Family Planning Methods Research Articles

Pregnancy and associated factors among teenage females in Hula District, Sidama region, Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study.

Teenage pregnancy causes serious health, social, and economic consequences, with 95% occurring in developing countries. A significant number of girls start childbearing at an early age in Ethiopia, which contributes to high infant and maternal morbidity and mortality. However, the information on teenage pregnancy and related variables is limited in the study area. To assess the prevalence of teenage pregnancy and its associated factors among teenage females in the Hula District, Sidama, Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was employed among 518 teenagers, randomly selected between 15 February and 15 March 2023. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to assess the relationship under study. Living in rural areas compared to urban [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.90; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30-11.3], lack of awareness about family planning methods (AOR = 5.90; 95% CI: 1.60-22.24), unfamiliarity with the availability of family planning services (AOR = 3.20; 95% CI: 1.08-9.24), and inadequate communication about sexual issues with parents (AOR = 3.61; 95% CI: 1.14-11.56) were independently associated with teenage pregnancy. The prevalence of teenage pregnancies in the Hula District was high. Factors such as residing in rural areas, limited access to information on family planning methods and services, as well as a lack of open discussions about sexual health were associated with teenage pregnancy.

Birth Control in Singapore: A Juristic Maqasidic Study

Birth control or contraceptive is a topic rarely discussed openly within the Muslim community in Singapore despite its importance as a method of family planning. It is misunderstood as an action that hinders reproduction in marriage and has caused uncertainty about its permissibility among Muslims. This research aims to explore the practice of birth control in Singapore while discerning the Islamic Jurisprudence and Maqasid Shariah standpoint. This research applies inductive and descriptive methods to derive the relevant religious information pertaining the practice of birth control in Singapore, while the analytical and quantitative methods are used to analyze the knowledge, practice and problems faced by Singapore Muslims on birth control. As a result of all findings, the majority of the classical and contemporary Muslim jurists believed that temporary birth control measure is permissible if it is mutually agreed by the wife and husband, the condition of being pregnant will endanger the life of the wife and the substances used are accepted by the Shariah. In addition to that, the permissibility of birth control weighs on safeguarding the mother’s life from any forms of harm and her lineage which are the main objectives of Maqasid Shariah. Additionally, the quantitative survey has shown that the majority of Singapore Muslims are aware of birth control and have practiced it. This research will educate its readers on the permissibility of birth control and the application of Maqasid Shariah together with the stand of birth control in Singapore while promoting awareness of the guidelines in choosing a birth control measure set by Muslim jurists.

Magnitude and associated factors of unmet need for family planning among reproductive-aged women in Ethiopia: An umbrella review.

The World Health Organization defines women with an unmet need for family planning as individuals who are fecund, sexually active, and wanting to either to limit childbirth or postpone their next birth but are not utilizing any form of contraception. Previous meta-analyses and systematic reviews have focused on this topic, but no comprehensive summary of the evidence was available. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a summary of the findings on the unmet need for family planning among reproductive-aged women in Ethiopia. A search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and RESEARCH 4 LIFE including Hinari, to identify relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies on the prevalence and determinants of the unmet need for family planning in Ethiopia. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews tool, and the estimates were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis model. The umbrella review included five studies with a total of 56,169 reproductive-aged women. The pooled prevalence of unmet need for family planning was found to be 27.44% (95% CI: 22.32-32.55), with the heterogeneity index (I square = 99.45%, P = 0.000). Failure to discuss with her partner about family planning methods (OR: 2.90, 95% CI: 1.81, 4.00), being illiterate (OR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.42, 2.92), age at first marriage (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.30, 1.44), and educational status of woman's partner (OR: 2.61, 95% CI: 0.83, 4.40) were the factors significantly and positively associated with unmet needs for family planning. The study concludes that the unmet need for family planning in Ethiopia is a significant issue that can be addressed through increasing the educational levels of women and their partners, promoting open discussions about family planning, and preventing early marriages. Collaboration between families, school administrators, and healthcare providers is essential to mitigating this problem.

