Biomass Energy Conversion Research Articles

In-Built Fabrication of MOF Assimilated Porous Hollow Carbon from Pre-Hydrolysate for Supercapacitor.

With the fast consumption of traditional fossil fuels and the urgent requirement for a low-carbon economy and sustainable development, supercapacitors are gaining more and more attention as a clean energy storage and conversion device. The research on electrode materials for supercapacitors has become a hot topic nowadays. An electrode material for a supercapacitor, comprising the ZIF-67 in-built carbon-based material, was prepared from a biomass pre-hydrolysate via a hydrothermal process. As a by-product of dissolving slurry, the pre-hydrolysate is rich in carbon, which is an excellent biomass resource. The utilization of pre-hydrolysate to prepare carbon energy materials could realize the high value utilization of pre-hydrolysate and the efficient energy conversion of biomass. Meanwhile, the cobalt-based MOF (such as ZIF-67), as a porous crystalline material, has the advantages of having a regular order, high specific surface area and controllable pore size, as well as good thermal and chemical stability. The addition of ZIF-67 modified the morphology and pore structure of the carbon, and the obtained samples showed outstanding electrochemical performance. One- and two-step synthetic processes generated specimens with a coral-like cross-linked structure and a new type of rough, hollow, dandelion-like structure, respectively, and the pore size was in the range of 2.0–5.0 nm, which is conducive to ion transport and charge transfer. In C2-ZIF-67, the hollow structures could effectively prevent the accumulation of the electrochemical active center, which could provide enough space for the shrinkage and expansion of particles to protect them from the interference of electrolytes and the formation of solid electrolyte interphase film layers. Additionally, the plush tentacle structure with low density and a large specific surface area could expose more active sites and a large electrolyte electrode contact area, and short electron and charge transport paths. Importantly, active, free electrons of small amounts of Co-MOF (1 wt%) could be stored and released through the redox reaction, further improving the electrical conductivity of Carbon-ZIF-67 materials in this work. Consequently, C2-ZIF-67 exhibited superior specific capacitance (400 F g−1, at 0.5 A g−1) and stability (90%, after 10,000 cycles).

Genomics analysis and degradation characteristics of lignin by Streptomyces thermocarboxydus strain DF3-3

BackgroundLignocellulose is an important raw material for biomass-to-energy conversion, and it exhibits a complex but inefficient degradation mechanism. Microbial degradation is promising due to its environmental adaptability and biochemical versatility, but the pathways used by microbes for lignin degradation have not been fully studied. Degradation intermediates and complex metabolic pathways require more study.ResultsA novel actinomycete DF3-3, with the potential for lignin degradation, was screened and isolated. After morphological and molecular identification, DF3-3 was determined to be Streptomyces thermocarboxydus. The degradation of alkali lignin reached 31% within 15 days. Manganese peroxidase and laccase demonstrated their greatest activity levels, 1821.66 UL−1 and 1265.58 UL−1, respectively, on the sixth day. The highest lignin peroxidase activity was 480.33 UL−1 on the fourth day. A total of 19 lignin degradation intermediates were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), including 9 aromatic compounds. Genome sequencing and annotation identified 107 lignin-degrading enzyme-coding genes containing three core enzymatic systems for lignin depolymerization: laccases, peroxidases and manganese peroxidase. In total, 7 lignin metabolic pathways were predicted.ConclusionsStreptomyces thermocarboxydus strain DF3-3 has good lignin degradation ability. Degradation products and genomics analyses of DF3-3 show that it has a relatively complete lignin degradation pathway, including the β-ketoadipate pathway and peripheral reactions, gentisate pathway, anthranilate pathway, homogentisic pathway, and catabolic pathway for resorcinol. Two other pathways, the phenylacetate–CoA pathway and the 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid pathway, are predicted based on genome data alone. This study provides the basis for future characterization of potential biotransformation enzyme systems for biomass energy conversion.

