Bioremediation Of Crude Oil Research Articles

Enhancement the Bioremediation of Crude Oil by Nanoparticle and Biosurfactants

The present study concerns the bioremediation process of oil contaminated soil from Suez Oil Processing Company. Nineteen crude oil-degrading bacterial isolates were isolated from this oil-polluted area. Four bacterial species showed the highest growth rate on crude oil hydrocarbons. The bioremediation process was studied by pure and bacterial consortium. The oil contents in the different microcosms reduced up to 80% via bioremediation after 7 days. The Gas Chromatographic analysis of the crude oil remaining in different culture media after one week was determined. The nanoparticle and biosurfactant showed selective bioremediation enhancement for n- and iso- paraffins. The percentage biodegradation was reached into the maximum value in microcosm containing biosurfactant, nanoparticle and bacterial consortium of the best four bacterial strains into 90% after 7 days. The complete degradation of some different members of polyaromatics and the percentage biodegradation of other polyaromatics increased in different microcosms which investigated by HPLC analysis.

Biogeographical distribution analysis of hydrocarbon degrading and biosurfactant producing genes suggests that near-equatorial biomes have higher abundance of genes with potential for bioremediation

BackgroundBacterial and Archaeal communities have a complex, symbiotic role in crude oil bioremediation. Their biosurfactants and degradation enzymes have been in the spotlight, mainly due to the awareness of ecosystem pollution caused by crude oil accidents and their use. Initially, the scientific community studied the role of individual microbial species by characterizing and optimizing their biosurfactant and oil degradation genes, studying their individual distribution. However, with the advances in genomics, in particular with the use of New-Generation-Sequencing and Metagenomics, it is now possible to have a macro view of the complex pathways related to the symbiotic degradation of hydrocarbons and surfactant production. It is now possible, although more challenging, to obtain the DNA information of an entire microbial community before automatically characterizing it. By characterizing and understanding the interconnected role of microorganisms and the role of degradation and biosurfactant genes in an ecosystem, it becomes possible to develop new biotechnological approaches for bioremediation use. This paper analyzes 46 different metagenome samples, spanning 20 biomes from different geographies obtained from different research projects.ResultsA metagenomics bioinformatics pipeline, focused on the biodegradation and biosurfactant-production pathways, genes and organisms, was applied. Our main results show that: (1) surfactation and degradation are correlated events, and therefore should be studied together; (2) terrestrial biomes present more degradation genes, especially cyclic compounds, and less surfactation genes, when compared to water biomes; and (3) latitude has a significant influence on the diversity of genes involved in biodegradation and biosurfactant production. This suggests that microbiomes found near the equator are richer in genes that have a role in these processes and thus have a higher biotechnological potential.ConclusionIn this work we have focused on the biogeographical distribution of hydrocarbon degrading and biosurfactant producing genes. Our principle results can be seen as an important step forward in the application of bioremediation techniques, by considering the biostimulation, optimization or manipulation of a starting microbial consortia from the areas with higher degradation and biosurfactant producing genetic diversity.

Bioremediation of crude oil by Bacillus licheniformis in the presence of different concentration nanoparticles and produced biosurfactant

This research work focuses on testing the bacterial strain Bacillus licheniformis for the bioremediation capacity of the crude oil. A biosurfactant and two different nanoparticles with different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 g/100 ml) were applied separately to enhance the biodegradation process. The optimum biodegradation of crude oil was demonstrated at 60% of microcosms containing biosurfactant and nanoparticles after 7 days. The bacterial strain is highly potential to consume the total paraffins (iso- and n-paraffins) in crude oil samples. Accordingly, the best biodegradation of total paraffins was observed in microcosms containing (0.2 g) of Fe2O3, Zn5(OH)8Cl2 (nps) and biosurfactant separately. Additionally, the consumption of specific member rings of polyaromatics depends on the type and the concentration of nanoparticles. Thus, this bacterial strain was considered as a good candidate to be applied in the bioremediation process of petroleum-contaminated sites using biosurfactant and specific concentration of (Fe2O3 and Zn5OH8Cl2) nanoparticles.