Knowledge and Perceptions of the Billing’s Ovulation Method of Natural Family Planning among Married Women in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: Based on existing literature, it was observed that modern contraceptives are the most widely used family planning methods in Nigeria, and that they have serious side effects for their users. Despite these effects, women of reproductive age have made little or no effort to embrace Billing’s ovulation as an alternative family planning method. In order to better understand the dynamics surrounding the adoption of Billing’s ovulation method, this study examined the knowledge, perceived effectiveness, and spousal attitude toward the use of Billing’s ovulation as a method of natural family planning among married women in Lagos metropolis. Method: To accomplish this, a pure qualitative methodological approach was used, with in-depth interviews (IDI) used to collect qualitative data from (20) married women. Manual content analysis was used to analyze the collected data. Results: Findings showed that; high level of knowledge and awareness of BOM, positive perceptions of its efficacy, and a favorable spousal attitude toward BOM are indicators of the rate at which married women in Lagos metropolis use the Billing’s ovulation method as their preferred family planning alternative. Conclusion: The study then recommends that a rigorous sensitization program based on door-to-door intervention be launched to educate married women in Lagos metropolis on the need for Natural family planning as an alternative family planning method, particularly BOM, while teaching them the procedures and techniques in order to increase people’s access to natural family planning.

A Study on Practice of Reproductive Health Care Facilities and Family Planning Decisions of the Rural Adolescent in an area of Bogura District, Bangladesh

Adolescent’s reproductive health is a serious concern in Bangladesh. The present study is based on primary data collection and in-depth interviews of 150 rural adolescent females of Fulbari and Baiguni villages of Bogura district. The objectives of the study were to assess the level of knowledge attitude and practice on reproductive health issues, to assess the socio-demographic features of samples and to explore the level of knowledge & awareness to demonstrate the role of the information & education (media, counseling, services facilities) in the management of reproductive health issues among rural adolescent females. The mean age of the respondents were 16.2 years. School enrolment is still low (46%) and dropout rate is high (32%). A large number of rural adolescent females of the study area have been found to discontinue education after a few years of schooling. The data further shows that, in TV 7.31% attending health education and 12.19% to family planning program. More of the adolescents (60%) were aware of all least one family planning methods (Oral Pill). However, it is obvious that knowledge of various methods of contraception does not imply that the respondents actually knew how to use these methods effectively. The highest three methods they can named were oral pill 60%, Injection 35% and Implant/ Norplant 18.67%. Among all 72.64% were not known or received any information about the management of menstruation before their first menstruation. The study revealed that 72.41% of adolescent’s females, those were suffering from at least one complication or problems of menstruation and were not visited or seeking any consultation or treatment from any service providers available. Only 18% of them seek treatment or consultation from the service providers. Among these sick adolescents’ females who attended for consultation or treatments, 83.33% were not satisfied while only 16.67% express their satisfaction on the health care services. The social and religious constraints are strict in the culture and Islamic ideals of Bangladeshi people where the majority of whom still live in joint families. The study indicates that the rural adolescent females are poorly informed about most of the reproductive health issues. There also exist important misconceptions regarding healthy management of menstruation. Besides, there is big gap between their knowledge, attitude and practice. Parents, Guardians, teachers, religious leaders and community leaders (they are main gatekeeper) concern regarding management reproductive health issues of rural adolescent females.

Медико-социальный профиль пациенток центра репродукции и планирования семьи.

