Bipolar Series Research Articles

A study on the removal of long chain perflourodecanoic acid in simulated aqueous solution using enhanced electrochemical technique: Metabolites, kinetic and isotherm model analysis

Long chain Per-poly fluorinated alkyl substances are extremely persistent micropollutants that are detected worldwide. Electrocoagulation technique was used investigated for the removal of refractory long chain perflourodecanoic acid (C10) (PFDA) in simulated water. Hybrid electrode system, Fe-Al-Fe-Al, in a bipolar series (BP-S) connection found as best key conditions and could be achieved removal efficiency of 99.96 % of PFDA with an energy consumption of 0.31 kWh/kg. Additionally, oxidation effect on PFDA (C10) was observed, and for the first-time various intermediates generated in ng/L during PFDA (C10) degradation was evaluated in aqueous solution after 30 min of electrolysis. Moreover, the performance of Fe-Al-Fe-Al on PFDA removal was verified by zeta potential, and SEM-EDX analysis. Finally, kinetic, and isotherm parameters were calculated. The second order rate constant showed a maximum rate constant of 0.081 L/mg-min (R2 = 0.999) with bipolar Fe-Al-Fe-Al experimental conditions. The Langmuir isotherm model predictions matched satisfactorily with the experimental observations. The mainly mechanism was adsorption, and precipitation primarily due to hydrophobic interaction of PFDA and FeAl metal hydroxide flocs followed by mild oxidation effect. The energy consumption of bipolar Fe-Al-Fe-Al electrocoagulation process was also calculated, demonstrating that this method is not energy demanding.

Different Electrodes Connections in Electrocoagulation of Synthetic Blow down Water of Cooling Tower

In this research, the performance of electrocoagulation (EC) using aluminum (Al) electrodes with Monopolar- parallel (MP-P), and bipolar - series (BP-S) arrangement for simultaneous removal of dissolved silica, and hardness ions (calcium, and magnesium) from synthetic blowdown water of cooling tower were investigated. The effects of current density, initial pH and time of electrolysis on the removal efficiency were studied in a batch stirred unit to find out the best-operating conditions. The obtained results for each target species are evidence that BP-S approach is the best for both electrodes configuration operated at a Current density of 1mA/cm2 through 30 min of treatment and pH=10 with the removal of 60 %, 97% and 98% for calcium, magnesium and silica, respectively. This arrangement required an electrical energy consumption of1.8 kWh/m3 which is higher than observed in a parallel arrangement.

Evaluations of operating parameters on treatment of can manufacturing wastewater by electrocoagulation

In this study, treatment of can manufacturing wastewater (CMW) by electrocoagulation (EC) process using aluminium plate electrodes was investigated in a batch mode operation to obtain optimum operating conditions with minimum operating cost. Effects of operating parameters such as current density, operating time and electrode connection modes (monopolar series (MP-S), monopolar parallel (MP-P) and bipolar series (BP-S)) on removal efficiencies of aluminium (125.1mg/L), zirconium (81.2mg/L), and phosphate (PO43−−P, 32.1mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD: 850mg/L) and total organic carbon (TOC: 300mg/L) from the CMW were evaluated. The results indicated that removal efficiencies of Al, Zr, and phosphate at the optimum conditions (20A/m2, 40min and MP-P electrode connection mode) were determined to be 99.41% for Al, 99.38% for Zr and 99.80% for phosphate, 72% for COD, and 37% for TOC in the wastewater, respectively. In addition, charge density, electrode and energy consumptions, amount of sludge and operating cost at the optimum operating conditions were calculated as 13.196F/m3 or 1270.59C/L, 0.1432kg/m3, 1.366kWh/m3, 1.674kg/m3 and 0.366€/m3. The results indicated that the EC process is very effective and efficient process for treatment of the CMW.