Biomass Dosage Research Articles

Green treatment of chromium contaminated water using Spongomorpha indica

The current study presents chromium (VI) biosorption performance of Spongomorpha indica from synthetic medium. Spongomorpha indica, naturally available green marine alga was selected as an adsorbent. The influence of three process parameters i.e., initial pH, initial chromium (VI) ions concentration and Spongomorpha indica biomass dosage, on the performance of biosorbent was studied. CCD of RSM was adopted to optimize process parameters and the results were analyzed using ANOVA to determine significance of influential parameters and their interaction effect on process efficiency. The predicted optimum values i.e., the biosorption 95.29%, pH 5.62, initial Cr(VI) concentration 31.82 mg/L and Spongomorpha indica biomass dosage 0.04 g/L through statistical optimization were found to be approximately equal to the confirmation experiment measured values. The results of kinetic studies revealed that the mechanism involved in metal capturing by biosorbent is ionic interaction between metal cations and various surface ionic groups of biomass with heterogeneous mass transfer. Equilibrium isotherm studies disclosed that Langmuir model was well correlated to equilibrium data. FTIR and SEM analysis were recorded for surface characterization of Spongomorpha indica.

Biodegradation of bisphenol A by alginate immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium beads: Continuous cyclic treatment and degradation pathway analysis

The wide application of biodegradation technology makes it particularly significant to use immobilized microorganisms to achieve continuous degradation of pollutants. In this study, the performance of Ca-alginate (CA) immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium beads in a consecutive biocycle treatment of bisphenol A (BPA) effluent was researched. The effects of initial BPA concentration, biomass dosage, pH and curing time were investigated. Results showed that CA-immobilized P. chrysosporium can be successive cycle at least 9 times (12 h each), and each time the removal efficiency of BPA reached 100%. The degradation process of BPA in the treatment process was investigated. According to the analyses of glucose, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, extracellular proteins and biomass, it was found that consumed carbon and nitrogen sources were used for the rapid growth of fungal hyphae and the synthesis of a series of proteins. These extracellular proteins can be utilized as a nitrogen source by P. chrysosporium, and played a key role in the removal of BPA. Biodegradation process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Moreover, intermediates in the BPA degradation process were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and three possible degradation pathways were proposed. This strategy presented in the study provides a convenient and efficient biological method for the continuous treatment of BPA effluent.

The use of sludge as a micronutrient for the improvement of biogas production from seaweed: the integration of two sources of environmental concern to bring new opportunities

AbstractLarge quantities of seaweed in marine environments and coastal areas can cause serious hygienic and environmental problems. Anaerobic digestion (AD) could provide a solution and could also be useful for the production of bioenergy and fertilizer. However, the AD of algae biomass has some limitations and further work is required on the process. To increase the efficiency of the process, batches of 350 mL feedstock containing seaweed biomass (Sargassum sp.), inoculum, and different dosages of sludge from drinking water treatment (DWTS) as a micronutrient source to improve biogas production were digested in a 500 mL glass reactor and under mesophilic conditions, leading to significantly enhanced methane production. The highest methane yield (199 NmL g−1 VS) was observed when 6 mg L−1 DWTS was added, which showed a 30% improvement compared with the control digester and accounted for a 249.4 kWh increase in net energy per ton. The biodegradability index also increased by 10% compared with the control after the addition of DWTS. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Assessment of algal biomass towards removal of Cr(VI) from tannery effluent: a sustainable approach.

The current investigation focuses on a systematic study of application of two dried algal biomass (i.e., Nostoc sp. and Turbinaria vulgaris) in removal of Cr(VI) from synthetic solution as well as tannery industrial wastewater. The optimized conditions for Cr(VI) removal are nearly same for the both the biosorbents (i.e., pH 2.8, initial Cr(VI) concentration 100 mg L-1, biomass dosage of 1.2g L-1, contact time 120 and 110 min). Nostoc sp. (qmax=23.94mg g-1) was observed to possess a superior removal capability when compared to Turbinaria vulgaris (qmax=21.8mg g-1). Desorption studies were performed with four different desorbing agents. Application study was conducted using tannery wastewater with Nostoc sp. and 94.20% removal of Cr(VI) was obtained. Hence, this study revealed that Nostoc sp. and T. vulgaris both have great potential to be an environment friendly and economic biosorbent for removal of Cr(VI) containing industrial effluent.

