Biomedical Equipment Research Articles

White-Light-Responsive Prussian Blue Nanophotonic Particles for Effective Eradication of Bacteria and Improved Healing of Infected Cutaneous Wounds.

The increasing burden of cutaneous wound infections with drug-resistant bacteria underlines the dire need for novel treatment approaches. Here, we report the preparation steps, characterization, and antibacterial efficacy of novel chitosan-coated Prussian blue nanoparticles loaded with the photosensitizer fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (CHPB-FD). With excellent photothermal and photodynamic properties, CHPB-FD nanoparticles can effectively eradicate both Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo. The antibacterial efficacy of CHPB-FD nanophotonic particles further increases in the presence of white light. Using a bacteria-infected cutaneous wound rat model, we demonstrate that CHPB-FD particles upregulate genes involved in tissue remodeling, promote collagen deposition, reduce unwanted inflammation, and enhance healing. The light-responsive CHPB-FD nanophotonic particles can, therefore, be potentially used as an economical and safe alternative to antibiotics for effectively decontaminating skin wounds and for disinfecting biomedical equipment and surfaces in hospitals and other places.

Epidemiology and Prevalence of HBsAg in the Student Population of the Higher Institute of Technology of Mamou, Republic of Guinea

Introduction: Due to its frequency, complications and socio-economic consequences, hepatitis B constitutes an international public health problem comparable to that posed by other communicable diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis and malaria. Sub-Saharan Africa, with a prevalence rate between 8 and 18%, is a highly endemic region.
 Objective: To help protect the health of students through awareness and screening for the hepatitis B virus.
 Methods: This is a prospective and descriptive longitudinal study which lasted one month, from February 15 to March 15, 2023.
 Results: Among the 200 students screened for the hepatitis B virus, men were more represented (80.50%) than women (19.50%), with a m/f sex ratio of 4.12 in favor of men. The 17-25 age group was the largest (77%), followed by the 26-33 age group (19.5%), the 34-41 age group (3%) and the 42+ age group (0.5%). 32% of students say they have good knowledge of the hepatitis B virus, compared to 68% who say they have little knowledge. The majority reported television as a source (75.5%), followed by radio (16%), school (4%), newspapers (2.5%) and social media (2%). The vast majority identified sexual transmission (89%), followed by blood (9.5%) and saliva (1.5%). In terms of risky practices, the majority of students identify prostitution (82.5%), followed by tattooing (9%), piercing (5%) and acupuncture (3.5%). Concerning knowledge of the hepatitis B vaccine, the majority of students (67.5%) say they do not know the vaccine against the hepatitis B virus, compared to 32.5% who say they know the vaccine. The HBV prevalence test showed 11% carriage compared to 89% negative tests. Transaminase tests on positive cases gave 63.63% normal ALT versus 36.36% elevated ALT; 72.72% normal AST versus 27.27% high AST. Carriage was higher in men (86.36%) than in women (13.63%). Single students were the most represented with 95.45%, compared to 4.55% for married students. Students from the Technical Laboratory and Mechanical Design and Manufacturing Departments were the most represented with 27.27% each. They were followed by those of the Biomedical Equipment Technology and Computer Engineering Departments with 18.18% each. Finally, the Energy Department was the least represented in this series with 9.09%.
 Conclusion: This study showed that the hepatitis B virus is present at the Mamou Higher Institute of Technology. It is therefore important to introduce it into secondary school programs to improve knowledge of the hepatitis B virus in Guinea.

Factores determinantes para el despliegue de tecnología Li-Fi en instalaciones hospitalarias colombianas: un estudio exploratorio

Wi-Fi technology is widely used to facilitate wireless connectivity, however, several studies have shown that prolonged exposure to its electromagnetic waves can pose risks to human health, interfere with medical devices, and involve security and data privacy issues.Their use in hospitals is therefore inappropriate. The high-frequency waves emitted by Wi-Fi cause vibration of water molecules in the human body, raising questions about their impact on health. Some studies link Wi-Fi to health problems such as cancer, infertilityand immune disorders. In response, Li-Fi has emerged as a safe alternative for wireless data transmission in hospitals. Li-Fi mitigates electromagnetic interference from Wi-Fi and improves connectivity within hospitals. Its implementation in Colombian hospitals is stilllimited, so it is necessary to understand the factors that influence its adoption. A future application of Li-Fi is data transmission in hospitals to mitigate Wi-Fi interference in biomedical equipment and protect patients' health. According to the literature, technical,economic, regulatory and governance factors can influence the adoption of Li-Fi in hospitals. This study explores such factors in Colombia to guide the implementation of Li-Fi and improve secure wireless connectivity in healthcare facilities. The results suggestthat migrating from Wi-Fi to Li-Fi in hospitals in Medellin - Colombia would improve safety, efficiency and quality of service.

