Biomedical Applications Of Graphene Research Articles

Laser photostability of chitosan coated gold-GO nanocomposite and its role as a nano-therapeutic agent for control breast cancer growth

BackgroundAs the global cancer burden increases, it is critical to develop alternative treatments that produce minimal side effects, owing to its optical, thermal, and biological anticancer and biomedical applications of graphene and its nanocomposites. researchers have devoted the past few years to developing graphene/polymer and graphene/metal nanocomposites.Materials and methodsHere a simple, highly stable, non-toxic, eco- friendly chitosan gold nanoparticles (Cs-AuNPs) and its nanocomposites with graphene oxide nanosheets (GO) to form novel photostable (GO/AuNPs) nanocomposites. The prepared nanomaterials were characterized by UV–Vis, FTIRs, TEM and Raman as shown in graphical abstract. In addition, the anticancer efficiency of the prepared nanomaterials in breast cell lines (MCF7, T47D, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231) using SRP assay were evaluated.ResultsResults revealed that Cs-AuNPs bound with the GO sheets via electrostatic interaction with high stability with uniform decoration. A new FTIRs peak of high intensity was found in the GO/Au nanocomposite confirming the decoration of Cs-AuNPs on the surface of the GO layers. GO/Au nanocomposite has a significant cytotoxic effect on breast cell lines as compared to GO only.ConclusionThis work opens perceptions for translational applications of GO/Au nanocomposite on cancer cell lines, future work is to use the prepared nanocomposite in photothermal chemotherapy combined treatment.Graphical abstract

A Bird View on the Role of Graphene Oxide Nanosystems in Therapeutic Delivery

Abstract: The remarkable physicochemical properties of Graphene oxide (GO), a graphene derivative, have made it a material with intriguing medical administration potential. Its 2D allotropic nature is the source of its biological flexibility. The transportation of genes and small molecules are just two of the many biomedical applications of graphene and its composite. Antibacterial use in tooth and bone grafts, biofunctionalization of proteins, and treatment of cancer are among other potential uses. The biocompatibility of the freshly synthesized nanomaterials opens up a world of potential biological and medicinal uses. Furthermore, GO's versatility makes it an ideal component for usage in other drug delivery systems, such as hydrogels, nanoparticles, and micelles. This review aims to compile the existing body of knowledge regarding the use of GO in drug delivery by delving into its many potential uses, obstacles, and future developments.

Graphene Production and Biomedical Applications: A Review

Graphene is a two-dimensional nanomaterial composed of carbon atoms with sp2 hybrid orbitals. Both graphene and graphene-based composite have gained broad interest among researchers because of their outstanding physiochemical, mechanical, and biological properties. Graphene production techniques are divided into top-down and bottom-up synthesis methods, of which chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is the most popular. The biomedical applications of graphene and its composite include its use in sensors, implantology, and gene and drug delivery. They can be used for tissue engineering, anticancer therapies, and as antimicrobial agents in implant application. The biocompatibility of graphene-based nanomaterials enables their use in the field of biomedicine. This article reviews the properties of graphene, the methods used to produce it, the challenges associated with its use, and the potential applications of this material in biomedicine, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery systems.

Modern biomedical applications of graphene

Since the discovery of graphene and its derivatives in 2004, they are one of the most promising materials because of their broad potential applications in several fields, industrial, agricultural, biotechnological, biomedical, tissue engineering and many other areas. Graphene has unique two-dimensional planar structure, exceptional physical — chemical nature, great biocompatibility and novel electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties that lead to many potential applications. In this review, we present an overview of modern biomedical applications of graphene with a special attention to drug delivery, gene delivery, cancer therapy, biosensing, antibacterial materials and scaffold for cell culture.

Mass Spectrometry and Cryogenic Electron Microscopy Illuminate Molecular-Level Mechanisms of the Oxidative and Structural Damage to Lipid Membranes by Radical-Bearing Graphene Oxide.