Bioremediation Potential of Native Hydrocarbons Degrading Bacteria in Crude Oil Polluted Soil

Bioremediation of crude oil contaminated soil is an effective process to clean petroleum pollutants from the environment. Crude oil bioremediation of soils is limited by the bacteria activity in degrading the spills hydrocarbons. Native crude oil degrading bacteria were isolated from different crude oil polluted soils. The isolated bacteria belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, Arthrobacter and Bacillus. A natural biodegradable product and bacterial inoculum were used for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal from an artificial polluted soil. For soil polluted with 5% crude oil, the bacterial top, including those placed in the soil by inoculation was 30 days after impact, respectively 7 days after inoculum application, while in soil polluted with 10% crude oil, multiplication top of bacteria was observed in the determination made at 45 days after impact and 21 days after inoculum application, showing once again how necessary is for microorganisms habituation and adaptation to environment being a function of pollutant concentration. The microorganisms inoculated showed a slight adaptability in soil polluted with 5% crude oil, but complete inhibition in the first 30 days of experiment at 10% crude oil.

Effect of Fenton pre-oxidation on mobilization of nutrients and efficient subsequent bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated soil

Fenton pre-oxidation and a subsequent bioremediation phase of 80 days were used to investigate the importance of matching concentration of residual indigenous bacteria and nutrient levels on subsequent bioremediation of crude oil. Experiments were performed using either high (>107.7 ± 0.2 CFU/g soil) or low (<105.9 ± 0.1 CFU/g soil) concentrations of bacteria and three different nutrient levels: enough (C/N > 9.8), moderate (C/N:5–9.8), and lacking nutrient level (C/N < 5) conditions. Weak Fenton pre-oxidation (225 mM H2O2 and 2.9 mM Fe2+) resulted in highly matching between nutrient level and the population of residual indigenous bacteria. Up to 53% of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and 58% of main hydrocarbon (C15C25, during the first 10 days) were removed from the soil. Under matching conditions, the activity of indigenous bacteria and nutrient mobilization were enhanced, promoting the bioremediation of crude oil. In addition, the biodegradation of long chain molecules (C26C30) required a high level of NH4+-N.

The contribution of chemical dispersants and biosurfactants on crude oil biodegradation by Pseudomonas sp. LSH-7′

The application of surfactants as dispersants for the remediation of contamination by a variety of petroleum hydrocarbons has received much attention from researchers worldwide because petroleum hydrocarbons may cause great potential harm to the marine environment and human health. A simulated bioremediation of a marine offshore oil spill was carried out to determine the contribution of chemical dispersants and biosurfactants on bioremediation of Haierzhan crude oil. Compared to chemical dispersants, biosurfactants were more effective at bioremediation of oil-contaminated marine environment. Rhamnolipids did enhance the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon compounds with a coefficient of 9.02 using the RSM equation, which is much higher than a coefficient of 4.42 observed with the commercial chemical dispersants GM-2. There was a synergistic effect between Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate (DOSS) and GM-2 on the bioremediation of crude oil, with the coefficient for the two factors being 16.58, while, the contribution of rhamnolipid with GM-2 resulted in a negative effect on crude oil biodegradation, with a coefficient −7.72. The strain LSH-7′ grew very well when the medium were amended with biosurfactants as the sole carbon source, indicating that the biosurfactants have no toxic effect on the hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms.