A New Approach for Effective Reliability Management of Biomedical Equipment

Within the modern hospitals, an increasingly common problem is the efficient management of the maintenance of biomedical equipment. If effective management of medical equipment maintenance is applied, quality health services could be provided by reducing the downtime of medical equipment as well as by decreasing the recovery time for treatment of patients. Risk based maintenance strategy helps in designing an alternative methodology to minimize the risk by identifying the breakdown pattern and then increasing the reliability. The probability of failures that obstruct the reliability can be influenced by some technical, administrative or management actions. The proposed study is based on the analysis of reliability and availability for maintenance planning on the basis of risk index and fault tree analysis. Maintenance of equipment is prioritized based on the risk which helps in reducing the overall risk of the hospital. Fault tree diagram is also developed to understand the actual scenario where highest priority or risk events are sequentially arranged. Failure probability for different biomedical equipment has been established by applying statistical method. It has been observed that Magnetic Resonance Imaging has the lowest risk index while X-Ray has the highest risk index. Also, maintenance planning has been suggested based on the reduction of risk factor to meet the acceptable criteria and reduce the probability of failure. This approach depicts that reliability of equipment is increased after implementation of maintenance planning proposed which contributes to the availability of the equipment as well as its safe operation.

Reprocessing and reuse of dialyzers: A technological solution for balancing cost and quality in lower and middle-income countries.

Hemodialysis is the commonest kidney replacement therapy (KRT) globally and rapidly growing in developing countries, while in developed countries it is reaching a plateau. The penetration of hemodialysis (HD) varies widely among countries and is largely influenced by socioeconomics, healthcare financing, particularly by government, local infrastructure, healthcare workforce, health system characteristics, and affordability of the population. Biomedical equipment, consumables, disposables, and labor are major cost drivers of KRT. Implementing strategies to balance cost and quality of care is an arduous task for health care planning, delivery, and patient care in low- and middle-income countries. In this context, the cost of dialyzers which form a significant component of the recurring cost of HD can be reduced by reuse after appropriate reprocessing. But this practice is largely abandoned in developed countries because of concerns of safety. However, the evidence against the reuse of modern dialyzers is not robust and certainly not based on well-designed randomized trials. The industrialization of dialysis delivery, the interests of equipment manufacturers and the nature of dialysis delivery have propelled single use of dialyzers. In this context, developing countries needing to expand HD services access at low cost are caught at crossroads. Process improvements are needed to standardize reprocessing that prioritizes safety while maintaining effectiveness. Recent advances in mobile and internet technologies could make this an achievable reality. We propose such an approach that would ensure treatment effectiveness, patient and healthcare provider safety, efficient resource utilization, and cost control.

Safety Standards compliance in the successful operation of biomedical equipment: a study of Port Harcourt Metropolis

This study was carried out to investigate the Safety Standards (sine-qua-non) in the Successful Operation of Biomedical Equipment in Selected Health care facilities in Port Harcourt Metropolis of Rivers State. The study employed a descriptive research design and the instrument for data collection was structured questionnaire which were distributed to the ive (5) selected Health care facilities Port Harcourt Metropolis of Rivers State. A total number of 100 respondents were used for the study. The respondent’s views/data were collated presented and analyzed using simple percentage statistical method. Findings of the study showed that majority of the respondents (70%) said they do not have safety environment that could guarantee successful operation of some biomedical devices, (75%) said there is no safety standards for operation of some biomedical equipment in their Health care facilities and 90% agreed that there were consequences of poor safety appliance to biomedical equipment. Following the result of the study as indicated above, it could be deduced that safety standards were not observed which resulted in unusable equipment, untreated patients, wrong diagnosis, wrong treatment, electric shock, and infection from contaminated equipment, frustrated medical staff and overloaded repair shops. Hence this study recommended that operation of equipment should be carried under the conditions for which it is appropriate, only staff that are knowledgeable in the operation of the biomedical equipment should be allowed and also ensure that there are routine inspection and maintenance of the biomedical equipment as at when due to avoid the above unpleasant conditions.

