was a history of motor and speech delay but family history was denied. Vital signs and nutritional status were within normal. Laboratory examination revealed significantly elevated levels of CK, ALT, and AST. The EMG result supported the presence of myopathy. Due to a lack of facilities, genetic testing or muscle biopsy could not be done. He received prednisone once a day with a 14 mg dose and was scheduled to attend regular physiotherapy. Conclusion: In a limited facilities area, the clinician should have a suspicion of DMD not only by anamnesis and clinical features, but also by considering the elevated levels of CK and myopathies on EMG.

Willingness to use novel reversible methods of male birth control: a community-based survey of cisgender men in the United States

BackgroundThere is high global demand for new methods of male birth control (MBC). However, contemporary evidence regarding men’s method-specific attitudes and their determinants is sparse.MethodsNon-sterilized cisgender men ages 18–45 with recent history of female sex partners were surveyed at a large community event in the Midwestern US. We examined variation in participants’ willingness to use MBC by method (gel, pill, injection, implant, and vas occlusion), potential side effects, and potential barriers. We estimated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for associations between participant characteristics and willingness to use ≥ 1 MBC method.ResultsOverall, 72% of participants (n = 187; mean age, 29) were very willing to use ≥ 1 MBC method although support for individual methods ranged widely from 62% (pill) to 24% (vas occlusion). In bivariate analysis of sociodemographic and health characteristics, few demonstrated associations with MBC willingness. In a multivariable model, willingness was independently related to age (30–39 vs. 18–29 years old, aPR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.04–1.48) and having ever been tested for HIV (aPR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.07–1.51). Willingness to tolerate side effects was < 10% for most items. The most commonly endorsed barriers to MBC use were high cost (77%) and side effects (66%).ConclusionsEnthusiasm for MBC was high but waned in the context of potential side effects and barriers. Additional research on MBC attitudes in socioeconomically and culturally diverse populations worldwide is sorely needed.

Quadrivalent HPV vaccine effectiveness against anogenital warts: A registry-based study of 2,2 million individuals

BackgroundIn 2009, Norway initiated routine quadrivalent HPV (qHPV) vaccination for girls at 12–13 years of age to protect against virus types causing cervical cancer, HPV16/18, and HPV6/11 which cause anogenital warts (AGW). We wanted to investigate qHPV vaccine effectiveness (VE) against AGW in females before and after first AGW episode and to assess the impact of female vaccination in males. Materials and methodsQHPV vaccination and AGW episodes were collected for the time period 2006–2016 for birth cohorts 1975–2003. Cox models were applied to age at first, as well as at second AGW episode. Finally, we estimated the impact of the female vaccination program on unvaccinated males. ResultsThe VE against the first episode of AGW was strongly dependent on vaccination age, with hazard ratios (HRs) compared to unvaccinated individuals of 0.2, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.3, and 2.7, for age groups of ⩽13, 14–15, 16–17, 18–19, 20–24, 25–29, and 30+ years at first vaccination, respectively. Among women who had suffered a first episode of AGW, subsequent qHPV vaccination did not protect against a second episode, with HRs of 0.8, 1.0, and 1.4, for age groups of ⩽17, 18–24, and 25+ years at first vaccination. A gradually decreasing AGW risk was seen in unvaccinated male cohorts neighboring the first routinely vaccinated female 1997 cohort. ConclusionsWhen administered before 14 years of age, qHPV vaccination reduced the probability of AGW about fivefold. The effect decreased sharply with vaccination age, and was not significant among women vaccinated after age 20 years. QHPV administered after the first AGW episode did not protect against a second AGW episode. Herd effects were indicated in unvaccinated males, as we observed a gradual decrease in AGW rates from the 1993 male birth cohort and onwards.