Polystyrene nanoplastics shape microbiome and functional metabolism in anaerobic digestion

Nanoplastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in the natural environment, social production, and life. However, our understanding of the effects of NPs and MPs on shaping the microbiome and functional metabolism of anaerobic microorganisms is limited. We investigated the response of core microbiomes and functional genes to polystyrene (PS) NPs and MPs exposure in a representative anaerobic micro-ecosystem of waste activated sludge. Independent anaerobic digestion (AD) experiment indicated that PS nanobeads suppressed acidogenesis by inhibiting the activity of acetate kinase, and subsequently reduced methane production. Our findings confirmed that MPs (1 and 10 μm) had no perceptible effect on methane production, yet 50 nm NPs resulted in a 15.5% decrease in methane yield, perhaps driven by the behavior of dominant genera Sulfurovum, Candidatus Methanofastidiosum, and Methanobacterium. Assays revealed that NPs contributed to the simplest network assemblies in bacterial communities, contrary to empirical networks in archaeal communities. NPs significantly reduced the abundance of genes involved in carbon degradation: lig, naglu and xylA, as well as gcd and phnK related to phosphorus cycling. The absolute abundance of mcrA encoding methyl-coenzyme M reductase was 54.4% of the control assay. PS NPs might adversely affect the biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles in natural and artificial ecosystems through their negative impact on biomass energy conversion by anaerobic microorganisms.

Valorization of Residues from Energy Conversion of Biomass for Advanced and Sustainable Material Applications

The reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by shifting towards renewable energy sources to control global warming is one of the main challenges of the 21st century [...]

Sustainable conversion of agricultural biomass into renewable energy products: A Discussion

This paper discusses the use of agricultural biomass as a promising resource for renewable energy production, e.g., bio-oil and biogas via pyrolysis and catalysis, among other technologies. In order to prevent the accumulation of agricultural biomass, most countries still use traditional disposal or processing methods, e.g., burning in the field, which not only has a low energy conversion rate, but also releases harmful gases, e.g., CO2, CO, and NH3. These traditional methods are regarded as inefficient with respect to the low utilization of waste; they also pose a threat to human health. The energy conversion of agricultural biomass makes full use of resources and accelerates the development of green energy. In particular, agricultural biomass can lead to the production of high-quality renewable fuels and chemical raw materials through catalytic pyrolysis technologies. The fuel produced using catalytic pyrolysis has a low sulfur and alkali metal contents and techno-economic analysis shows that catalytic pyrolysis greatly reduces the production cost and improves the utilization rate of agricultural biomass. The production of bio-oil and gas via catalytic pyrolysis and agricultural biomass are environmentally friendly and economically feasible for clean energy production. Therefore, additional research is needed to enable the upscaling of renewable energy products.

Experimental Study to Replicate Wood Fuel Conversion in a Downdraft Gasifier: Features and Mechanism of Single Particle Combustion in an Inert Channel

Downdraft gasification is a promising process of energy conversion of wood biomass. There are such fuel conversion conditions that differ favorably from conventional conditions. In such conditions, there is no pyrolysis zone in the fuel bed, which precedes the oxidation zone. Fuel is supplied into the oxidizing zone without charring, where it reacts with the intensive cold air flow from tuyeres. The study aims to replicate the conversion of particles in a gasifier close to tuyeres. For this purpose, the individual particles are burned in the muffle furnace space and the quartz channel replicating presence of other bed particles at a first approximation. In the experiment, the furnace temperature was varied, as well as the velocity of air supplied to the particle. Two-stage and single-stage mechanisms of particle combustion were identified. A two-stage process is observed in the range of tuyere velocities below 20 m s−1. The two-stage mechanism is characterized by a stage of devolatilization and volatiles combustion, followed by a stage of char residue combustion. The stages are predominantly separate from each other, and their degree of overlapping is low, amounting to 24%. At the tuyere velocities above 125 m s−1 combustion of particles is realized primarily as a single-stage process. The intensive air flow reaches the fuel particle surface and initiates combustion of the surface char layer. In this case, the stages of devolatilization and char residue combustion run concurrently for the most part. In the single-stage mechanism, the degree of stage overlapping is significantly higher and amounts to 60–95%. For the two-stage combustion mechanism, the effect of cyclic movement of the flame across the particle surface is evident. The number of cycles can reach eight. This effect is due to the change of conversion stages. At air velocity above 95 m s−1, fragmentation of fuel particles commences. A layer of char formed at an initial stage of burning heats up in the intensive air flow and is separated from the particle surface. The heated walls of the quartz channel contribute to the intensification of particle combustion. This effect is probably due to the swirling of the flame between the wall and the particle surface.