Statistical optimization and kinetic studies of enhanced bioremediation of crude oil - contaminated marine water using combined adsorption-biostimulation strategy

The objectives of this study were to investigate and evaluate through Taguchi orthogonal experimental design the effects of amendment agents as well as the optimization and kinetics of enhanced bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated marine water using combined adsorption-biostimulation strategy. The amendment agents are organic fertilizer, slow release inorganic NPK fertilizer, commercial activated carbon and Tween 80. Bioremediation of weathered Escravos crude oil (WECO)-contaminated marine water was studied for four weeks in ten plastic buckets open system. The oil-contaminated marine water in nine of the buckets was each amended with the amendment agents according to Taguchi’s (L9) orthogonal array of four factors and three levels and the tenth un-amended bucket served as control (natural bioattenuation). Results showed that the amendment agents had relative significant influence on the enhancement of WECO-marine water bioremediation. The optimum amendment agent conditions were determined as follows: organic fertilizer 30 g, inorganic slow release NPK fertilizer 4 g, activated carbon 30 g, and Tween 80, 1.5 g. Under these optimum conditions, the optimum percentage of crude oil biodegradation achieved was 98.25%. Bioremediation kinetic data of WECO fitted well to the first-order kinetic model. The combined adsorptionbiostimulation strategy (using the amendment agents) resulted in higher biodegradation rate constant, k (0.0443 - 0.1183 day -1 ) and lower biodegradation half-life, t 1/2 (5.86 – 15.6 days) of the WECO biodegradation than the natural bioattenuation with lower k (0.0144 day -1 ) and higher t 1/2 (48.8 days). Therefore, the amendment agents have effective potential application as a tool for combined adsorption-biostimulation strategy in the remediation of crude oilcontaminated aquatic environment. Keywords: Biodegradation; Bioremediation; Amendment agents; Crude oil; Kinetics; Optimization

Modelling the Methodology for Crude Oil Bioremediation Decision Tree for an Integrated Environmental Management System

The application of Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) computer programme language was used in the simulation approach to determine the best methodology for crude oil bioremediation using the concepts of decision tree mechanism with an integrated environmental management system to achieve high efficiency at end of the cleanup. Bioremediation is a process in which microorganisms metabolize contaminants either through oxidative or reductive processes. Under favorable conditions, microorganisms can oxidatively degrade organic contaminants completely into non-toxic byproducts such as carbon dioxide and water or organic acids and methane. The area, volume, concentration of the soil, concentration of the liquid (crude oil) and the film mass transfer coefficients influence the effectiveness of bioremediation process. To obtain the parameters, μmax, KS, K1 and yx numerical solutions of these equations were performed using MATLAB. The method for the numerical modelling involves integration using fourth-order Runge Kutta numerical scheme to determine the trend and efficiency of the system.

Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil Using Agricultural Wastes

Identification of total petroleum hydrocarbons and trace of heavy metals, namely; zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and cobalt (Co) in crude oil contaminated soil and effect of rice husk and chicken manure in bioremediation of contaminated soil were studied. Five soil samples each weighing 0.5kg was collected. Each sample was mixed with 50ml of crude oil (at 100ml/kg). Four samples were treated by adding 20g of chicken manure (CM), 20g rice husk (RH), 3:1 of 20g chicken manure/rice husk (CR_3:1) and 3:1 of 20g rice husk/chicken manure (RC_3:1). respectively while the fifth sample was left untreated (SO). Total petroleum hydrocarbon and trace of heavy metals were determined before treatment and after 6 weeks of treatment using Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer and Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, respectively. Infrared Spectrometer was used to monitor a weekly change in functional group absorbance of petroleum hydrocarbons. The results indicated that rice husk ultimately removed more petroleum hydrocarbons compared to chicken manure and their combinations. It was also found that the combination of rice husk and chicken manure (RC_3:1) reduced 75.8% of Co concentration, CR_3:1 reduced 89.6% of Zn concentration while CM reduced 65.5% of Cd concentration.

Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) demonstrate potential for use in soil bioremediation by increasing the degradation rates of heavy crude oil hydrocarbons.

