Birjand City Research Articles

Giant Brain Hydatid Cyst in an Adult: A New Case Report

Cystic echinococcosis is an important zoonotic disease that occurs in humans and mammals in general, which causes considerable economic loss and poses health concerns in different parts of the world. The patient involved in this case report was a 28-year old man living in Birjand city who had been suffering from intermittent headache, nausea and vomiting for the past two weeks. The other symptoms presented by the patient were dizziness, blurred vision, seizures and imbalance. The patient only complained of headache in the last two weeks and had no symptoms of visual or speech impairment. He had a history of consuming raw vegetables, but did not have canine contact. In brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, a large cyst was evident in his brain. The patient was admitted to Razi Hospital in Birjand and followed-up by surgical treatment of the hydatid cyst, with no complications observed. Keywords: Hydatid cyst, brain, Birjand.

Effect of Nutrition Intervention on Indices of Growth in Day Care Centers of the City of Birjand, Iran

Background: Childhood malnutrition is the main risk factor for impaired mental and physical growth and several diseases and leads to premature death worldwide. Therefore, reducing childhood malnutrition is a top priority in most countries. In this regard, several studies have explored the effects of nutritional intervention on reducing childhood malnutrition, although mostly in controlled conditions and with small sample sizes. Data on community-based interventions are limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of providing hot meals at lunchtime on the growth of children in day care centers in rural areas of the city of Birjand, Iran. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study. Hot meals were offered for 6 months to all the children (n = 1809) in day care centers of rural Birjand. Height and weight of the children were measured before and after the intervention. Z-score indicators were calculated using WHO Anthro and Anthro plus software packages. SPSS was used for data analyses. Results: Prevalence of wasting and stunting decreased after the intervention in both sexes. The decrease in stunting prevalence was significantly greater in boys than in girls. However, proportions of various categories of height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) did not change significantly in either sex. In both sexes, weight, height, body mass index, and weight-for-age improved significantly after the intervention. The prevalence of obesity and overweight did not change after the intervention. Conclusion: Based on the findings, providing hot food at lunchtime in day care centers can reduce wasting and stunting in children in rural regions of Birjand, Iran.

Breast cancer screening behavior and its associated factors in female employees in South Khorasan.

BACKGROUND:Breast cancer is a preventable disease, using three secondary preventive methods of mammography, clinical breast examination (CBE), and breast self-examination (BSE) that can lead to early detection of breast cancer. This study was designed to assess breast cancer screening behavior and its associated factors in females employed in South Khorasan.MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this analytic-descriptive study, 2256 female personnel of governmental organizations were investigated in Birjand city in 2016–2017. The data collection tool was a three-part questionnaire: sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge about breast cancer screening methods plus women's performance, and stage of change regarding screening behaviors of mammography, CBE, and BSE. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 and one-way analysis variance, Tukey's post hoc, and multiple logistic regression model statistical tests.RESULTS:The mean ± standard deviation score of knowledge of the women was 3.45 ± 1.5. There was a significant difference of the mean score of knowledge between the single and married (P = 0.03) and age group (P = 0.04). The stage action of mammography, CBE, and BSE was 6.8%, 12.3%, and 16.8%, respectively. Logistic regression model showed that variables such as age and family history of breast cancer were highly significant related to mammography and also CBE. Knowledge was also highly significant in mammography, CBE, and BSE. Education level in CBE, marital status in BSE and mammography, and job in BSE were also significant (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS:This study reveals insufficient knowledge of female workers about breast cancer and the negative influence of low knowledge on the practice of breast cancer screening behavior. Therefore, the establishment and maintenance of regular educational courses for female employees is essential.