Lead metal biosorption and isotherms studies by metal-resistant Bacillus strain MRS-2 bacterium.

In this study, lead (Pb) biosorption studies in aqueous solution were performed with metal-resistant Bacillus strain MRS-2 (ATCC 55674) bacterium which was previously isolated from wastewater plant. It showed minimum inhibition concentration of 300 ppm Pb on the nutrient agar plates. Pb biosorption using MRS-2 bacteria was investigated under different parameters such as pH, temperature, biomass dosage, initial Pb concentration, contact time, and type of biomass by batch experiments. Pb concentration was analyzed through Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The rate of biosorption (Q) and Pb biosorption capacity (qe ) were calculated for above mentioned parameters. It was observed that Pb precipitates by itself from the solution at pH 2 and 8 or above without bacteria and precipitation did not increase even in the presence of bacteria. The results showed that the highest biosorption rate and biosorption capacity (mg/g) were observed at pH 7, 25°C, 2-h contact time with live bacteria. The highest biosorption rate was observed at 1.5 g/L biomass dose and 5 ppm initial Pb concentration, whereas the highest Pb biosorption capacity was observed at 0.25 g/L biomass dose and 12.5 ppm initial Pb concentration. It was observed that Pb biosorption by live bacteria occurred through adsorption on cell surface. In this study, the biosorption isotherm analysis favored the Langmuir isotherm model indicating monolayer biosorption. This Bacillus strain showed higher Pb biosorption capacity than most of the previously reported Bacillus strains. In conclusion, this study indicates that the Bacillus MRS-2 strain can be used to remove Pb from industrial wastewaters in an ecofriendly approach.

Biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles from copper tailings ore – An approach to the ‘Bionanomining’

Nanotechnology is a discipline that studies the behavior of materials on a nanometric scale. These materials are known to have a wide range of applications due to the outstanding optoelectronic, magnetic, and thermal properties that their scale provides. However, one of the current challenges associated with nanotechnology lies in how nanomaterials are generated. Within the new synthesis trends, biological routes have been proposed as an alternative that requires less polluting organic solvents and less energy consumption.The biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles is a Bottom-up method that requires precursors, which have mostly been described as pure solutions. However, in the present work and approaching the concept of ‘Bionanomining’, the use of a real effluent obtained from the leaching of sulfide ore tailings is studied for the biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles. For this purpose, the bacterial biomass of Pseudomonas stutzeri was used as a bioreducing agent.The leaching of the chalcopyrite-bearing tailings achieved a copper recovery of 50% in 8 h, thanks to sodium nitrate that acted as an oxidizing agent. The copper concentration was increased by solvent extraction, allowing a solution of 700 mg/L of copper to be achieved.In the biosynthesis of nanoparticles, the experiments were carried out at room temperature and pressure for 48 h, using two different copper precursor solutions. In the first stage, a pure solution was used to determine an adequate copper concentration and biomass dosage, which were 381 mg/L and 1050 mg, respectively. In an advanced approach, the solution obtained from the treated tailings was employed for the biosynthesis, obtaining nanoparticles in the two resulting streams: a solid dead biomass and sodium sulfate solution with 2.7% and 0.27% copper nanoparticles, respectively. These nanoparticles are spherical and with a size between 1 and 2 nm.

حذف فلز سنگین روی از فاضلاب با استفاده از نانوکامپوزیت طبیعی کیتوسان/ اکسید گرافن استخراج شده از ضایعات میگو

Background and Objective: Water pollution with heavy metals is one of the most important environmental problems that affect human life and health by causing serious diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to control their presence in the environment. Despite the high use of zinc in industry and the pollution of water resources by effluents containing it and the problems caused 0062002y the presence of this metal in drinking water, a study on the use of chitosan nanoparticles taken from the waste of fish breeding workshops and Shrimp has not been done to optimally remove this metal from water sources. Method: Here, a nanocomposite of chitosan and graphene oxide was synthesized at the University of Jiroft in 2019 and used for removal of zinc metal from industrial wastes. The effects of initial solution pH (2-7), chitosan/graphene oxide bio-sorbent dose (0-1.5 g/l), initial zinc (II) concentration (10-200 mg/l) and contact time on the uptake capacity of metal (30- 420 min) were investigated. Findings: This nanocomposite was exhibited the highest metal ions uptake capacity (89.2 mg/g) at pH value of 4.0, biomass dose 0.01 g/l, metal concentration of 200 mg/l and contact time 420 min. The structural stability and efficient adsorption capacity of adsorbent was proved after four times adsorption–desorption cycles and after that uptake capacity was 19.35 mg/g. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the synthesized nanocomposite from chitosan and graphene oxide could be used as a potentially good adsorbent to remove Zn2+ simultaneously in aqueous solutions.

