Worldwide unprecedented challenge has been posed due to socio- economical-demographic and environmental transitions. These threats mainly sprout from rapid pace in modernization and advancement of technologies for economic escalation and raising live standards. These however is a bane since over the years there are instances of loss of considerable biodiversity, risks in public health, aggravation of already existing health issues, decline of soil salinity and to add to the plight there is water scarcity that mainly had resulted due to imbalance in the potable water available and its demand. Climate change, indiscriminate efflux of contaminants encompassing household to industrial waste water has profound effects on the standards of water quality. To cope with this situation there should be judicious planning leading to recycling the waste water in a more convenient way over prevalent robust technologies. The focus lies on the participation of nano-based materials that have been revered highly for their large surface to volume ratio and are efficient candidates for solid waste recovery. Nanomaterials both metallic non-metallic and polymeric materials have been the subject of interest for their diligent participation as catalyst, nano sorbents. Besides the participation of natural materials and benevolent biological components in bioremediation of waste water has been discussed herein.