Investigating the Relationship between Proficiency Level and Perceived Test Consequences: A Case Study of Iranian High School Students

Aimed at promoting the consequential validity of high-stakes test, unexpected aspects of assessment process which negatively affect the learning process have been investigated by researchers in the last decades. Since discovering those variables that contribute to adverse test consequences is necessary for any successful intervention, the current study was an attempt to shed light on the relationship between proficiency level of examinees and their perception of test impacts. To this purpose, 63 third grade male students studying for a high-stakes exam were selected through convenience sampling from three different high schools in the city of Birjand. A teacher developed proficiency test was then administered and participants were either assigned to high-proficiency group (N=34) or low-proficiency group (N=29). Then, using an interview protocol and conducting a content analysis of the interviews, students were either placed at social or psychological impact groups on the bases f the frequency of their answers to different items of the interview. The obtained data were entered into SPSS (version 21) and analyzed through Chi Square test to determine the goodness of fit. A significant interaction was found (X2 (1) = 6.647, p = 0.01). It was concluded that high proficiency students are more likely to perceive test consequences (54.0%) than low-proficiency group (46%). Besides, on the basis of Phi and Crammers’ V symmetric measures, the strength of the association between the variable was 0.325 which shows a medium effect of proficiency level on type of perceived test consequence. These findings have implication for language teachers, language learners, researchers and educational decision makers.

Investigation of relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and quality of life among firefighters in Birjand City at 2018

Introduction: Firefighters are at high risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and that Quality of Life (QoL) is seriously compromised in individuals who have PTSD. This study was designed to assess the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorders and quality of life among firefighters. Materials and Methods: In this analytical and cross-sectional study, all firefighters in Birjand city were selected by census method (N = 96) in 2018. PTSD and QoL status was assessed by the Persian version of the Mississippi (Eshel) and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires, respectively. Using Cronbach's α, the Iranian version of these two scales' internal reliability has been reported to be 0.92 and more than 0.7, respectively. Data analysis using SPSS software version 21 and independent T-test, ANOVA, Tukey's test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that most firefighters (70.5%) were suffered from moderate PTSD symptoms (79.2± 11.7). Based on the self-report scale, 53.7% of the firefighters rated their quality of life as Good, and 43.2% of the firefighters were satisfied with their health. Statistical analysis showed that there is a statistically significant inverse relationship between PTSD score and areas of mental health (P = 0.03), social relations (P = 0.002), and environmental health (P = 0.004). Between PTSD score and physical health, no statistically significant relationship was found (P = 0.08). Conclusion: This study has proven a high rate of PTSD among firefighters and its negative correlation with the quality of their life. However, most firefighters rated their health and quality of life as good. Implementing strategies to combat mental disorders among firefighters improves the quality of their life and increases their job productivity.

Oral Mucosal Lesions and DMFT Index Assessment in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Birjand, Iran, in 2018

Introduction:Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) may cause malfunction in the immune system and the inability to observe oral hygiene in patients due to physical deficits. A bacterial infection caused as such can constitute a significant risk factor for the development of systemic infection. The present study aimed to investigate the oral mucosal lesions, the DMFT index, and the Modified Gingival Index (MGI) in RA patients treated in Birjand city.Materials and Methods:This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed with 80 RA patients referred to rheumatology clinics of Birjand in 2018. Data were collected through observation, clinical examination, information forms, and medical records. After the patients were informed about the research purposes and signed consent forms for participation, they were examined at the rheumatology clinics. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 19).Results:Of the 80 patients, n = 64 (80%) had oral mucosal lesions. Dry mouth (66.3%) was the most common finding. The mean DMFT index score was 18.7.Conclusion:Oral mucosal lesions and the mean DMFT index score seem to be at high levels in RA patients, possibly due to the complications of the disease or the consumed medications.

The Effectiveness of Emotional Self-Control on Students' Academic Vitality and Academic Performance