Triboelectric nanogenerator powered dielectric elastomer: Mechanism and applications

Dielectric elastomer is a new kind of intelligent soft material, which deforms under strong external electric field. Dielectric elastomer has the characteristics of fast response, large deformation, high electromechanical conversion efficiency, low cost and light weight. It is widely used in optical systems, biomedical equipment, soft robots, energy harvesting and other fields. However, the driving voltage of dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) exceeds 1000 V. The volume/weight and security risks of commercial high-voltage power supply limit the portability and wearability of the DEAs. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is an energy generation technique based on contact electrification, which can instantly generate a high voltage output reaching few thousands volts. Accordingly, TENG is a quite suitable solution for the power supply of DEA. In this paper, we reviewed the development of TENG powered dielectric elastomer actuator (TENG-DEA) in recent years. The mechanism, material structure and performance of diversified applications are summarized, while the challenges and prospects of this combined system are put forward. The summary and discussion in this review provide a good guidance for the sustainable development of TENG-DEA.

Factors associated with adverse outcomes among patients hospitalized at a COVID-19 treatment center in Herat, Afghanistan.

Though many studies on COVID have been published to date, data on COVID-19 epidemiology, symptoms, risk factors and severity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICS), such as Afghanistan are sparse. To describe clinical characteristics, severity, and outcomes of patients hospitalized in the MSF COVID-19 treatment center (CTC) in Herat, Afghanistan and to assess risk factors associated with severe outcomes. 1113 patients were included in this observational study between June 2020 and April 2022. Descriptive analysis was performed on clinical characteristics, complications, and outcomes of patients. Univariate description by Cox regression to identify risk factors for an adverse outcome was performed. Adverse outcome was defined as death or transfer to a level 3 intensive care located at another health facility. Finally, factors identified were included in a multivariate Cox survival analysis. A total of 165 patients (14.8%) suffered from a severe disease course, with a median time of 6 days (interquartile range: 2-11 days) from admission to adverse outcome. In our multivariate model, we identified male gender, age over 50, high O2 flow administered during admission, lymphopenia, anemia and O2 saturation < = 93% during the first three days of admission as predictors for a severe disease course (p<0.05). Our analysis concluded in a relatively low rate of adverse outcomes of 14.8%. This is possibly related to the fact that the resources at an MSF-led facility are higher, in terms of human resources as well as supply of drugs and biomedical equipment, including oxygen therapy devices, compared to local hospitals. Predictors for severe disease outcomes were found to be comparable to other settings.

A Three-dimensional Compact Propeller-shaped Circularly Polarized Ceiling Antenna

A three-dimensional compact propeller-shaped circularly polarized ceiling-mounted antenna loaded by inverted L-shaped slot is proposed in this paper. This three-dimensional structure has a small size, single feed and half-plane radiation mode. The antenna is composed of four alternately welded radiating elements and a disc reflector. Each radiating element is formed by etching a rectangular microstrip radiating patch and a trapezoidal microstrip radiating patch on the surface of the substrate. The four radiating elements are welded vertically on the disc reflector. The back of the disc reflector has the ground plane. The antenna is fed coaxially through the via in the center of the disc reflector. The result demonstrates that the 10-dB impedance fractional bandwidth achieves 66.3% (4.4-8.94 GHz). The 3-dB axial ratio fractional bandwidth is 2.2% (6.44-6.58 GHz). The radiation characteristic is close to half-space radiation on the xoz plane and the yoz plane. The peak gain of the antenna is 3.22 dBi. The simulation and measurement results are in good agreement. With its compact structure, effective coverage, miniaturization, etc., the antenna is very suitable for applications such as biomedical monitoring equipment and short-rangeradio communications.

Modeling and Analyzing the Inventory Level for Demand Uncertainty in the VUCA World: Evidence From Biomedical Manufacturer

As the world is witnessing unprecedented events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, we live in a volatile, uncertain, complex, ambiguity (VUCA) world. Where volatility in supplies, Uncertainty in demand, Complexity in getting the products, and Ambiguity in understanding the issues. Such a scenario constitutes a VUCA world, and inventory positioning is no exception. Inventory positioning manages the safety stock across echelons to maintain customer service levels undersupply or demand uncertainties. Therefore, this article focuses on optimizing the inventory levels in demand uncertainty and supply complexity through inventory positioning and making reliable forecasts using machine learning for biomedical equipment, especially knee implants. The product flow is mapped through a discrete event simulation model by considering a biechelon supply chain. The parameters like reorder point, order quantity, supply lead time, and inventory costs are considered, and Arena modelled and simulated inventory replenishment. They are optimized with in-built OptQuest to minimize back orders and total costs. The model determines the safety stock inventories positioned at both echelons to achieve service level constraints. The uncertainty in demand is the root cause of the abovementioned issues and may be reduced through more reliable forecasts.