Biosorption of iron(III) from aqueous solution by dried biomass of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

In this study, the dried biomass of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was used as biosorbent for removing Fe(III)) ions from aqueous solution. The effects of exposure time, the initial metal concentration, biosorbent dose, and solution pH on the biosorption efficiency of Fe(III) from synthetic solutions were investigated. The Fe(III) adsorption was relatively fast and the equilibrium time was 60 min with the maximum biosorption capacity (qm) of 10.98 mg Fe(III) g−1 biosorbent (85%) at pH 3.5, 10 g L−1 biomass dosage, and 30 °C. Among four biosorption isotherms, the Redlich-Peterson and the Langmuir isotherm models described better the adsorption of Fe(III) onto dried biomass than did the Freundlich and the Temkin isotherm models. The biosorption of Fe(III) using dried biomass of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 followed the second-order kinetics. Thermodynamic studies established the biosorption process to be energetically favorable with negative free energy change. FTIR and SEM-EDX analyses revealed the presence of functional groups of negative valences on the biosorbent surface responsible for the Fe(III) binding. Desorption of Fe(III) was attained up to 79% using 0.1 M HNO3; however, the capacity of biomass as biosorbent was decreased after the first adsorption-desorption cycle. Moreover, the biosorption efficiency of the algal biosorbent for the removal of Fe(III) from groundwater was 65%. Overall, this finding suggested an eco-friendly strategy for remediation of Fe(III)-polluted wastewater by biosorption onto the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 biomass.

Phycoremediation of Synthetic Dyes: An Effective and Eco-Friendly Algal Technology for the Dye Abatement

Rapid industrialization leads to serious environmental hazards due to the increase in the release of pollutants into the environment. Industries that use synthetic dyes for different applications are a predominant source for dye contaminants by releasing the dye in wastewater with pretreatment or without treatment directly into the water bodies, making serious water pollution in the environment. Therefore, it is imperative to safeguard the environment from such contaminants and their associated negative impacts. The conventional treatment method that is used to treat dye-contaminated wastewater is generally costly and has a possibility to produce secondary metabolites. Due to the above problems, the biological method is preferable to treat effluent or dye-contaminated wastewater. Phycoremediation is an algae-based eco-friendly dye abatement technique from contaminated environments. This review highlights the phycoremediation of dyes and its underlying mechanisms along with the information on synthetic dyes, classification, hazardous effects, and other major techniques of dye abatement. This review provides a comprehensive insight into several influencing factors such as pH, temperature, contact time, the dose of algae biomass, and agitation speed, as well as functional groups involved in the phycoremediation process.

A novel green treatment of groundwater using dead biomass, Schizomeris leibleinii

The present study evaluates the most suitable conditions for Ni(II) ions biosorption by green alga (Schizomeris leibleinii) using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Batch experiments were performed under RSM modeling (R2=0.9886), considering a number of factors, including pH, Biomass Dose, and Initial Ni(II) Concentration. Considering the presence of rich functional groups on the surface of the green marine alga, an uptake capacity of 50.46 ± 0.04 mg/g and a removal efficiency of 91.74% were obtained. The biosorption process was characterized by thermodynamic, isothermic, and kinetic studies. The results show that the removal process is exothermic, mono-layer, feasible, and controlled by the chemisorption stage. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were utilized to characterize the biomass, confirming the feasibility of metal ions uptake. Moreover, the desorption stages were performed under optimal conditions with an efficiency of 80.33-71.00%. Schizomeris leibleinii was shown to be sustainable, reusable, and reliable for biosorption.

Application of alginate extraction residue for Al(III) ions biosorption: a complete batch system evaluation.