Background and Purpose: Over the years, academic performance has been widely considered as one of the indicators of assessing the students' learning and the quality of education. During their academic life, students face different challenges, obstacles and stresses which may threaten their academic performance and academic vitality. Therefore, this study was done to investigate the effectiveness of emotional self-control training on the academic vitality and academic performance of students. Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with control group pretest- posttest design including the follow-up stage. The study population included all the male students studying at the first cycle of the secondary school in Birjand city in the academic year of 2019-2020. Among which a sample of 40 students were selected by purposive sampling and then assigned randomly to the experimental or the control group (20 per group). The experimental group received eigth 60-min sessions of emotional self-control; whereas no training was done for the control group. The research tools included Questionnare of Academic Vitality (Dehghanzadeh and Hosseinchari, 2012), Academic Performance Questionnaire (Dortaj, 2004) and Self-control Scale (Tanjeny et al., 2004). Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA at the significance level of α = 0.05. Results: Results of data analysis showed that emotional self-control training was effective on academic vitality (p <0.01) and academic performance and its components (self-efficacy, emotional effects, planning, lack of outcome control and motivation) (p <0.01). The findings persisted in the follow-up period (p <0.01). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that emotional self-control training can improve the skills related to resilence and adjustment and prevent the inappropriate emotions in students which in turn can increase the academic vitality and academic performance in them.

Efficacy of Communication Skills Training in Marital Disturbance

Background: Marital disturbance widely impact the quality of marriage in couples. Besides, the lack of communication skills among couples is considered as one of the most significant personal factors influencing marriage distress. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the impact of communication skills training on marital disturbance. Methods: In this interventional study, the target population was all couples residing in the marginal regions of Birjand City, in 2016. Sixty couples (N=120) were randomly selected and assigned into two groups of intervention (30 couples) and control (30 couples). The data collection instrument consisted of two sections of private information and the Pines couple burnout measure. Results: Educational intervention was conducted for the intervention group in six sessions of 120 minutes. The questionnaire was completed before and three months after the intervention, in both groups. Then, the obtained data were analyzed using the chi-squared test, independent t-test, and paired t-test, considering the significant level of 0.05, in SPSS V. 18. The Mean±SD age was 32.27±6.24 years and 34.85±5.74 years in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Also, the Mean±SD marriage life of couples was 7.33±5.29 years and 9.57±5.73 years in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Conclusion: The mean of marital disturbance modifications, marital distress, and physical and emotional loss significantly differed between the intervention and control groups (P&lt;0.05). Communication skills training can significantly reduce marital distress and its dimensions, including physical, emotional, and mental retardation, in couples living in the suburb.

Density of bacterial particles cultivable in the air of inside and outside kindergartens in Birjand in 2019

Background and Aim: Bioaerosols are airborne particles that contain bacteria, viruses and fungi. Human reaction to bioaerosols is very different. The aim of this study was performed to determine the density of bacterial particles cultivable in the air of inside and outside kindergartens in Birjand. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed. Birjand city was divided into 5 regions based on geographical location and 6 kindergartens were randomly selected. Sampling was done in the morning shift from 6 selected kindergartens.The culture medium used was triptic soy agar for bacteria. Sampling was performed at a flow rate of 28.3 L/Min in 35 minutes at a distance of 0.8 to 1 M above the ground in the center of each class. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Version.16) software and Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests and a significance level (P&lt;0.05) was considered. Results: The results showed that the highest mean bacterial microbial load in February was (3.83±8.04) CFU/m3 and suspended particles in March (196.13±382.54) CFU/m3. There was no significant relationship between bacterial density with suspended particles and temperature (P&gt;0.05). There was a significant relationship between bacterial density and total suspended particles (P&lt;0.05). There was a significant relationship between the amount of suspended particles (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) with the environment inside and outside the kindergarten (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: From the findings of this study, the concentration of bacterial contamination in terms of quantity and type of identified species and the amount of airborne particles can be identified to prevent adverse health effects.

Energy, exergy and economic analysis of utilizing the supercritical CO2 recompression Brayton cycle integrated with solar energy in natural gas city gate station