Understanding what really helps to ensure access to diagnostic services in the Indian Public Health System: a realist synthesis of the Common Review Mission reports (2007-2021)

Background In India, the National Health Mission (NHM) has been supporting the states in building an integrated public healthcare network across the levels of care. This effort has improved access to, and utilization of, diagnostic services at public healthcare facilities. To continually enhance citizens’ ability to seek and avail quality and affordable services, it is imperative to take stock of various components of the diagnostic ecosystem that may be common or unique to states and understand their influence on equipping the health system. The objective of the study was to understand key health system factors augmenting or limiting access to diagnostic services and outcomes. Methods Common Review Mission (CRM) reports between 2007 and 2021 were selected for the study. Data relevant to diagnostic services were retrieved using defined search terms. The data were segregated for each Indian state and categorized under the pre-determined themes: state-specific practices, key findings, and challenges. Analysis of the data was done iteratively to identify the themes emerging from the reports over the years. Each theme was analysed further to deduce context-specific enablers and barriers influencing access to diagnostic service delivery. Results The major themes that emerged include (i) the approach to health systems strengthening, (ii) efficiency of procurement and distribution systems, (iii) infrastructure, (iv) modes of service delivery, (v) implementation of Free Diagnostic Service Initiative, Comprehensive Primary Health Care and Biomedical Equipment Management and Maintenance Program, and (vi) quality of care , and (vii) diagnostic service outcomes. Conclusions In a complex adaptive system, access to diagnostic services depends on the concurrent strengthening of various health system components across the levels of care. The nation has strategized accessible, affordable and acceptable diagnostic services to achieve universal health coverage and care-continuum pathways. States need to leverage the existing mechanisms, assess their implementation, and arrive at feasible and sustainable solutions to strengthen access to diagnostic services.

A comprehensive review summarising the reinforcement of UHMWPE composite scaffolds as an artificial implant biomaterials

As a bearing surface, Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been a long-standing material of choice due to its distinguished physical and mechanical properties, including lubricity, low coefficient of friction, excellent wear and impact resistance, and high resistance to corrosive chemicals. UHMWPE's oxidative breakdown in an interstitial fluid environment and processing restrictions, however, continue to be problems in biomedical applications. Research has concentrated on enhancing performance by integrating different processes, such as synthesis, manufacturing, the inclusion of organic or inorganic material, and pre- and post-processing approaches, in order to overcome obstacles. The sub-constituent composition and processing methods have an impact on the physical and mechanical properties, which in turn have an impact on how well the implant functions in the clinical setting. According to estimates, the market for medical-grade ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene is worth US$2.39 billion, and from 2015 to 2024, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.1% is anticipated. The review manuscript highlights the recent progress on the reinforcement of UHMWPE for improvement in functional characteristics like mechanical and tribological properties and bioactivity. This study also carefully examines UHMWPE's 3D printability for a variety of biomedical applications. This article will serve as a guide for the research community to enhance their conceptual comprehension and perception of the potential of 3D printing biomedical devices and equipment built of UHMWPE.

Development of a multi-modal graphene nanoparticles (GNP)- Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flexible sensor for human activity monitoring and health assessment

Recent technological advancements have popularized flexible sensors, which can function as highly sensitive electronic skin, detecting motions and pressure with precision. By utilizing a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) base to encapsulate the functional layer, this paper demonstrates a flexible strain sensor fabricated on Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) base encapsulating the functional layer. In this paper, a strain sensor using functional materials Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP) and PDMS substrate has been proposed and fabricated. The proposed sensor has been analyzed in terms of sensitivity, stability, response time and human compatibility. This sensor showed improved stretchability, flexibility and sensing performance, which can detect both fine and large strains with stability and repeatability. Human compatibility test revealed that it finds application in wearable electronics, biomedical equipment etc.