Divergences in sex ratio at birth in US Census Regions due to racial factors: chronic stress and female foeticide

ObjectivesThe sex ratio of live births (males/total [M/T]) approximates 0.515. Many factors reduce M/T, and these include stress. Antenatal sexing is used for female foeticide in the setting of male offspring preference. Regional differences and latitude gradients in M/T also occur. This study analysed M/T in the US by Census Regions. Study designThis was an ecological study. MethodsLive births by sex, Census region, state and mother's race were obtained from CDC Wonder (2007–2020). ResultsThere were 55,453,437 births (M/T 0.5116, 95% confidence interval: 0.5115–0.5118). M/T was Black/African American < Indian/Alaska Native American < White < Asian (P<<0.0001). M/T was significantly lowest in South and highest in West. The South had the lowest proportion of Asian/Pacific Islander births (3.9%) and the highest proportion of Black/African American (21.9%). West has the highest proportion of Asian/Pacific Islander (11.2%) and the lowest proportion of Black/African American births (5.3%). In Asian/Pacific Islander births, M/T significantly rose to third order and fell to sixth order births, unlike the other races that showed a decline from the first order. ConclusionsAsian M/T may be elevated because of male offspring preference and selective female foeticide. M/T may be depressed in Black and American Indian/Alaskan births due to chronic stress, as race remains the most important factor associated with wealth inequality in the United States. The lower M/T of these two races when compared with White equates to a constant loss of 4.13 and 2.55/1000 male births. The higher Asian M implies a chronic loss of 3.78 females per 1000 births. Both have public health implications.

Diagnosis and management of Becker muscular dystrophy: the French guidelines.

Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is one of the most frequentamong neuromuscular diseases, affecting approximately 1 in 18,000 male births. It is linked to a genetic mutation on the X chromosome. In contrast to Duchenne muscular dystrophy, for which improved care and management have changed the prognosis and life expectancy of patients, few guidelines have been published for management of BMD. Many clinicians are inexperienced in managing the complications of this disease. In France, a committee of experts from a wide range of disciplines met in 2019 to establish recommendations, with the goal of improving care of patients with BMD. Here, we present the tools to provide diagnosis of BMD as quickly as possible and for differential diagnoses. Then, we describe the multidisciplinary approach essential for optimum management of BMD. We give recommendations for the initial assessment and follow-up of the neurological, respiratory, cardiac, and orthopedic consequences of males who present with BMD. Finally, we describe the optimal therapeutic management of these complications. We also provide guidance on cardiac management for female carriers.

ACTIVE ASSISTED MOVEMENT DALAM MENJAGA KEMAMPUAN FUNGSIONAL PADA KONDISI DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy which is a recessive x-linked disorder that often affects males. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene at the Xp21 locus so that dystrophin protein is not produced or dystrophin deficiency and structural abnormalities occur. Dystrophinopathies are X-linked recessive disorders affecting 1 in 5,000 to 1 in 6,000 live male births. The prevalence of DMD is less than 10 cases per 100,000 males. Objective: Physiotherapy management in this case aims to determine the benefits of providing physiotherapy interventions in the form of active assisted and passive movement and stretching in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Methods: This case report was conducted at PLDPI Surakarta by taking patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy cases by providing physiotherapy modalities in the form of active assisted and passive movement and stretching for 3 physiotherapy sessions. Furthermore, measurements were taken with the GMFM and XOTR Scale in the first to third physiotherapy. Results: From the physiotherapy management given, it was found that functional ability and muscle strength remained unchanged and did not develop. Conclusion: Physiotherapy management in this case report is proven to be able to maintain functional ability and muscle strength in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

On a Statistical Model Useful for Demographics: Estimating the Mean Number of Children Ever Born Through the Distribution of Male Births with an Application to Data from India

The connection between male births and fertility can be easily linked with demographic transition and in defining the population distribution. In this context, it is necessary to understand the birth patterns in Indian societies which are governed by some or the other probability distributions. Although child birth is a biological process but it is very much influenced by a number of social, economic, cultural and psychological factors. Numerous demographers have proposed mathematical models to predict the number of male and female births during a given time period taking into consideration the various factors. Traditionally, estimating current levels and future trends of mean number of births is done using various life tables, cohort-component method, time-series analysis, micro-simulations, structural modeling, expert analysis, historical error analysis and also using an appropriate probability model and testing the model on real data. In the present study we developed a model for estimating the mean number of children ever born through the join probability distribution with its application for male births among the females of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The reasons of selecting these two states were their huge population and high total fertility rates. The model fits to the data of these two states, therefore it would be a good fit for the other states too, which shows the efficiency and applicability of the model. The applicability of this model has been illustrated on real data obtained from the National Family Health Survey-3 (2005–06). The various estimates of the parameters have been obtained by using the method of moments and suitability of the proposed model has been tested using the ‘goodness of fit’ criteria.