Carbon Footprint and Feedstock Quality of a Real Biomass Power Plant Fed with Forestry and Agricultural Residues

Phasing out fossil fuels to renewables is currently a global priority due to the climate change threat. Advocacy for biomass use as an energy source requires assessing the quality biomass and ecological impacts of bioenergy supply chains. This study evaluated the quality of biomass residues from orchards and silviculture transported from different Northern and Central Italy locations and the carbon footprint of a biomass power plant. The total greenhouse emissions were calculated based on primary data for 2017 according to the ISO/TS 14067. All the residue samples showed their suitability for biofuel use. Ash content was relatively low on average (3–5% d.m.), except for grapevine residues (18% d.m.). The lower heating value was within the expected range of 15–21 MJ kg−1 for plant species. The average GHG emission from the power plant was 17.4 g CO2 eq./MJ of electrical energy, with the energy conversion (38%) and transportation of biomass (34%) phases being the main impact contributors. For this study, impacts of residual agricultural residue were about half that of residues from forest management, mainly due to chipping and greater transport distance. Results show that sourcing residual biomass materials for electricity generation close to power plants significantly reduce GHG emissions compared to conventional fossil fuels.

Estimation Method of Biomass Energy Reserves in China: A Case Study of Corn Straw

Nowadays, biomass resources are the best choice to replace fossil resources. Energy development in biomass is mainly through pyrolysis of biomass. At present, no one has estimated how much biomass energy there is for a country. In this article, taking corn as an example, China as the production country, the potential biomass resources in China are speculated, in which Lignocellulose is the main experimental biomass and pyrolyzed to obtain biomass energy. The most common method of biomass energy conversion is isothermal conversion. The first-order reaction model is used for kinetic analysis of the conversion. The sample is subjected to powder falling pyrolysis at 480 degrees. In order to overcome the regional differences in China, the data of 30 degrees north latitude are used. Finally, the reaction time and the total amount of biomass energy available for development and utilization in China in 2020 are obtained.

Analysis of Agricultural Biomass Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Evidence from China.

China is a large agricultural country, where agricultural activities and rural life cause a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the process of crop growth, production, and processing, a large number of crop straws and agricultural wasted products are produced, which become one of the important sources of biomass resources. However, few detailed studies focused on the potential of China's agricultural biomass energy conversion and carbon emission reduction, and fewer studies proposed GHG emission reduction strategies from the perspective of making full use of China's agricultural waste resources. In this study, the quantity calculation index of agricultural biomass energy was given, and the GHG emission reduction potential calculation index of agricultural biomass energy was constructed, with which the amount of GHG emissions caused by agricultural waste use in China was measured and the potential of GHG emission reduction caused by agricultural waste use would be easily speculated. Based on the statistical data of China, the quantity and GHG emission reduction potential of agricultural biomass resources in China in the recent 10 years (2009∼2018) were clarified. According to the research, the amount of agricultural waste equivalent to standard coal in China from 2009 to 2018 reached 280,0711 million tons. If all these resources were used to replace coal, a total of 4,474,483 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions could be saved. Assuming that these wastes are anaerobic, carbonized, or fully burned as fuel, CH4 emissions could be reduced by up to 12.024 million tons and N2O emissions by up to 185,000 tons. It can be seen that the effective utilization of agricultural biomass resources can replace coal, reduce backwardness such as land burning, and then reduce CO2, CH4, N2O, and other greenhouse gas emissions, and promote the realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.

Highly stable heterogeneous catalysts from electric furnace dust for biodiesel production: Optimization, performance and reaction kinetics

Highly stable heterogeneous catalysts were prepared by impregnating carbonates suspension solutions onto electric furnace dust (EFD) and being calcined at high-temperature for the production of biodiesel from soybean oil. Process of impregnating with CaCO3, BaCO3, SrCO3 and CdCO3 suspension solutions and being calcined at high-temperature did not promote improvement of catalytic activity of EFD powder, while the single impregnating with K2CO3 suspension solution can only improve its catalytic activity in the first use. Na2CO3@EFD catalyst synthesized by impregnating with only Na2CO3 suspension solution owned considerable catalytic activity from nano Na2CO3 (37.0 nm) and good recyclability from nano Fe3O4 (size of 30.0 nm & Ms of 26.77 Am2/kg) with biodiesel yield of 99.13 wt% at 65 °C in 2 h with 15/1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 7 wt% catalyst dosage in the first use (93.50 wt% in the eleventh use). The kinetic study with Na2CO3@EFD was carried out, and it was found that the activation energy was 32.81 kJ/mol and the frequency factor was 3760.85 /min, lower than reported solid base catalysts, which suggested synthesized Na2CO3@EFD catalyst owned remarkable potential for industrial application in biomass energy conversion.