Biomedical applications of graphene in tumor and bacterial treatment have become cutting-edge fields due to its unique physical and chemical properties. However, a mechanistic understanding of the interactions and reactions between graphene-based material and biological systems such as lipid membranes remains elusive, especially at the molecular level. By using the unique field-induced droplet ionization mass spectrometry and cryogenic electron microscopy methodologies, we reveal the oxidation products of monolayer lipid membranes at the air-water interface and the change in the morphology of bilayer lipid membranes in an aqueous solution caused by the incorporation of graphene oxide bearing π-conjugated carbon radicals [hydrated graphene oxide (hGO)]. We discovered that hGO is an efficient source of hydroxyl radicals and that it is not only the incorporation of the hGO sheets but also the irregular packing of the lipid oxides from the hydroxyl radical oxidation that causes the structural distortions of the liposomes.

Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications.

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (e.g., graphene) have shown to have a high potential in future biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties such as unusual electrical conductivity, high biocompatibility, large surface area, and extraordinary thermal and mechanical properties. Although the potential of graphene as the most common 2D nanomaterials in biomedical applications has been extensively investigated, the practical use of other nanoengineered 2D materials beyond graphene such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), topological insulators (TIs), phosphorene, antimonene, bismuthene, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MXenes for biomedical applications have not been appreciated so far. This review highlights not only the unique opportunities of 2D nanomaterials beyond graphene in various biomedical research areas such as bioelectronics, imaging, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine but also addresses the risk factors and challenges ahead from the medical perspective and clinical translation of nanoengineered 2D materials. In conclusion, the perspectives and future roadmap of nanoengineered 2D materials beyond graphene are outlined for biomedical applications.

Graphene for Antimicrobial and Coating Application.

Graphene is a versatile compound with several outstanding properties, providing a combination of impressive surface area, high strength, thermal and electrical properties, with a wide array of functionalization possibilities. This review aims to present an introduction of graphene and presents a comprehensive up-to-date review of graphene as an antimicrobial and coating application in medicine and dentistry. Available articles on graphene for biomedical applications were reviewed from January 1957 to August 2020) using MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. The selected articles were included in this study. Extensive research on graphene in several fields exists. However, the available literature on graphene-based coatings in dentistry and medical implant technology is limited. Graphene exhibits high biocompatibility, corrosion prevention, antimicrobial properties to prevent the colonization of bacteria. Graphene coatings enhance adhesion of cells, osteogenic differentiation, and promote antibacterial activity to parts of titanium unaffected by the thermal treatment. Furthermore, the graphene layer can improve the surface properties of implants which can be used for biomedical applications. Hence, graphene and its derivatives may hold the key for the next revolution in dental and medical technology.

Role of graphene in biomedical applications

Graphene has marked its impact in wide range of applications in materials science, electronics, sensors, composites, analytical science, and medical field due to its exceptional physical and chemical properties. Although it is the thinnest material but its great mechanical strength and electro-thermal conductivity attracts widespread attention in a variety of applications. It also has outstanding amphiphilicity, surface functionalizability, large surface area and an excellent ability towards fluorescence quenching with lowest resistivity at room temperature, which makes it suitable for biomedical applications as well as its low-cost production makes it suitable for real world applications. It has promising medicinal applications like; gene engineering, tissue engineering, drug delivery, bio-imaging and bio-sensors etc. This review showcases the applications of graphene in medical field that is incorporated with a prominence on future outlook of graphene.

Reflections and Outlook on Multifaceted Biomedical Applications of Graphene.

Two-dimensional nanomaterials have been widely explored by researchers due to their nanosized thickness and quantum size effect. They were layered double hydroxides, transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal oxides, and synthetic silicate clays. Among the 2D nanomaterials, graphene and their derivatives were investigated extensively at first as they exhibited exceptional conductivity and a zero-band gap semimetal nature. Though graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) were utilized for several physicochemical applications, including electronic, electric, mechanic, photonic, magnetic, and catalytic devices, their biomedical applications are still meritorious. Biosensor, bioimaging, drug delivery, tumor ablation, and tissue regeneration are some of them. The outlook of the present book chapters encompasses the preparation of GFNs, physicochemical properties, biomedical applications, biosafety, and their future directions.