College Students Attitudes Towards Male Birth Control

College Students Attitudes Towards Male Birth Control

(249) Seminal Parameters after Tamsulosin Oral Intake in Young Fertile Men

Abstract Introduction Fertility and birth control is a worldwide health concerning since it is an important issue regarding economic, religious, or social impacts for couples. Women have plenty options since oral hormonal anticonception were introduced in daily practice. However, men remain restricted to condoms or vasectomy surgery and until now 50% of natural conceptions are considered not desired. Many options have been proposed for oral contraception (hormonal or non-hormonal strategies) but still none of them seems to be safe about efficacy, side effects, or reversibility. Alpha-blockers have shown effects in ejaculation and is a matter of debate if those are from retrograde ejaculation or impaired sperm emission. Actual data suggest specific alfa-1A blockage effect may achieve azoospermia, however it is not clear when it occurs and the exact mechanism concerning ejaculation disorder. Objective The main objective of this study is to determine how semen analysis on sperm concentration is affected by oral tamsulosin 0,8mg in a 24-hour range after intake. Methods 34 health men between 18-45 years-old recruited after consent for semen analysis with inclusion criteria OMS normal parameters and ability to masturbation for collect samples. Exclusion criteria were hepatic disorders, neurological disorders, renal disorders, inability to collect sperm from masturbation, previous or concomitant use of testosterone or other anabolic steroids and previous or concomitant use of possible medications regarding interaction. 31 individuals met including criteria and were designated to oral intake for tamsulosin 0,8mg and collect sperm sample after 4, 8, 12, 16,20 and 24 hours in different moments to determine 6 semen analysis in different medication serum concentrations. Minimum interval with each intake and semen analysis were 1 week. In case of any participant achieve azoospermia, urine analysis was performed to determine if it was retrograde ejaculation. Samples were determined about volume and sperm concentration. Side effects were considered after each week. Protocol was approved at local ethical committee (CAAE: 26124719.2.0000.0082). Results Low volume and sperm concentration compared to basal was achieved in 29/31 (93,6%) while azoospermia was diagnosed in 25/31 (80,7%). Only 1 subject was identified as retrograde ejaculation with 24 men with absolute azoospermia. Intervals of azoospermia achievement varied from 8 to 16 hours after oral tamsulosin 0,8mg intake. Most of subjects returned normal semen parameters with 24 hours after intake medication. Side effects were most regarding ejaculation disorder and discomfort, minor subjects with headache or dizziness but not considered bothering or incapacitant. Conclusions Ejaculation disorder in men after oral tamsulosin intake correspond to impaired emission in most subjects in this study. This could be an option for further studies regarding male birth control without risks of impaired spermatogenesis as hormonal approach with safe reversibility and well tolerated side effects. Disclosure No

Bioenvironmental Predictors of Childhood Reading and Speech Difficulties.

Reading and speech difficulties are common in childhood, yet it is not fully understood how much of their etiology is shared. This partly derives from methodological issues related to overlooking the potential co-occurrence between the two sets of difficulties. This study investigated the effects of five bioenvironmental predictors in a sample assessed for such co-occurrence. A combination of exploratory and confirmatory analyses was performed on longitudinal data from the National Child Development Study. Exploratory latent class analysis was performed on children's reading, speech, and language outcomes at ages 7 and 11 years. Membership in the obtained classes was modeled using a regression with sex and four early-life predictors: gestation period, socioeconomic status, maternal education, and the home reading environment. The model yielded four latent classes that broadly reflected (1) average reading and speech, (2) excellent reading, (3) reading difficulties, and (4) speech difficulties. Early-life factors significantly predicted class membership. Male sex and preterm birth emerged as risk factors for both reading and speech difficulties. Protective effects against reading difficulties were identified for maternal education, and lower (but not higher) levels of socioeconomic status and the home reading environment. Co-occurrence of reading and speech difficulties in the sample was low, and differential patterns of effect of the social environment were supported. Reading outcomes were under stronger malleable influence than speech outcomes.