Crude oil contamination widely impacts soil as a result of release during oil and gas exploration and production activities. The success of bioremediation methods to meet remediation goals often depends on the composition of the crude oil, the soil, and microbial community. Earthworms may enhance bioremediation by mixing and aerating the soil, and exposing soil microorganisms to conditions in the earthworm gut that lead to increased activity. In this study, the common composting earthworm Eisenia fetida was tested for utility to improve remediation of oil-impacted soil. E. fetida survival in soil contaminated with two distinct crude oils was tested in an artificial (lab-mixed) sandy loam soil, and survival compared to that in the clean soil. Crude oil with a high fraction of light-weight hydrocarbons was more toxic to earthworms than the crude oil with a high proportion of heavy polyaromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The heavier crude oil was added to soil to create a 30,000mg/kg crude oil impacted soil, and degradation in the presence of added earthworms and feed, feed alone, or no additions was monitored over time and compared. Earthworm feed was spread on top to test effectiveness of no mixing. TPH degradation rate for the earthworm treatments was ~90mg/day slowing by 200days to ~20mg/day, producing two phases of degradation. With feed alone, the rate was ~40mg/day, with signs of slowing after 500days. Both treatments reached the same end point concentrations, and exhibited faster degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons <C21, but all fractions, including aromatics >C21, decreased. During these experiments, soils were moderately toxic during the first three months, then earthworms survived well, were active and reproduced with petroleum hydrocarbons present. This study demonstrated that earthworms accelerate bioremediation of crude oil in soils, including the degradation of the heaviest polyaromatic fractions.

Examination of Plant Growth on Improved Soil Environment Polluted with Crude Oil Bioremediation Concept

Examination of Plant Growth on Improved Soil Environment Polluted with Crude Oil Bioremediation Concept

Effects of Indigenous Microbial Consortium in Crude Oil Degradation: A Microcosm Experiment

Microbial biodegradation is a bio-treatment method for attenuating crude oil contaminated soils. The purpose of present study was to select and recognize indigenous bacteria and to investigate the capability of the bacterial consortium to remove crude oil in a planned microcosm. Capability of the bacterial growth in agar plates containing crude oil was used to select the isolated crude oil eating bacteria. Soil samples were collected from different contaminated sites nearby the exploitation unit of Karoon-3, Ahvaz, Iran, and incubated by individual and mixed bacterial consortium at 30°C for a 90 day period time. Two indigenous isolates were selected and designated as S10 and S31. According to 16S rRNA sequencing, S10 was identified as a new strain of Bacillus subtilis and S31 as Bacillus licheniformis. The results showed that the highest cell mass was in 10th day of incubation time with about 1.7×107 CFU/g, for bacterial consortium. The highest total petroleum hydrocarbons degradation (C%) in the first 10 days of incubation time raised up to about 77.5% for bacterial consortium, and also residual C:N ratio deleted about 73%. Results emphasized that the planned microcosm in laboratory with controlled conditions using consortia of the selected indigenous bacteria can make the crude oil biodegradation close to the optimal conditions and have a good potential for application in bioremediation of crude oil contaminated soils, as compared to the individual strains. This is the first report on planned microcosm and microbial consortium of Karoon soil contaminated with crude oil.

Impact of chemical oxidation on indigenous bacteria and mobilization of nutrients and subsequent bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated soil

Fenton pre-oxidation provides nutrients to promote bioremediation. However, the effects of the indigenous bacteria that remain following Fenton oxidation on nutrient mobilization and subsequent bioremediation remain unclear. Experiments were performed with inoculation with native bacteria and foreign bacteria or without inoculation after four regimens of stepwise pre-oxidations. The effects of the indigenous bacteria remaining after stepwise oxidation on nutrient mobilization and subsequent bioremediation over 80 days were investigated.After stepwise Fenton pre-oxidation at a low H2O2 concentration (225×4), the remaining indigenous bacterial populations reached their peak (4.8±0.17×106CFU/g), the nutrients were mobilized rapidly, and the subsequent bioremediation of crude oil was improved (biodegradation efficiency of 35%). However, after stepwise Fenton pre-oxidation at a high H2O2 concentration (450×4), only 3.6±0.16×103CFU/g of indigenous bacteria remained, and the indigenous bacteria that degrade C15–C30 alkanes were inhibited. The nutrient mobilization was then highly limited, and only 19% of total petroleum hydrocarbon was degraded. Furthermore, the recovery period after the low H2O2 concentration stepwise Fenton pre-oxidation (225×4) was less than 20 days, which was 20–30 days shorter than with the other pre-oxidation treatments. Therefore, stepwise Fenton pre-oxidation at a low H2O2 concentration protects indigenous bacterial populations and improves the nutrient mobilization and subsequent bioremediation.