Recent development patterns, utilization and prospective of biofuel production: Emerging nanotechnological intervention for environmental sustainability – A review

The word biofuel is here referred to as liquid or gas fuel mainly derived from biomass for the transport sector. There are many reasons why biofuels are viewed by both developed and industrialized countries as important technologies. These include reasons related to energy supply, climate, foreign exchange savings, and rural socio-economic issues. The term modern biomass is generally used to describe the traditional use of biomass through effective and clean fuel technologies and a long-term provision of biomass resources as well as environmental and competitive fuel, heating, and power using state-of-the-art conversion technologies. For electricity and heat generation, modern biomass can be used. The most recent biomass-backed transportation fuel is bioethanol and biodiesel as well as diesel generated by synthesis from biomass Fischer–Tropsch. The petroleum additive/substitute is bioethanol. Wood, paint, and even household waste can be processed into bio-ethanol economically. The organic ethanol comes from alcoholic fermentation by hydrolysis process of the saccharides or simple sugars provided by biomass. Starch, sugar or oil-generating crops are currently the basis for the production of transport fuel. The use of vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel has been renewed because of less pollutant and sustainable nature than traditional petroleum diesel. The role of catalysts in biofuel production is highly praised as the rate of conversion and reusability are the major concerns of production economics. Biodiesel is a petroleum-based diesel renewable alternative. Bio-oil production is enabled by biomass energy conversion facilities. In the biomass thermal conversion processes, pyrolysis is the most critical method. A brief overview of the basic concepts involved in biomass fuel thermochemical conversion is reviewed with a major focus on the use of nanotechnologies for biofuel production. High potential heterogeneous nanocatalysts (zinc oxide, silver oxide, doped nanoparticles, alloy nanoparticles, titanium dioxide, magnesium dioxide, iron oxide, and others), as well as their synthesis and characterization have been considered with much emphasis on green production strategies. The share of biomass in the renewable energy sector is around 62%. The key benefit of using biomass energy is reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Dataset on Biomass Potential for Environmental Protection to Generate Energy in Jordan from Olives and Other Biomasses and Review of Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies

Dataset on Biomass Potential for Environmental Protection to Generate Energy in Jordan from Olives and Other Biomasses and Review of Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies

Photoelectrochemical Lignin Conversion to Chemical Building Blocks using Nanostructured Semiconductor Photoelectrodes

Molecular-based dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) have traditionally targeted solar-driven water splitting for the conversion of solar energy into fuels in aqueous media. Here we describe a novel approach to develop the DSPEC by combining hydrogen atom transfer catalysis (HAT) with nanostructured semiconductors and photocatalysts for biomass and solar energy conversion. This work reports the application of the DSPEC specifically designed to carry out photocatalytic oxidation of benzylic alcohol moieties at the photoanode (mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles electrode) followed by reductive cleavage of the oxidized functional groups at the photocathode (macro-mesoporous NiO nanoparticles electrode) in non-aqueous media. Current studies targeting the development of photocatalysts via HAT process for biomass conversion especially lignin conversion will be described, with the novel finding that a dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell utilizes a solar-driven catalytic conversion of woody biomass into value-added fuels and chemicals under aerobic mild conditions.

Energy conversion performance in co-hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge and pinewood sawdust coupling with anaerobic digestion of the produced wastewater