Purpose of the study. Assessment of medical and social characteristics of patients at the Center for Reproduction and Family Planning Materials and methods. Using a specially developed questionnaire form “Card of medical and social examination of women suffering from infertility,” an anonymous survey was conducted of 398 women whose pregnancy occurred as a result of the IVF procedure. Mathematical data processing was carried out using spreadsheets of the MS Office‑2016 application package (Word, Excel) and the statistical software package StatSoft-Statistica 10.0. Results. The majority of women receiving treatment with IVF belong to the age group of 25–34 years (43.5%), permanently reside in St. Petersburg (88.0%), are married (73.0%), have higher and unfinished higher education (53.8%), employed (84.4%), have an average or above average income (95.0%) and good living conditions (93.0%). Among the patients, 15.1% are housewives. The share of non-working partners is 4.1%. The share of entrepreneurs among women and among men is about 20.1% and 23.1, respectively. The average age of the patient is 31.00±0.03 years, while the majority of women (61.9%) were first diagnosed with infertility before the age of 30, and almost half of the women became pregnant on the first try (49.6%). The majority plan to have only one child (43.2%). Before this pregnancy, 87.0% did not have children, but in case of ineffective treatment, 40.5% of respondents did not plan or doubted the need for adoption, and only 8.5% of women attempted it. Conclusion. The established medical and social profile of women who applied for infertility treatment using ART showed significant differences from the population. When making a decision about pregnancy, the high importance of material well-being factors was revealed. Despite the availability of IVF in the metropolis, patients at the reproduction center are largely focused on having one child and do not always have a positive attitude towards the issue of adoption. Scope of the results. Development of organizational measures aimed at increasing access to medical care for women with infertility.

Long-Acting Reversible Etonogestrel Subdermal Implant in Adolescents.

Several effective contraceptive options are available for use by adolescents, including the long-acting reversible subdermal implant and intrauterine devices, which provide a high level of convenience, privacy, and effectiveness for an adolescent. Knowledge of all the effective birth control methods is essential for the pediatrician to be able to provide effective contraceptive counseling for an adolescent. An approach to counseling using a reproductive justice framework, which allows the provider and adolescent patient to engage in shared decision-making, is described. This article focuses on the long-acting reversible etonogestrel (ENG) subdermal implant for adolescents. The ENG implant is labeled for preventing pregnancy by suppressing ovulation. The ENG implant may also have a role in ameliorating dysmenorrhea and heavy menstrual bleeding. Postlabeling studies indicate that the ENG implant is effective for up to 5 years, although the device's labeling states effectivenessup to 3 years. The main contraindication to using the ENG implant is pregnancy itself. Safe initiation of the ENG implant is described, including an approach to determine whether an adolescent is pregnant. The main adverse effect of the ENG implant is an unpredictable bleeding pattern that is most often ameliorated by use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, as well as estrogen, if not contraindicated for the patient. Details of the insertion and removal procedures, including potential complications, are described to enable the pediatrician to provide effective anticipatory guidance for the adolescent.

Use of family planning methods and attitudes of married women aged 15-49 in konya province

Use of family planning methods and attitudes of married women aged 15-49 in konya province

Impact of a community-based family planning education program on married women's knowledge of contraception methods

Objective: To assess the impact of a family planning education program on the knowledge of family planning methods among married women in Sudan. Methodology: This quasi-experimental study included 456 married women. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 30 questions covering different aspects of family planning. Participants were divided into experimental and control groups, and pre-and post-tests were conducted to determine the effect of the educational program. Results: The study found that overall knowledge of family planning methods significantly increased from 40% to 85% after educational program (p=0.5). There was significant increase of knowledge of participants regarding meaning of family planning and characteristics of natural methods, hormonal methods, and mechanical methods. Conclusion: A family planning education program significantly increases married women's knowledge of family planning methods in Sudan. It is recommended to increase awareness of mothers regarding family planning by different means of mass of social media like TV and Radio.