Development of an Efficient Bacterial Consortium for the Potential Remediation of Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Sites

The intrinsic biodegradability of hydrocarbons and the distribution of proficient degrading microorganisms in the environment are very crucial for the implementation of bioremediation practices. Among others, one of the most favorable methods that can enhance the effectiveness of bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated environment is the application of biosurfactant producing microbes. In the present study, the biodegradation capacities of native bacterial consortia toward total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) with special emphasis to poly aromatic hydrocarbons were determined. The purpose of the study was to isolate TPH degrading bacterial strains from various petroleum contaminated soil of Assam, India and develop a robust bacterial consortium for bioremediation of crude oil of this native land. From a total of 23 bacterial isolates obtained from three different hydrocarbons contaminated samples five isolates, namely KS2, PG1, PG5, R1, and R2 were selected as efficient crude oil degraders with respect to their growth on crude oil enriched samples. Isolates KS2, PG1, and R2 are biosurfactant producers and PG5, R1 are non-producers. Fourteen different consortia were designed involving both biosurfactant producing and non-producing isolates. Consortium 10, which comprises two Bacillus strains namely, Bacillus pumilus KS2 and B. cereus R2 (identified by 16s rRNA sequencing) has shown the best result in the desired degradation of crude oil. The consortium showed degradation up to 84.15% of TPH after 5 weeks of incubation, as revealed from gravimetric analysis. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) and GCMS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer) analyses were correlated with gravimetric data which reveals that the consortium has removed a wide range of petroleum hydrocarbons in comparison with abiotic control including different aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Effects of nutrition optimization strategy on rhamnolipid production in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain DN1 for bioremediation of crude oil

Abstract An indigenous rhamnolipid biosurfactant-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain DN1 was isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil samples which could use crude oil as the sole carbon and energy source. A high yield of 25.9 g/L rhamnolipid mixture was achieved in a shake flask by nutrition optimization strategy based on high throughput screening of strain DN1, supplemented with palm oil and 5.0 g/L sodium nitrate at a C/N ratio of 20. These rhamnolipids reduced the surface tension of water from 45.23 to 25.88 mN/m with a critical micelle concentration of 50 mg/L, and were able to emulsify several hydrocarbons and showed excellent emulsification (100%). A total number of 6 monorhamnolipid homologues (Rha-C8-C8; Rha-C10:1-C8; Rha-C12:2; Rha-C12; Rha-C14-C16; Rha-C16-C16) and 7 dirhamnolipid homologues (Rha-Rha-C10; Rha-Rha-C12; Rha-Rha-C14; Rha-Rha-C8-C10; Rha-Rha-C10-C8:1; Rha-Rha-C10-C10; Rha-Rha-C10-C12) were detected by liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry analysis allied to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In addition, strain DN1 exhibited an enhanced capacity to degrade crude oil (90.52%) by its rhamnolipids. The results indicated that the use of nutrition optimization strategy will be the most popular process strategy for high rhamnolipids productivity by this strain for in situ bioremediation of crude oil.

Enhanced crude oil biodegradation in soil via biostimulation

ABSTRACTResearch on feasible methods for the enhancement of bioremediation in soil contaminated by crude oil is vital in oil-exporting countries such as Kuwait, where crude oil is a major pollutant and the environment is hostile to biodegradation. This study investigated the possibility of enhancing crude oil bioremediation by supplementing soil with cost-effective organic materials derived from two widespread locally grown trees, Conocarpus and Tamarix. Amendments in soils increased the counts of soil microbiota by up to 98% and enhanced their activity by up to 95.5%. The increase in the biodegradation of crude oil (75%) and high levels of alkB expression substantiated the efficiency of the proposed amendment technology for the bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. The identification of crude-oil-degrading bacteria revealed the dominance of the genus Microbacterium (39.6%), Sphingopyxis soli (19.3%), and Bordetella petrii (19.6%) in unamended, Conocarpus-amended, and Tamarix-amended contaminated soils, respectively. Although soil amendments favored the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and reduced bacterial diversity, the structures of bacterial communities were not significantly altered.