The pressure of natural gas stream must be reduced in city gas station. The natural gas has to be preheated before pressure reduction takes place usually through throttling valves. In conventional city gas stations, the natural gas is preheated by indirect water bath heaters, which burn a large amount of the natural gas as fuel. In this study, the rejected heat from a supercritical carbon dioxide recompression cycle using solar energy is recovered for preheating the natural gas. The novel design of this system generates uniform electricity as well as preheats the natural gas in city gate station. The proposed system is simulated for Birjand city gas station as a case study, and a thorough techno-economic analysis is performed in Engineering Equation Solver for evaluating the system performance. The results of this study demonstrate that parabolic trough collectors with 25 rows are the most efficient solar system while the annual average of thermal and exergy efficiency of the system is 0.56 and 0.41, respectively. The exergetic analysis of the system shows that the highest average exergy destruction takes place in the throttling valve and the second highest in the solar collectors. Also, the total amount of fuel saving is estimated at 4.87 million cubic meters annually and the net power output is equal to 2.86 MW. From the economic point of view, the value of the payback period is estimated 4 years and, based on the net present value method, after 8 years, the initial investment could be returned.

Blood lead concentration and its associated factors in preschool children in eastern Iran: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundLead is a toxic metal that affects almost every organ in the body. Children are more susceptible to lead toxicity because they ingest non-food items (pica), have oral exploratory habits, absorb more substantial amounts of ingested lead compared to adults, and have a developing central nervous system. This study describes venous blood lead concentrations (BLC) in young children living in Birjand, Iran.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed in 2016 on children 1–7 years of age who were referred to healthcare centers in Birjand City. Demographic information was obtained, and their BLC was tested using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).ResultsFour hundred children were tested. Their mean age was 52.37 ± 23.77 months; their mean BLC was 2.49 ± 2.64 μg/dL (median 1.85 μg/dL). Thirty-two (8%) children had a BLC > 5 μg/dL. A logistic regression model revealed that per one unit of increase in age, the chance of an elevated BLC decreased by 3% (OR (95%CI): 0.97 (0.96–0.99), p < 0.01). The risks of an elevated BLC was 61% lower in girls compared to boys (OR (95%CI): 0.39 (0.17–0.92), p = 0.03). Further, per one rate of increase in the BMI, the chance of an elevated BLC was higher (OR (95%CI): 1.13 (1.02–1.24), p = 0.01). Children whose fathers were laborers had higher BLC than those with employee fathers (p = 0.01).ConclusionOf 400 children aged 1–7 years old living in Birjand, Iran, 8% had elevated BLC. BLC correlated with the child ‘s age, gender, body mass index, and father’s occupation.

Surveying the Effect of Opioid Abuse on the Extent of Coronary Artery Diseases in Diabetic Patients.

Background Diabetes mellitus is recognized as one of the most common, serious, and costly chronic diseases. Opium addiction is also a common health problem in Iran. Given the high prevalence of opium use in South Khorasan Province and the increasing prevalence of opioid abuse in the community, this study was performed to investigate the effect of opioid abuse on the extent of disease in diabetic patients undergoing coronary angiography in the cardiology department of Vali-e-Asr Hospital in Birjand city, South Khorasan Province, Iran. Methods This study recruited a total of 1051 diabetic patients who underwent coronary angiography in the cardiology department of Vali-e-Asr Hospital of Birjand city from 2011 to 2015. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0 with the chi-square test and univariate regression analysis. P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results Among opiate-addicted diabetics, the risk of coronary artery disease was 0.44 times higher than among nonaddicted diabetics (range 0.24–0.77, P=0.004). The extent of coronary vessel involvement, when present, was not different between the two groups. Conclusion Opiate-addicted diabetics appear to be more susceptible to CAD than their nonaddicted counterparts. The determinants and correlates of this interaction must be the subject of further study.

The key factors in transforming Birjand city to a smart city: smart mobility, smart government