Comparative DFT Study of 5-Fluorouracil Adsorption on Silica and Graphene for Bio-Medical Applications

Aims: The administration of antitumor 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) into the human body is generally accomplished via a central venous catheter that is prone to degradation when it comes in contact with bodily fluids or aggressive drugs such as 5-Fu. Therefore, degradation could be reduced by applying protective coatings onto the internal and/or external surfaces of the catheters. Objectives: Graphene and silica materials could be promising coating materials because of their low reactivity and antimicrobial properties. The mechanisms of interaction between the carrier and the drug are based on surface chemistry related phenomena. Understanding the physicochemical features of the surfaces is a fundamental step to describe and predict the strength of these interactions and may result in controlled adsorption and release processes. Methods: Computational DFT methods can provide an important aspect by providing atomistic details of the drug adsorbed on the surfaces through molecular modeling. Results: DFT calculations of the binding energy, charge exchange and orbital population of 5-FU adsorbed on graphene and silica materials confirmed weak interactions between the drug and the solid surfaces that could favor desorption during the drug delivery. Graphene and silica surfaces do not react with the 5-FU molecule behaving as inert materials and the drug does not suffer from degradation nor alter its structure during adsorption on both the materials. Conclusion: These characteristics, in addition to biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties, suggest that graphene and silica could be used as promising internal/external coating materials for biomedical applications.

Application of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials Combined with Early Exercise Rehabilitation Training in the Treatment of Patients with Infectious Bone Defects

Methods of treating bone defects include autogenous bone and allogeneic bone transplantation, tissue engineering technology, gene therapy, growth factor and adjuvant therapy of physical therapy, etc. However, most treatment schemes have obvious disadvantages. The purpose of this paper is to study the application of graphene-based nanomaterials combined with early exercise rehabilitation training in the treatment of patients with infectious bone defects. The biomedical properties and biomedical applications of graphene are briefly introduced through literature research and investigation, and bone defect diseases and commonly used treatment methods are analyzed. Graphene is used in many biomedical fields, such as disease diagnosis, biosensing, antibacterial and antiviral materials, cancer targeting, photothermal therapy, drug delivery, cell electrical stimulation, tissue engineering, stem cell technology, DNA sequencing and fluorescent (FL) tracking molecular probes. The effects of graphene-based nanomaterials and rehabilitation exercise on the treatment of infectious bone defects were compared through controlled experiments. The results show that although the repair effect of graphene-based nano-materials is not as good as that of autogenous bone, the difference is not significant, and it is better than calcium phosphate cement. After rehabilitation exercise, the curative effect of graphene experimental group was improved. In the 12th week, the tensile strength reached 5.78 N, and the torsional strength reached 0.93 N m, which exceeded the group of autogenous bone without rehabilitation exercise. This paper discusses the strength-related repair effect, but the in vivo toxicity of graphene needs further study.

A Mini Review on Graphene - A Wonder Material for New Industrial and Biomedical Applications

In this mini review we have demonstrated the enormous possibility of next generation electronic and biomedical applications of graphene and its derivatives (graphene oxides). Graphene and its derivatives (graphene oxide, GO, and reduced graphene oxide, rGO) are being evolved as “miracle materials” with manifold applications in different sectors of science and technology (starting from electronics, computer chips energy storage , clean water to tissue engineering in biological science).

Applications for graphene and its derivatives in medical devices: Current knowledge and future applications.

Graphene is a novel carbon-based material with unique crystal nanostructure and extraordinary physical and chemical properties. Several biomedical applications of graphene and graphene-derived materials have been proposed. Its antimicrobial properties might be useful in all areas of medicine where antiseptics are required. On the other hand, the safe limits of graphene concentration for human cells have not been clearly established yet. The possibility to attach various chemically active groups to the basic lattice structure allows researchers to build graphene-based sensors for detecting biochemical molecules (and ultimately - selected cells). Sensors for physical signals, such as cardiac electrical activity, have also been proposed. The unique nanostructure of the material and the resulting physical properties (mechanical strength, elasticity and large surface area) make it a very promising material for scaffolds used in tissue regeneration. Several studies have investigated the potential advantages of a graphene coating for endovascular implants, such as stents or valves. Most of them indicate an advantage of graphene coating over other currently available solutions in terms of better hemocompatibility and facilitating endothelialization. Many of the results published so far are from in vitro studies. Promising as they might be, more data, preferably from experiments on more sophisticated animal models, must be obtained before any valid conclusions as to potential uses of graphene in medicine can be drawn.