In situ bioremediation of crude oil contaminated site: A case study in Jianghan oil field, China

ABSTRACTA bacterial consortium, constructed from the oil contaminated soil, mainly consisting of Pseudomonas sp., together with fertilizing, rice husk application, and plowing, was used for the field in situ bioremediation of oil contaminated site in Jianghan Oil field, where the temperature and humidity are very suitable for bioremediation. The variation of total petroleum hydrocarbon, n-alkanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the bioremediation process showed that more than 95% petroleum hydrocarbons could be efficiently removed. The composition analysis results demonstrated that n-alkanes with long carbon chain and PAHs with 5–6 rings were also degraded in the bioremediation process.

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Ex Situ&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Biodegradation of Crude Oil Using Bacterial Isolates From Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Bioremediation of crude oil is quite unique, complex and relatively a slow process. They study area for this research work was a cottage industry located in Orumba North local government area of Anambra state, Nigeria. Evaluating the degradation potential of bacterial isolates from palm oil mill effluent on crude oil was conducted using standard methods, which includes screening, inoculums development and degradation studies to assess the most promising hydrocarbon degraders. Pooled samples collected from different points on the palm oil mill effluent disposal channels were inoculated mineral salt medium containing crude oil to assess degradation abilities of different bacterial species. Data indicated that these bacterial isolates were capable of thriving in the mineral salt medium between the pH range of 6.0-7.0 and bacterial proliferation were quantified by assessing the total viable count which ranged between 2 x 105-9 x 105 cfu/ml based on individual abilities to utilize crude oil as a sole carbon source. Cultural, morphological and biochemical characterizations were conducted on these isolates and Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology was used to suggest possible isolates, while molecular identification was done Centre for Agriculture and biosciences International (CABI), UK using partial 16S rDNA sequencing analysis and FASTA algorithm with prokaryote database from EBI. Escherichia fergosonii, Klebsiella variicola and Microccocus luteus were identified. Gas chromatographic analysis was applied to quantify the extent of degradation of crude oil by the isolates. All the isolated bacterial species displayed varying degree of crude hydrocarbon biodegradation.

Development of model for bioremediation of crude oil using moringa extract

Development of model for bioremediation of crude oil using moringa extract

Enhanced Bioremediation of Soil Artificially Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons after Amendment with Capra aegagrus hircus (Goat) Manure.

This study was carried out to evaluate the biostimulant potentials of Capra aegagrus hircus manure for bioremediation of crude oil contaminated soil (COCS) under tropical conditions. 1 kg of COCS sample was amended with 0.02 kg of C. a. hircus manure and monitored at 14-day intervals for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), nutrient content, and changes in microbial counts. At the end of the study period, there was 62.08% decrease in the concentration of TPH in the amended sample compared to 8.15% decrease in the unamended sample, with significant differences (P < 0.05) in TPH concentrations for both samples at different time intervals. Similarly, there was a gradual decrease in the concentrations of total organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in both samples. The culturable hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria (CHUB) increased steadily from 8.5 × 105 cfu/g to 2.70 × 106 cfu/g and from 8.0 × 105 cfu/g to 1.78 × 106 cfu/g for both samples. Acinetobacter, Achromobacter, Bacillus, Flavobacterium, Klebsiella, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus were isolated from amended sample with Pseudomonas being the predominant isolated bacterial genus. This study demonstrated that C. a. hircus manure is a good biostimulant, which enhanced the activities of indigenous hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria resulting in significant decrease in TPH concentration of COCS.