The Impact of Body Weight on Blood Hemoglobin Level When Using Some Modern Family Planning Methods in Egypt

The Impact of Body Weight on Blood Hemoglobin Level When Using Some Modern Family Planning Methods in Egypt

Effect of postpartum family planning intervention and associated factors during child immunization in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

World Health Organization (WHO) recommends postpartum family planning (PPFP) as a critical component of health care that has the potential to save millions of maternal and infant lives in low- and middle-income countries. participants in our randomized, controlled trial were mothers coming for vaccination of their child in three selected health centers in Addis Ababa during the first 10 weeks postpartum. Eligible mothers were randomly assigned to intervention (pamphlet-supported counseling about the benefits of family planning) and non-intervention (routine care) arms. Data were collected when mothers came with their infants for a routine measles vaccination at nine months of life. Family planning (FP) use was compared between the groups using logistic regression, and bivariate and multivariate analyses. The study also used Kaplan Meier and Cox regressions to compare the median time of PPFP use and its correlation using SPSS version 26. The research was undertaken from December 2019 to June 2021. a total of 347 women (177 control, 170 intervention) enrolled in the study. Fifty-eight percent were 24-30 years old. Young age, knowledge about FP, previous use of an FP method, and being married were found to be independent predictors for PPFP use. When comparing intervention and non-intervention groups, there was no significant effect on contraceptive use (adjusted OR 0.633 [95% CI 0.385-1.040]). pamphlet-supported counseling of mothers in the first 10 weeks postpartum did not increase PPFP at nine months postpartum. Successful interventions will likely require holistic strategies, especially in resource-limited settings. The trial had been registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04521517) on September 24, 2019.

Adölesan Annelerin Sosyo-Demografik, Gebelik ve Doğum Özellikleri

Introduction: Adolescence is considered the transition period from childhood to adulthood. Pregnancy at an early age is encountered for various reasons, along with the sexuality that begins in this period. Having a child at an early age carries a high risk for both mother and baby.
 Objective: This study was conducted to determine adolescent mothers' socio-demographic, pregnancy, and birth characteristics in Bartın province.
 Method: The study was conducted as cross-sectional and descriptive. 89 adolescent women who gave birth between August and December 2008 in Bartın province constituted the population. Data were collected through a survey created by the researchers in line with the literature. SPSS 15.0 package program was used to evaluate the data. Mean and percentage were used in statistical evaluation. 
 Results: It was determined that 83% of the adolescent mothers, whose average age was 18, 3 ±0.73 years, were older adolescents, 15% had primary school education or lower, 98% were housewives and worked unpaid in family businesses, and 14% did not have any social security. While 54% of the mothers live in the nuclear family before marriage, 78% live in the extended family after marriage. It was observed that 52% of the adolescent mothers got married by escaping, and 87% had adolescent marriages. It was determined that most adolescent mothers did not receive any information about family planning methods before marriage and did not use pre-pregnancy family planning methods. It was observed that 65% of the adolescent mothers had health problems during their pregnancies, 21% of the babies born had health problems postpartum, 16% of the babies were prematüre, and 8.9% had low birth weight.
 Conclusion: Adolescent mothers should receive family planning information and counseling to prevent adolescent pregnancies, an essential maternal and child health risk group. In primary care studies, it is thought that the risks to maternal and infant health will be reduced by planning appropriate reproductive health services for adolescents.

Fertility among Northern Nigeria women and associated factors: Negative binomial regression model approach

Objective: The 2020 sustainable development progress report shows that human population growth is a critical barrier to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). There are very few studies on determinants of fertility particularly looking at the northern part of Nigeria that has a relatively high fertility level compared with the southern part of the country. This study therefore is aimed at identifying the factors associated with fertility among women in northern Nigeria. Methods: The data for this study was from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2018. The number of children ever born by women aged 15 – 49 years and other variables who lived in Northern Nigeria were extracted and analyzed using Negative Binomial Regression, where the level of significance was 0.05. Results: There were variations in factors associated with fertility among the geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Age of the respondents, sex of household head, wealth index, religion, ethnicity, use of family planning (FP) method, and child death experience were among the factors associated with fertility. Women with no/lower education, early marriage, being Muslim and Hausa/Fulani ethnic background experienced high fertility (p<0.05). Conclusion: Attention to the factors mentioned above and intervention programmes designed to reduce fertility are indispensable. Education of female children should be given extra attention as this will empower them to be more informed. Hence, achieving SDGs will become a reality.