Efficacy and Molecular Effects of a Reduced Graphene Oxide/Fe3O4 Nanocomposite in Photothermal Therapy Against Cancer.

PurposeExpanded research on the biomedical applications of graphene has shown promising results, although interactions between cells and graphene are still unclear. The current study aims to dissect the cellular and molecular effects of graphene nanocomposite in photothermal therapy against cancer, and to evaluate its efficacy.MethodsIn this study, a reduced graphene oxide and iron oxide (rGO-Fe3O4) nanocomposite was obtained by chemical synthesis. The nanocomposite was fully characterized by Raman spectroscopy, TEM, VSM and thermal profiling. Cell-nanocomposite interaction was evaluated by confocal microscopy and viability assays on cancer cell line HeLa. The efficacy of the thermal therapy and changes in gene expression of Bcl-2 and Hsp70 was assessed.ResultsThe resulting rGO-Fe3O4 nanocomposite exhibited superparamagnetic properties and the capacity to increase the surrounding temperature by 18–20°C with respect to the initial temperature. The studies of cell-nanocomposite interaction showed that rGO-Fe3O4 attaches to cell membrane but there is a range of concentration at which the nanomaterial preserves cell viability. Photothermal therapy reduced cell viability to 32.6% and 23.7% with 50 and 100 µg/mL of nanomaterial, respectively. The effect of treatment on the molecular mechanism of cell death demonstrated an overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins Hsp70 and Bcl-2 as an initial response to the therapy and depending on the aggressiveness of the treatment.ConclusionThe results of this study contribute to understanding the interactions between cell and graphene and support its application in photothermal therapy against cancer due to its promising results.

Phosphorene Is the New Graphene in Biomedical Applications.

Nowadays, the research of smart materials is focusing on the allotropics, which have specific characteristics that are useful in several areas, including biomedical applications. In recent years, graphene has revealed interesting antibacterial and physical peculiarities, but it has also shown limitations. Black phosphorus has structural and biochemical properties that make it ideal for biomedical applications: 2D sheets of black phosphorus are called Black Phosphorene (BP), and it could replace graphene in the coming years. BP, similar to other 2D materials, can be used for colorimetric and fluorescent detectors, as well as for biosensing devices. BP also shows high in vivo biodegradability, producing non-toxic agents in the body. This characteristic is promising for pharmacological applications, as well as for scaffold and prosthetic coatings. BP shows low cytotoxicity, thus avoiding the induction of local inflammation or toxicity. As such, BP is a good candidate for different applications in the biomedical sector. Properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biosafety are essential for use in medicine. In this review, we have exploited all such aspects, also comparing BP with other similar materials, such as the well-known graphene.

Review—Biosensing and Biomedical Applications of Graphene: A Review of Current Progress and Future Prospect

Graphene has generated widely interest in biosensor study because it had a large surface area, excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, high mechanical strength and other unique physical and chemical properties. In this paper, graphene was reviewed from three aspects. Firstly, several common fabrication methods and characteristics of graphene were introduced. Secondly, applications of the nanosized graphene (NG) and nanosized graphene oxide (NGO) in biosensor and medical imaging were discussed. The NG and NGO had the characteristics of photoluminescence. Based on the fluorescence quenching nature of the graphene surface, the targeting molecules could be confirmed by detecting the fluorescent substance. In addition, the graphene oxide (GO) had a promising prospect in the field of surface-enhanced Raman imaging. In the field of electrochemistry, graphene and its derivatives could be modified on the surface to couple with ligands and antigens and were able to detect specific biomolecules, such as glucose, DNA, proteins and etc. Thirdly, this paper introduced graphene applications in medical treatment. Due to the inherent high near-infrared (NIR) absorbance, graphene materials were widely used in the treatment of in vivo cancer photothermal therapy. The combination of the graphene, anticancer drugs, and specific antigens was highly efficient for drug delivery. This paper summarized the achievements of graphene materials in the medical diagnostics, the presents challenges, and the future prospect.