BIOMEDICAL SMART HOME SYSTEMS

Biomedical engineering is a system that includes the design, manufacture and operation of various systems, devices and methods used in the diagnosis and treatment of problems that may occur in human health. In recent years, as in the whole world, some important innovations in this field apply in the research conducted in Azerbaijan. Over the past 30 years, biomedical engineering has been established as an independent field of science and engineering. Currently, biological medicine is not limited to the field of medicine, it has continued to develop as a potential field, making an important contribution to the dentistry, veterinary medicine, rehabilitation, physical education, and sports fields. The types of biomedical devices available in stationary health care institutions are expressed in hundreds, and the number is expressed in thousands. From implant to stethoscope, from complex imaging medical devices such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and X-rays devices to patient beds, many products that could be considered simpler have been designed by engineers. In modern hospitals, sophisticated engineering devices are used by doctors to treat patients. Biomedical smart home system or health-based smart homes are designed for patients who feel the need to return home after an average time from a hospital or healthcare facility, or who need to receive care at home. The article presents information about innovations in the mentioned field. Keywords: Bioengineering, biomedical equipment, biomedical sensor, smart home

Nanotechnology and Biomedical Devices Used as a Novel Tool in Biosensing and Bioimaging of Disease

Nanotechnology is a vast field used in medicine as well. “Nano” is a prefix that stands for 10-9 i.e., one billionth of a meter. Design and synthesis of efficient drug delivery systems are crucial for the medical, pharmaceutical, and healthcare industries. Nanotechnology involves physics, biology as well as chemistry. Many nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems such as biopolymers are used as anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, veterinary medicine, vaccine, and antitumor. Since most biological systems are nanoscale, nanoscale materials integrate well into biomedical equipment. Carbon nanotubes, liposomes, inorganic and metal nanoparticles, and metallic surfaces are the materials most frequently employed to create these nanotechnology goods. In this review, we will focus on the importance of nanotechnology as well as the biomedical devices used in the characterization and diagnosis of many diseases. In the future, we can use nanotechnology-based biomedical devices in the field of regenerative medicine in addition to drug delivery as well as in biosensing and bioimaging for disease diagnosis.

Multimodal biomedical image retrieval and indexing system using handcrafted with deep convolution neural network features

The advances in biomedical imaging equipment have produced a massive amount of medical images that are generated by the different modalities. Consequently, a huge volume of data has been produced and caused a complex and time-consuming retrieving process of the relevant cases. To resolve this issue, the Content-Based Biomedical Image Retrieval (CBMIR) system is applied to retrieve the related images from the earlier patients’ databases. However, the previous handcrafted features methods that applied the CBMIR model have shown poor performance in many multimodal databases. In this paper, we focus on designing CBMIR technique using Deep Learning (DL) models. We present a new Multimodal Biomedical Image Retrieval and Classification (M-BMIRC) technique for retrieving and classifying the biomedical images from huge databases. The proposed M-BMIRC model involves three dissimilar processes as following: feature extraction, similarity measurement, and classification. It uses an ensemble of handcrafted features from Zernike Moments (ZM) and deep features from Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) for feature extraction process. Additionally, the Hausdorff Distance based similarity measure is employed to identify the resemblance between the queried image and the images that exist in the database. Moreover, the classification process gets executed on the retrieval images using the Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) model, which allocates the class labels of the tested images. Finally, the experimental studies are conducted using two benchmark medical datasets and the results ensure the superior performance of the proposed model in terms of different measures include Average Precision Rate (APR), Average Recall Rate (ARR), F-score, accuracy, and Computation Time (CT).

Plant-Derived Metal Nanoparticles (PDMNPs): Synthesis, Characterization, and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Therapeutic Actions

In the 21st century, plant-derived metal nanoparticles (PDMNPs) have gained considerable interest because of their tremendous and remarkable potential as therapeutic agents as well as development of less expensive, safer, and easier biomedical equipment. PDMNPs are synthesized from metal salts or oxides by using plant extracts because plants have diversified bioactive compounds that can act as reducing and stabilizing agents at the time of nanoparticle synthesis. Besides, PDMNPs take advantages over the nanoparticles synthesized by other methods because of their low cost, environmental friendliness, and sustainability. The present review explains the synthesis of PDMNPs, their characterization techniques, and oxidative stress-mediated pharmacological effects. The mode of actions for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties has also been critically explored. Due to the plethora of data on plant-derived nanoparticles and their pharmacological properties, we have highlighted PDMNPs’ shape, size, metals of use, and experimental findings regarding their antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anticancer properties in a tabulated form for studies conducted in the last five years, from 2018 to 2022. Because of our review study, we, herein, contemplate that the scientific community as a whole will get a greater comprehension of PDMNPs and their numerous therapeutic applications in a single window.