The residue derived from the alginate extraction from S. filipendula was applied for the biosorption of aluminum from aqueous medium. The adsorptive capacity of the residue (RES) was completely evaluated in batch mode. The effect of pH, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature was assessed through kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies. The biosorbent was characterized prior and post-Al biosorption by N2 physisorption, Hg porosimetry, He pycnometry, and thermogravimetry analyses. Equilibrium was achieved in 60 min. Kinetics obeys pseudo-second-order model at aluminum higher concentrations. Isotherms followed Freundlich model at low temperature (293.15 K) and D-R or Langmuir model at higher temperatures (303 and 313 K). Data modeling indicated the occurrence of both chemical and physical interactions in the aluminum adsorption mechanism using RES. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 1.431 mmol/g at 293 K. The biosorption showed a spontaneous, favorable, and exotherm character. A simplified batch design was performed, indicating that the residue is a viable biosorbent, achieving high percentages of removal using low biomass dosage.

Biosorption of copper ions from aqueous solution using Kappaphycus striatum

Biosorption is an eco-friendly alternative technology for the removal of heavy metals from industrial waste and effluents using low-cost and effective biosorbent. Abundant of natural materials like agricultural biomass, industrial waste, and microbial biomass can be used as a promising biosorbent. In the present study, red algae Kappaphycus striatum biomass will be used for the adsorption of copper ions in aqueous solution. The free (non-immobilized) and immobilized form of red algae Kappaphycus striatum biomass and biosorption rate were investigated for the adsorption process. The maximum biosorption of copper ions was achieved when immobilized form of algae biomass were used at the condition pH of 5, biomass dosage, 0.25 g/L, contact time of 90 minutes, and at the temperature of 50 °C with a 65.8% of removal. The experiment data for biosorption rate with time also was used to evaluated two kinetic models (pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order) and two isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich). The results reveal that metallic ions biosorption on the immobilized Kappaphycus striatum followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a R 2=0.9996 and Langmuir isotherm model with a R 2=0.9999. The present work shows that the red algae of Kappaphycus striatum as a potential biosorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution.

An optimization study for bio-removal of lead from aqueous environments by alkali modified Polyporus Squamosus

Rapidly increasing industrialization and urbanization cause serious environmental pollution. Discharge of polluting material from various industries such as smelting, mining, ore processing, and metal plating into the environment without treatment causes serious pollution and can have dangerous effects on the environmental balance. The utilization of low-cost adsorbents from biological materials as a replacement for costly traditional methods for adsorption of heavy metal pollutants from wastewater was reviewed. This study aimed to investigate the biosorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions with NaOH-modified Polyporus squamosus biosorbent and optimize the biosorption conditions. Firstly, the parameters most influencing the response of the biosorption for Pb(II) (initial Pb(II) concentration (Co), pH, temperature and biomass dose) were determined using Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimum conditions were evaluated as 60.76 mg/L, 6.3, 25 °C, and 0.23 g for Co, initial pH, temperature and biomass dose, respectively. From the optimum conditions, the adsorption yield and the adsorption capacity were obtained as 93.8% and 23.63 mg/g, respectively.

A Novel Sustainable Biosorbent (Ulocladium Consortiale) Proposal with Central Composite Design to Reduce Water Pollution

Biosorption is an efficient and environmental-friendly technology for the decontamination of dyes from industrial wastewater. These properties bio absorbent usage instead of commercial chemicals supports not only the “economic” dimension, but also “environment” and “social” dimensions of sustainability. As a novel bioadsorbent, methylene blue-resistant fungal strain Ulocladium consortiale was isolated from the Lake Tuz (Turkey). The effect of four independent variables pH (7–11), initial dye concentration (10–50 mg/L), biomass dosage (0.1–0.5 g/mL), and contact time (2.5–12.5 min) was studied on methylene biosorption by employing U. consortiale using batch mode. Optimum conditions were selected for maximum biosorption. Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) an ideal solution for fitting a second-order response surface model was performed to determine the optimum levels of parameters and to spot the correlation between the various parameters. The highest removal efficiency (R, %) of methylene blue was achieved with 92.69 % and U. consortiale showed the highest biosorption capacity (q, mg/g) 181.28 mg/g. This efficiency was obtained at 10 pH, 46 mg/L initial dye concentration, 0.2 g/mL biomass dosage, and 2.5 min contact time. The results of CCD of RSM show that Ulocladium consortiale is a suitable and sustainable novel biosorbent can be used in for methylene blue removal under optimal conditions.

TETRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTIC REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING CLADOPHORA AND SPIRULINA ALGAE BIOMASS

Cladophora and Spirulina algae biomass have been used for the removal of Tetracycline (TC) antibiotic from aqueous solution. Different operation conditions were varied in batch process, such as initial antibiotic concentration, different biomass dosage and type, contact time, agitation speed, and initial pH. The result showed that the maximum removal efficiencies by using 1.25 g/100 ml Cladophora and 0.5 g/100 ml Spirulina algae biomass were 95% and 94% respectively. At the optimum experimental condition of temperature 25°C, initial TC concentration 50 mg/l, contact time 2.5hr, agitation speed 200 rpm and pH 6.5. The characterization of Cladophora and Spirulina biomass by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) indicates that the presence of functional groups of different components such as the Hydroxyl group (-OH), amides(N-H stretch) were responsible of surface adsorption processes. The isothermal study has been applied using Freundlich, Temkin, and Langmuir models. The data best fitted with the Langmuir model. Finally, The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was best fitted the kinetic data with a high coefficient of determination (R2< 0.97 and 0.99) when used Cladophora and Spirulina algae biomass, respectively. The study showed that both Cladophora and Spirulina algae were promising and economical biomass that could be used for a large scale bioreactor.

Differences between cigarette smoking and biomass smoke exposure: An in silico comparative assessment of particulate deposition in the lungs

Cigarette smoking and biomass smoke are the two main environmental risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) worldwide. However, it remains unclear why these exposures result in two different disease phenotypes. In this study, we assessed the lung deposition from biomass and cigarette smoke exposures and examined whether differences due to inherently different particle size distributions and inhalation conditions may contribute to the differences between biomass- and tobacco-related COPD phenotypes. Using high-fidelity three-dimensional computational fluid-particle dynamics in a representative upper airway geometry, coupled to one-dimensional models of the lower airways, we computed total deposited doses and examined regional deposition patterns based on exposure data from a randomized control trial in Peru and from the literature for biomass and mainstream cigarette smoke, respectively. Our results showed that intrathoracic deposition was higher in cigarette smoking, with 36.8% of inhaled biomass smoke particles and 57.7% of cigarette smoke particles depositing in the intrathoracic airways. We observed higher fractions of cigarette smoke particles in the last few airway generations, which could explain why cigarette smoking is associated with more emphysema than biomass smoke exposure. Mean daily deposited dose was two orders of magnitude higher in cigarette smoking. Lobar distributions of the deposited dose also differed, with the left lower and right upper lobes receiving the highest doses of biomass and cigarette smoke particles, respectively. Our findings suggest that the differences between biomass- and tobacco-related COPD could, at least in part, be due to differences in total and regional lung deposition of biomass and cigarette smoke.

Biosorption of Cu and Zn in a Batch System via Dried Macroalgae Halimeda opuntia and Turbinaria turbinata

Biosorption is the most favourable technique for the treatment of heavy metals as it is fast, powerful, and low cost, it takes place in a wide range of temperatures as well as it can be used for almost all types of heavy metals. In this study, the biosorption technique adsorbs Cu2+ and Zn2+ on the dried macroalgae (Halimeda opuntia and Turbinaria turbinata) in a batch system. Experimental parameters affecting the biosorption process are initial metal ion concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 25 mg/L), pH between (4.5 and 5.2), biomass dosage (1 gm) and agitation speed 150 rpm applied at contact time (30, 60 and 120 min). The significant-high average removals of Cu2+ by H.opuntia (> 96%) were recorded in concentrations of 10, 15 and 25 ppm at 120 min and the highest average removals by T.turbinata (81.07%, 78.32% and 74.7%) were recorded in concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 ppm at 120 min. The lowest average removal of Cu2+ 89.22% was recorded by H.opuntia and 49.9% was recorded by T.turbinata in a concentration of 25 ppm at 30 min. In the same way, significant-high average removals (>94%) were recorded in a concentration of 10 ppm at 120 min for H.opuntia and in a concentration of 5 ppm by at 60 min for T.turbinata. In conclusion, the dead biomass of marine algae can provide a promising and low-cost technique for removing heavy metal pollutants in medical industries.