CONFRONTING PAKISTAN'S OVERPOPULATION ISSUE FOR LONG-TERM SOLUTIONS

CONFRONTING PAKISTAN'S OVERPOPULATION ISSUE FOR LONG-TERM SOLUTIONS

“I Like to Know When My Period’s Coming”: How Menstruators Use Technology to Track, Monitor, and Manage Their Menses

Managing menstruation is a global public health issue. Cultural issues such as period poverty, negative stigmas, and technological advancements are often discussed in the menstrual care space. Technologies, such as mobile apps (e.g., Flo, Glow, iPhone Health) and devices (e.g., menstrual cups, intrauterine devices), have changed how menstruators monitor and manage their menses. Little research exists on how these tools could affect university student menstruators. Virtual focus group discussions (n = 32 across five focus groups) were conducted in February 2021. Eligible participants were student-menstruators attending a large Midwestern University. Thematic analysis techniques were used for data analysis, allowing for a constant comparative approach to contextualization and theme identification. Results demonstrated that participants employed various technologies, including mobile apps, birth control methods, and reusable products, to track, predict, and manage their menstrual experiences effectively. These technologies proved instrumental in tracking symptoms, manipulating the timing of menstruation, facilitating communication with healthcare providers, and alleviating menstrual discomfort. Furthermore, participants emphasized the factors influencing their technology choices, such as menstrual cups’ economic and environmental advantages. These findings have implications for menstrual health programs, public health initiatives, and period policies, emphasizing the importance of integrating technology-driven solutions for menstrual health management. The study showcases the value of incorporating technology into education and awareness campaigns to empower individuals in managing their menstrual health and facilitating informed decisions about contraception and fertility. Furthermore, the research highlights the need for policymakers to support reusable menstrual technologies and destigmatize menstruation, ultimately contributing to gender equality and overall well-being.

The Relationship of Knowledge and Husband's Support With The Use of Injective Contraceptions

The family planning (KB) program is a government effort to prevent risky pregnancies due to the 4Ts (too young, too old, too close, and too frequent). One of the birth control methods most widely used by women of childbearing age (WUS) is injectable birth control. The research aims to determine the relationship between a husband's knowledge and support and the use of injectable contraceptives in women of childbearing age. Method: quantitative research using a cross-sectional design with a cluster random sampling technique. Data were collected using a questionnaire, and analysis was carried out using the Chi-Square statistical test. Results: There is a relationship between knowledge (p-value 0.046) and husband's support (0.001) with the use of injectable contraceptives in women of childbearing age (WUS) in the Tanjung Pinang Health Center Working Area, Jambi. Conclusion: There is a relationship between a husband's knowledge and support and the use of injectable contraceptives in WUS, so it is hoped that health workers will routinely provide outreach regarding the use and benefits of injectable contraceptives to couples of childbearing age (PUS).

Information behaviour and factors influencing family planning knowledge of Myanmar ethnic migrants: a qualitative study

The accessibility to quality family planning (FP) information and counselling for Myanmar ethnic migrants in Thailand is questionable. Inadequate knowledge and lack of informed choice to practice FP methods increase the risk of unmet needs and method failures in FP, which could result in unplanned pregnancies and induced abortions. This research aimed to understand the FP information behaviour of a Pa-O migrant group, as well as structural and agency influencing factors on FP knowledge acquisition in Chiang Mai. A qualitative research based on the Information Behaviour model and Structuration theory was conducted using participant observation, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. A non-probability sampling method was employed, and 31 respondents participated in the study. The study found that actively seeking FP information from formal sources to make an informed decision was not common among Pa-O migrants. Instead, there was more reliance on informal information sources for choosing FP methods. Cultural norms related to sex, marriage, and age hinder migrant health information-seeking behaviour from formal and informal information sources. Pa-O migrants were alienated from structural resources, limiting the opportunities to promote FP knowledge. The personal and situational factors that significantly influenced the agency of migrants were lack of awareness of the right to information, language barriers, and perceived communication barriers with health staff. Limited resources of migrant-friendly health education programmes adversely affect migrant FP information behaviour. Reproductive health education programmes, including quality FP counselling services, should be accessible for marginalised migrants to ensure that their choices of FP are well-informed.