The physical development of urban communities and cities, as well as the advancement of communication and information world, increased the need for advanced technologies. Nowadays, many urban planners and managers, especially the mangers of the intelligent transport system and smart government, are concerned with the transformation of physical cities to electronic cities and finally too smart cities in the real world. Making electronic cities smart requires the full participation of urban management organizations in different sectors. In addition, the required frameworks should be designed and implemented based on the close relations of these organizations with each other. This study aimed to investigate the key factors in transforming Birjand city into a smarter city by focusing on two components of the intelligent transport system and smart government. In smart government, a structure is recommended that is appropriate for launching and preparing the policies and regulations that need to be covered by different dimensions. In smart transportation component, one of the most important and valuable solutions to the problems of transportation is the intelligent transport system (ITS). In this context, measuring potentials and implementing strategic planning can play a key role in increasing service delivery and reducing problems. This research design is an applied study. It intends to introduce the principles and dimensions of the intelligent transportation system and explore the potentials and strategic planning opportunities in Birjand city using a descriptive-analytical method. The data were collected by the library - documentary method. Furthermore, the study was conducted as field-survey research (interviews and questionnaires). In continuation, the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the intelligent transportation system were determined and analyzed using the SWOT strategic planning model. Finally, appropriate strategies were presented.

&lt;p class="Body"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A new genus and species of larval Trombellidae ectoparasitic on moths from Iran &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Birjandtrombella farniae Noei gen. et sp. nov. (Acari: Trombidiformes: Prostigmata: Trombellidae) is described and illustrated from larvae ectoparasitic on moths (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae), from Birjand city, South Khorasan province, Iran. Moth families Crambidae and Pyralidae are recorded as the host of Trombellidae larvae, for the first time. Also, a key to genera of Trombellinae Thor, 1935 of the world (larva) is presented.

Evaluating drug use relapse event rate and its associated factors using Poisson model

ABSTRACT Background: Drug use is a chronic and recurrent disease, and many individuals return to using drugs a short time after rehabilitation treatment. This study investigated factors involved in increasing the number of times individuals with drug addiction problems relapse. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 700 individuals referred to seven drug rehabilitation centers in Birjand City, Iran were selected based on the date of referral to the center. Checklists and interviews with the patients were used to gather the required information; data were analyzed using Poisson model distributions. Results: Age increases the odds of a higher number of relapses to drug addictions by 1.02 times per year of age (p < .001). Compared to those who smoke cigarettes, the odds of stopping drug use for those with no history of smoking cigarettes decreases by 0.13 with every year of age. Additionally, for every year of delay in age of initiating smoking, the number of drug addiction relapses decreases 0.96 times (p < .001). Modern drugs increase the odds of relapse compared to traditional drugs (p < .05). Individuals with university education undergo a higher number of drug rehabilitations compared to those with only an elementary school education. For every year of age delay in starting the use of drugs, the number of relapses decreases significantly by 0.97 times (p < .001). Conclusion: This study revealed that the current age and the age when first starting drug use, education level, type of substance used, and previous history of smoking cigarettes significantly influence the number of relapses of drug addiction.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Hemophilia Patients Compared to a Control Group in South Khorasan, Iran

Background: Hemophilia is a rare inherited sex-linked disease caused by the deficiency or lack of some blood coagulation factors. The severity varies depending on the levels of these factors in the blood. Objectives: Therefore, this study aimed at determining the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and risk factors of cardiovascular disease in patients with hemophilia compared to a control group in 2015. Methods: A case-control study was done on all hemophilia patients referring to the Birjand University of Medical Sciences (n = 91). Healthy subjects with no hemophilia were selected using systematic random sampling from healthy individuals in Birjand City, who were matched in terms of age and sex. The data were entered into SPSS19 software. The significance level of less than 0.05 was considered in this study. Results: The mean age was 34.11 ± 14.68 and 33.72 ± 13.46 years in the case and control groups, respectively. The rate of metabolic syndrome was 12.1% in the control group and 4.4% in the hemophilia group. The results of Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of TG (P = 0.016) and LDL (P &lt; 0.001), and the waist circumference was significantly higher (P = 0.001) in the control group than in the hemophilia group. Conclusions: In the present study, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly lower among hemophilia patients than in the control group. The prevalence of diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia was significantly lower in hemophilia patients than in the control group (healthy subjects).