CuO/Ag hybrid nanomaterial coated hydrophilic natural rubber film with minimal bacterial adhesion and contact killing efficiency

The formation of biofilms and bacterial infections associated with biomedical equipment continues to be a severe clinical problem. To provide a high-efficiency bactericidal coating, CuO/Ag hybrid nanomaterial was introduced onto the surface of natural rubber polymer by a simple immersion strategy. The hybrid nanomaterial was synthesised using Carboxymethyl chitosan as the stabilising agent. The effective conjugation of CuO/Ag on rubber film was assured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and hydrophilicity of the coated and uncoated rubber films were tested by water contact angle measurements. The antimicrobial drop test results authenticate the eradication of the attached bacterial strains. The live/dead bacterial assay further confirmed the destruction of 83% of E. coli and 92% of S. aureus on the rubber film with minimal bacterial adhesion. In fact, clinical infections caused by biofilms are more challenging in the healthcare sector rather than those caused by planktonic cells. The colorimetric (crystal violet) assay depicts that there is biofilm reduction of 53.82% E. coli, 54.87% S. aureus and 49.71% P. aeruginosa on rubber film by modification with CuO/Ag. The results of qualitative and quantitative antibacterial assessments show good bacterial resistance for the coated rubber film. The modified hydrophilic surface can be selectively used in rubber-based medical devices, especially to avoid nosocomial infections.

INVESTIGATION ON THE ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING OF Cu-SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY: A STUDY ON MACHINABILITY AND SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY ASPECTS

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are an excellent material for producing components for a wide range of industrial applications, such as orthopedic implacers, micro-equipment, actuators, fittings, and screening components, as well as military equipment, aerospace components, bio-medical equipment, and fabrication requirements. Despite its remarkable qualities, the production of SMAs is a problem for investigators all over the globe. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of altering the [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and GV while processing copper-based SMA in an electrical discharge machining process on the material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR). The major runs were designed using a central composite design. SEM was also utilized to examine the micro-structure of EDM-processed electrode tools and work samples. SEM scans indicated the presence of debris, micro-cracks, craters, and a newly formed recast layer on the electrode tool and workpiece surface. High [Formula: see text] and prolonged [Formula: see text] provide huge spark energy simply at the work sample-tool contact, resulting in debris production. The experimental results reveal that the least and highest MRR values are 10.333 and 185.067[Formula: see text]mm3/min, respectively, while the minimum and maximum SR values are 3.07 and 7.15[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m. The desirability technique, teacher learning based optimization (TLBO), and the Jaya algorithm were also utilized to optimize the studied solutions (i.e. MRR and SR) on a single and multi-objective basis. The best MRR and SR were determined using the desirability approach, the Jaya Algorithm, and the TLBO to be 152.788[Formula: see text]mm3/min and 4.764[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m; 240.0256[Formula: see text]mm3/min and 1.637[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m; and 240.0257[Formula: see text]mm3/min and 1.6367[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m.

Hospital Equipment Maintenance Management for Reliable and Effective Health Care Services in Nepal

The management of biomedical engineering instruments accuracy in Nepali hospitals has been a pressing issue, largely attributed to the lack of qualified biomedical engineering operations management teams. This challenge becomes even more complex due to the vast array of biomedical equipment imported from abroad, many of which are not only diverse but also relatively expensive. The primary concern in Nepal is to establish an efficient and competent biomedical equipment accuracy management system that can optimize the precision, longevity, and reliability of these crucial medical devices. The absence of well-organized biomedical engineering operations management teams has far-reaching consequences, as it hinders the healthcare sector's ability to deliver superior and consistent services to patients, ultimately affecting diagnostic accuracy. To overcome this challenge, it is imperative to develop a well-managed and qualified biomedical engineering operations management workforce in hospitals and healthcare centers. This entails the acquisition of modern skills to effectively oversee, test, calibrate, and validate medical devices, thereby extending the lifespan of these instruments and ensuring consistent and accurate diagnostics for reliable healthcare services. The integration of such skills is essential for elevating the standards of healthcare in Nepal and enhancing the well-being of its population.