Practice of Family Planning Methods by the Eligible Couple in the Rajshahi City Corporation Area

This study investigates family planning practices among eligible couples in the urban setting of Rajshahi City Corporation, Bangladesh. The research aims to determine the prevalence and demographic factors associated with family planning, as well as the types and sources of family planning methods, decision-making processes, and challenges faced. Data was collected through a cross-sectional study, with 300 eligible couples participating. The findings reveal a commendable prevalence of family planning practices (88.0%) in the area, reflecting accessible and effective reproductive health services. Notably, a significant association was found between the sex of respondents and family planning practices (χ²= 25.549, p<0.001), with a higher percentage of females (88.2%) actively practicing family planning. Female partners played a central role in decision-making, and small family sizes with shorter age gaps between children were observed. Challenges related to side effects (87.2%) and method-related problems highlighted the need for targeted interventions. Enhancing awareness and education programs, strengthening counseling services, and promoting male involvement. Collaboration with NGOs and healthcare providers is suggested to improve family planning services in urban settings, contributing to healthier demographics in Rajshahi City Corporation. These significant statistics underscore the importance of tailored strategies to enhance family planning practices in urban areas.

Awareness and Pattern of Utilizing Family Planning Methods in Married Women visiting at Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital

Background and Objectives: Family planning (FP) means a way of thinking, perceiving and utilizing which is accepted voluntarily upon the bases of attitude, knowledge, and important decisions by couples. This study was done to assess level of awareness and pattern of utilizing family planning methods among married women aged 20 to 45 years of reproductive age visiting at Janaki Medical College teaching Hospital, Ramdiaya.
 
 Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2023 to July 2023 at the department of obstetrics and gynecology of Janaki Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Ramdaiya, Dhanusha, Nepal. One hundred forty three (n=143) women of reproductive age, were interviewed by using a pre-tested semi structured questionnaire. After taking informed written consent, socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude and pattern of using family planning methods were recorded. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 21.
 Results: Majority (55.94%) of respondents were aware about the different contraceptive methods, and 46.85% of the respondents were using contraceptive methods at the time of our study. 16.08% were using oral contraceptives followed by condoms in 13.98%, tubectomy by 9.09%, vasectomy by 3.49%, traditional methods by 2.09 %, intrauterine device by 1.39% and injectable by 0.69%. The use of contraceptive methods increased with increasing age, number of living children and level of education.
 Conclusion: Average number of women were aware about the contraceptive methods but the practice of contraception and utilization of family planning services were low. A gap was found between knowledge and implementation of contraceptive methods in the study population. This shows the need for more informative awareness campaigns for promoting contraceptive utilization.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kenaikan Berat Badan Pada Akseptor KB Suntik 2 Bulan (Gestin F2) Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Purwoyoso Semarang

Introduction: Combined injection contraception can be an option for all women of reproductive age who have poor adherence. Most acceptors often complain that after using 2 months of injectable birth control they feel that they have gained weight. Many have switched to other birth control methods because of weight gain. Objective: to determine the factors that influence weight gain in 2-month injection family planning acceptors (Gestin F2) in the Working Area of the Purwoyoso Health Center, Semarang. Methods: The research method used was an analytic survey with a cross-sectional approach. Sample: The population in this study were 45 people who were in the Working Area of the Purwoyoso Health Center Semarang with a sample of 44 respondents. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. Data analysis used is Chi-square analysis. Results: that physical activity had an effect on weight gain, while husband's support, duration of use of family planning, diet, age, history of use of family planning had no significant relationship with weight gain in respondents who accepted the 2-month injection of family planning (Gestin F2) in the Purwoyoso Public Health Center, Semarang.