Energy conversion and utilization of sewage sludge (SS) and lignocellulosic biomass are an important measure to deal with environmental pollution and resource utilization. Addressing the waste by-product in a clean way is essential. In this study, solid char fuel (hydrochar) was obtained through co-hydrothermal carbonization of SS with pinewood sawdust (PS), and methane gas was obtained through anaerobic digestion (AD) of hydrothermal carbonization wastewater (HTCWW). The energy conversion performance of the feedstock organics under different HTC conditions (temperature of 160 °C, 220 °C, and 280 °C; reaction time of 0, 2, and 4 h; feedstock liquid–solid mass ratio of 4:1, 10:1, and 16:1), and the mass and energy yields of hydrochar and methane and their influencing factors were emphasized. More than 60% of the energy in SS and PS can be recovered by coupling the HTC-AD process. With the increase in hydrothermal reaction temperature and reaction time, the mass yield of hydrochar decreased, but the higher heating value increased. The maximum energy yield of hydrochar was 86.47% under the HTC temperature of 160 °C, liquid–solid ratio of 10:1, and reaction time of 2 h. The HTCWW obtained at a lower temperature (160 °C) showed the highest cumulative methane yield of 304.16 mL-CH4/g-COD.

Calcium looping post-combustion CO2 capture in sugarcane bagasse fuelled power plants

Biomass energy conversion with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) can lead to the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. Calcium looping (CaL) is a promising carbon capture process for existing or greenfield capture-ready biomass-fired plants. This paper investigates the technical and economic performance of BECCS using CaL systems as a retrofit to Brazilian cogeneration plants fuelled with sugarcane bagasse. Bagasse-fired cogeneration plants integrated with CaL were compared with their correspondent base plant without CO2 capture and with chemical absorption using Cansolv solvent, the current benchmark for post-combustion CO2 capture. Key parameters such as CO2 removal potential, water use, added plant footprint, and levelized energy cost (LCOE) were analyzed. Although the Bio-CaL alternative is not cost-effective compared to Cansolv for a first of a kind plant, the assessed system presents competitive advantages in operational flexibility, energy efficiency, and electricity surplus in comparison with the chemical absorption route. For future plants, economic results are promising and can match those of more conventional technologies. Therefore, investments in pilot size biomass-fired CaL units should be stimulated to promote learning and allow the implementation of large-scale plants that would likely operate with similar costs but greater flexibility and thermal efficiency than the current more mature CO2 capture technologies.

Energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental assessment of different technologies in the production of bio-jet fuel by palm oil biorefineries

This work explores palm oil and the residual biomass from oil palm extraction to obtain valuable products via sustainable routes in integrated biorefineries, which were separated into three scenarios: Baseline Scenario is the current Brazilian application of palm in the energy sector using a biodiesel plant with a cogeneration system; Scenario 1 integrates a Hydrotreatment of Esters and Fatty Acids unit to produce bio-jet fuel into the previous case; and Scenario 2, integrates a second-generation ethanol plant and an Alcohol-to-Jet process in order to obtain bio-jet fuel from the second generation. Taking into account that the selection and integration of processes carried out in a biorefinery would impact the overall efficiency of the system, the production costs and the impacts on the environment of the plant make it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the system that allows characterizing and quantify the energy, economic and environmental aspects related to the biomass energy conversion. A methodology of analysis was proposed to address all of these aspects and to provide results that allow for a decision-making guide in technology selection. It was identified that the main need for improvement in the biorefineries relies on cogeneration, which exergy destruction rate ranged from 167.99 to 213.63 MW. The unit exergoeconomic costs founded for glycerol, biodiesel, and electricity were all lower than the market costs, the bio-jet fuel costs, from hydrotreatment, were nearly the same as those from the Brazilian market 0.49 and 0.46 USD/L, respectively. However, the costs of upgrading ethanol were the highest found and way higher than the market rate at 5.15 USD/L. Environmentally, the selected configuration of biorefineries provides all produced biofuel environmental gains compared to conventional non-renewable fuels. Biodiesel and bio-jet fuels would avoid emission of 324.65 kgCO2eq/t and 3092.45 kgCO2eq/t, respectively.

Solar Dryer with Reheating System for Annatto Fruit Pericarp

Annatto fruit is one of the sources of natural food dye coming from its seeds. Aside from this part, the pericarp of the annatto fruit is a candidate for potential source of fuel. It is necessary for the pericarp to undergo drying prior to biomass energy conversion. The pericarp can be dried at least five days in sun drying to remove the seeds. In line with this, the researchers had designed a solar cabinet dryer introducing a reheating system and gravel used as thermal storage to lessen the drying time of the annatto fruit pericarp. The solar cabinet dryer had a multi layered wire mesh inside the drying cabinet that allows hot air from the collector to circulate and evenly dry the pericarp. Using the solar cabinet dryer, the drying time was lessened to seven hours with a drying rate of 4.37 g/min. The experiment compared three modes of drying consists of no reheating, with partial reheating and full reheating. During the drying process, several parameters such as the temperature, humidity and mass of each tray were measured, recorded and analyzed. It is found out that fully opened reheater has the highest moisture removed with 90.38% system efficiency.