The synergy of mercury biosorption through Brevundimonas sp. IITISM22: Kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic modeling

This research experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of Brevundimonas species IITISM22 to remove mercury by using live biomass of bacterial cells at 298, 308, and 318 K. Characterization of bio-sorbent was done by FT-IR and SEM-EDX. The prime functional groups accountable for binding Hg were OH, -NH2, -CH, -SH and -COO. The deformed bacterial structure was seen after Hg adsorption over the bacterial cell. Influences of different experimental factors, such as pH, temperature, contact time, Hg concentration, and biomass dose was examined. IITISM22 exhibited the highest Hg absorption at pH 6.5, contact time of 4 h, and showed an increased adsorption capacity while increasing the concentration of Hg. Kinetics were recommended by pseudo-second-order for adsorption process and isotherm was adequately defined by the Linear Langmuir isotherm model (KL) = 1.4, 1.2, 0.9 mg/l; (RL) = 0.020, 0.015, 0.013, respectively than Freundlich isotherm model. The Activation energy (Ea) of biosorption calculated were (131.10 KJ/mole) by using Arrhenius equation, and the thermodynamic parameters were ΔG⸰ (−41.03, −16.33, −16.12 KJ/mol), ΔH⸰ (−36.87 KJ/mol) and ΔS⸰ (−194.03 J/mol), respectively. These findings suggest that the removal process was based on chemisorption and the biosorption was exothermic. The result of the current experiment indicated that the IITISM22 could be an authentic biosorbent for Hg detoxification.

Removal of heavy metals from wastewaters using an effective and natural bionanopolymer based on Schiff base chitosan/graphene oxide

The nanochitosan was extracted from shrimp wastes and modified by Schiff base ligand and graphene oxide. Nanochitosan characterization was carried out by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and elemental analysis. This study was done to apply nanopolymer based on shrimp wastes as a biodegradable and recoverable biosorbent for removal of heavy of metals including copper and lead from contaminated water. The effects of initial solution pH, biosorbent dose, initial concentrations of lead(II) and copper(II) and contact time on the uptake capacity of the related metals were investigated using batch experiments. This nanopolymer biomass exhibited the highest uptake capacity for the metal ions (466 and 698.8 mg/g for lead and copper ions, respectively) at the pH value of 6.0, the biomass dose of 0.01 g/L, the metal concentration of 200 mg/L and the contact time of 420 min. These remarkable uptake capacity values indicate the high efficiency of the absorbent in wastewater treatment for heavy metals. Its structural stability and efficient absorbent ability were proved after four times absorption–desorption cycles. After these times, the uptake capacity decreased from 698.8 to 343.8 for copper and from 466 to 226.9 for lead, which are still high values for uptake capacity, and therefore this nanopolymer can be used in repeated absorption–desorption cycles. This nanochitosan is able to treat and absorb lead and copper from dense aqueous solutions with low amount of biosorbent.

Integrated treatment of submerged membrane and adsorption using dried Aphanothece sp for removing cadmium from synthetic wastewater

Water pollution from the discharge of wastewater containing toxic heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) to the natural water bodies is one of the biggest problem affecting humanity. Different technologies such as sorption, membrane filtration etc. have been used to remove heavy metal from the polluted water. In this work, the effects of operational parameters on the ability of the submerged membrane adsorption hybrid system (SMAHS) to remove Cd2+ from synthetic wastewater using dried Aphanothece sp A15 as a suspended biosorbent was evaluated. This biomass originates from a cyanobacterium was cultivated in a photobioreactor system enriched with 15 % of CO2. The operational parameters investigated were filtration flux, biomass dosage, frequency of replacing biosorbent, and initial metal concentration. Of the various parameters, the filtration flux and the initial concentration of Cd were the most influential parameters concerning biosorption efficiency in this study. More than 95 % removal of Cd was achieved with initial Cd concentration of 4.89 mg/L at a filtration flux of 20 L/m2.h. The highest biosorption capacity (112.89 mg/g) was obtained with a flux of 60 L/m2.h.The biosorbent became saturated after 20 h of operation without biosorbent replacement. This suggests that the dried biomass of Aphanothece sp A15 has the potential to be implemented in the industrial wastewater treatment plant using SMAHS processes integrated within the CO2 bio-sequestration unit. Therefore, cadmium removal from wastewater can be coupled with the reduction of CO2 emissions from flue gas.