Comparing App-based and Lecture-based Methods of Sexual Satisfaction Education: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Sexual dysfunction is one of the most common complications of spinal cord injury with potentially negative impacts on sexual satisfaction. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of app-based and lecture-based sexual education on the sexual satisfaction of disabled men with spinal cord injury. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on disabled men with spinal cord injury in 2019. The participants were selected using a convenience sampling method from the Welfare Organization of Birjand city. A demographic form and Larson’s Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire were completed before the intervention. Then, the participants were randomly assigned to two groups (app-based and lecture-based groups). In the app-based group, the sexual education content was prepared as an Android app that was accessible for the group participants for two months. Similar content was communicated to the lecture-based group in the form of lectures during ten 60- to 90-min sessions over two months. Six weeks after the end of the intervention, Larson’s Questionnaire was completed again for both groups. Data were analyzed using the Fisher’s exact test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, paired t-test, and independent t-test. The significance level was set at P &lt; 0.05. Results: In both groups, the mean scores of sexual satisfaction significantly increased after the intervention (P &lt; 0.05). Nevertheless, the mean change in the sexual satisfaction score was significantly more in the app-based group (18.16 ± 3.31) than in the lecture-based group (7.52 ± 4.59) (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: App-based sexual education can be more effective than lecture-based sexual education in improving the sexual satisfaction of disabled men with spinal cord injury.

&lt;p class="Body"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A new genus and species of larval Neothrombiidae (Trombidiformes: Prostigmata) from Iran with a key to world genera&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Razgthrombium ganjii gen. et sp. nov. (Acari: Neothrombiidae) is described and illustrated based on larval from soil and litter, Razg village, Birjand city, South Khorasan province, Iran. Also, a key to genera of Neothrombiidae of the world (larva) is presented.

Eco-epidemiological factors' of Head Lice in 10-12 year-old girls in Birjand City in 2017

Introduction: Lice are external parasites found in all socioeconomic classes around the world, which infect millions of people, especially children aged 5-14 years. Considering the growing and epidemiological trend of head lice in recent years, despite careful health care, more prognosis is needed. Therefore, this study aimed to study eco-epidemiological factors of head lice in 10-12 year-old girls in Birjand City in 2017.&#x0D; Methods: This cross-sectional study with descriptive-analytic approach was conducted in Birjand City in the 2017. The participants were selected using cluster sampling method from girl primary schools in Birjand City and its suburb areas. Data were entered into SPSS version 22 and analyzed by logistic regression test at significant level of 0.0.5&#x0D; Results: Head lice was evaluated in 2417 elementary school girls. The prevalence of head lice infection was 13.6% (n=329) in the population. The prevalence of contamination in urban areas was two times higher than the suburb areas. Significant correlations were observed between head lice infestation and father's education, mother's education, parent's job, family income, nationality, presence of foreigners in a class, habitat, history of previous student infections, presence of an infected person in the family, use of common Chador (piece of cloth worn by Muslim women to cover their body and hair) for praying at school. (p&lt;0.05)&#x0D; Conclusion: The prevalence of head lice infection in the present study was higher than other studies. The prevalence of head lice infection was also higher in the suburbs. So, preventive measures, especially in the suburbs are required with regard to factors associated with infection by the health system.

The Role of Services and Facilities in Population Sustainability of Rural Settlements (Case Study: The Villages in Central Region of Birjand city)

The studies show that today, the process of the social-economic changes and the increasing dynamism and replacement of the human groups have led to the changes in the rural areas. Therefore, the issue that basically, which factors have been effective on population sustainability in the rural settlements has been always arisen. The current study also has sought to find answer to this question. The current study is of descriptive-analytical type in terms of the methodology. The statistical population of the current study is all the villages in central zone of Birjand City which have had a population of more than 100 people (89 villages) according to 2016’s census. In order to determine the sample size, firstly 9 rural settlements in central zone of Birjand City which had the highest population decrease during 2006 to 2016, were selected. Then, based on the number of households in these 9 villages (691 households), 247 households were chosen according to Cochran Formula, to fill in the questionnaire, and finally, the samples were distributed by the stratified random sampling based on the ratio of each village’s household share. The descriptive-inferential method by the use of the SPSS was utilized for data analysis. The results indicated that the services and facilities have had a significant role in population sustainability of the rural settlements.