The biomedical applications of graphene

This issue of Interface Focus is a collection of papers on ‘The biomedical applications of graphene’. The idea to put together this theme issue evolved during discussions between Prof. Peter N.T. Wells CBE, FREng, FMedSci, FRS and myself in mid-2016. Very sadly, about a year ago, Prof. Wells passed away. However, before that and even in the various last stages of his life he was intensely involved in planning this theme issue with me. I am deeply indebted to him for his contributions towards this and I dedicate this theme issue to him as a memorial.

In vivo toxicity evaluation of pristine graphene in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos.

Graphene has been used in several fields covering from electronics to biomedicine, especially exhibiting a widespread variety of promising biological and biomedical applications. In the past decade, the biomedical applications of graphene have attracted much interest. However, the effect of pristine graphene (pG) toxicity in aquatic vertebrates has not been fully studied. Thus, in this study, the toxicity of pG was experimentally evaluated using developing zebrafish embryos as in vivo model system. To determine this, 4-hpf embryos were exposed to different concentrations of pG (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50μg/L) and different early life-stage parameters were observed at 24, 48, 72, and 96hpf. Through embryogenesis, pG was observed to induce significant embryonic mortality, delayed hatching, heartbeat, several morphological defects, pericardial toxicity, and bradycardia. Yolk sac edema and pericardial edema were induced by pG in developing embryos. These outcomes would provide new insights into the adverse effects of pG on the developing embryonic cardiac defects in vertebrates and highlight the probable natural environment and health hazards of pG flakes.

Graphene for Biomedical Applications: A Review

Since its discovery in 2004, graphene has enticed engineers and researchers from various fields to explore its possibilities to be incepted into various devices and applications. Graphene is deemed a ‘super’ material by researchers due to its extraordinary strength, extremely high surface-to-mass ratio and superconducting properties. Nonetheless, graphene has yet to find plausible footing as an electronics material. In biomedical field, graphene has proved useful in tissue engineering, drug delivery, cancer teraphy, as a component in power unit for biomedical implants and devices and as a vital component in biosensors. Graphene is used as scaffolding for tissue regeneration in stem cell tissue engineering, as active electrodes in supercapacitor for powering wearable and implantable biomedical devices and as detectors in biosensors. In tissue engineering, the extreme strength of monolayer graphene enables it to hold stem cell tissues as scaffold during in-vitro cell regeneration process. In MEMS supercapacitor, graphene’s extremely high surface-to-mass ratio enables it to be used as electrodes in order to increase the power unit’s energy and power densities. A small yet having high energy and power densities cell is needed to power often space constrainted biomedical devices. In FET biosensors, graphene acts as detector electrodes, owing to its superconductivity property. Graphene detector electrodes is capable of detecting target molecules at a concentration level as low as 1 pM, making it the most sensitive biosensor available today. Graphene continues to envisage unique and exciting applications for biomedical field, prompting continuous research which results and implementation could benefit the general public in decades to come.

Recent Developments of Phototherapy Based on Graphene Family Nanomaterials.

Graphene-based nanomaterials have drawn abundant interest in various fields such as biomedicine in recent years. Thanks to the ultra-high surface area of single-layered graphene, higher molecular loading is obtained. In addition, easy modifications were acquired because of its ample oxygen-content functional groups. Owing to its excellent physical- chemical properties, graphene-based nanomaterials have been widely explored as novel nanovectors for disease theranostics. In this article, we gave a comprehensive review of graphenebased nanomaterials, including introduction about different members of graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs), various modifications, toxicity and biomedical applications of graphene- based derivatives. More attentions were given to phototherapy in this paper. The mechanisms of photothermal and photodynamic therapy were also offered. Finally, the prospects and challenges of the graphene-based nanomaterials were discussed in this review.