Revealing of Supercritical Water Gasification Process of Lignin by Reactive Force Field Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Gasification with supercritical water is an efficient process that can be used for the valorization of biomass. Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer in biomass and its conversion is fundamental for future energy and value-added chemicals. In this paper, the supercritical water gasification process of lignin by employing reactive force field molecular dynamics simulations (ReaxFF MD) was investigated. Guaiacyl glycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (GGE) was considered as a lignin model to evaluate the reaction mechanism and identify the components at different temperatures from 1000 K to 5000 K. The obtained results revealed that the reactions and breaking of the lignin model started at 2000 K. At the primary stage of the reaction at 2000 K the β-O-4 bond tends to break into several compounds, forming mainly guaiacol and 1,3-benzodioxole. In particular, 1,3-benzodioxole undergoes dissociation and forms cyclopentene-based ketones. Afterward, dealkylation reaction occurred through hydroxyl radicals of water to form methanol, formaldehyde and methane. Above 2500 K, H2, CO and CO2 are predominantly formed in which water molecules contributed hydrogen and oxygen for their formation. Understanding the detailed reactive mechanism of lignin’s gasification is important for efficient energy conversion of biomass.

Recovery of Partial Heat of Pyrolysis From Solar Thermal Collector for Thermochemical Conversion of Food Waste

Abstract Biomass conversion processes can be energy intensive. There is a need to seek renewable sources to meet such energy demand. In this study, a partial heat of pyrolysis from a concentrated solar power (CSP)-based solar heat collector is modeled. A numerical investigation of the flow in the heat collector element (HCE) of the CSP is performed. By using the finite volume formulation, the fluid flow behavior within the pipe of the HCE is simulated to determine the thermal absorption, heat losses, and efficiency obtainable from the solar irradiation on the receiver tube. Monte-Carlo Ray-tracing based software, soltrace, is used to estimate the incident heat flux on the LS-2 receiver with an average direct normal irradiance (DNI) value, based on a comparative performance study of three types of molten salts (i.e., the heat transfer fluids (HTFs)). The performance of three kinds of the LS-2 HCE (i.e., vacuum, air-filled, and evacuated types) is also analyzed in terms of heat loss and efficiency measurements respectively. HITEC provides the best performance in terms of stability in delivering the partial heat of pyrolysis for the gasification of food waste on moderate velocities of 0.75—2 m/s. Also, the pyrolysis of the feedstock is proposed with an operating feedstock rate of 0.19 kg/s and 0.17 kg/s for lower heating value (LHV) and higher heating value (HHV), respectively. It is anticipated that the combined heat of pyrolysis from the proposed dual heat cycle, comprising both the CSP and a biogas plant, will provide a solution to the demand for alternative power from biomass energy conversion.

Geospatial mapping of biomass supply and demand for household energy management in Nepal

This paper presents a geospatial mapping model for assessing spatial distribution and demand of biomass sources for household energy use in Nepal. In the context of rural households, correlation between supply and demand of biomass is crucial for designing effective rural energy programs. Three districts were considered to represent the country's main topographical regions: lowlands, hills, and mountains, where geospatial distribution and demand of biomass are different. The supply potential of fuelwood was assessed using Geographical Information System (GIS) tool, and the potential of crop residues and dung and household energy demands were determined by field surveys and experiments. The results showed that households with secure access to biomass sources in lowlands, hills and mountains were 57%, 50% and 3% respectively. In lowlands, crop residues and dung were extensively used due to lack of forest biomass, whereas forest biomass was extensively used in hills and mountains, with negligible use of crop residues and animal dung. The results indicate that use of improved cooking stoves and biogas was negligible and thus cleaner biomass energy conversion and cooking technologies are needed to achieve universal target of clean cooking for all. The GIS model provided better estimation of biomass energy supply potential in the communities, which is crucial in the design of energy policies for sustainable clean cooking solutions. It is anticipated that this geospatial mapping model is also applicable to the cases of other developing countries, which have dominant biomass consumption for household energy use.