Abstract
Rapidly increasing industrialization and urbanization cause serious environmental pollution. Discharge of polluting material from various industries such as smelting, mining, ore processing, and metal plating into the environment without treatment causes serious pollution and can have dangerous effects on the environmental balance. The utilization of low-cost adsorbents from biological materials as a replacement for costly traditional methods for adsorption of heavy metal pollutants from wastewater was reviewed. This study aimed to investigate the biosorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions with NaOH-modified Polyporus squamosus biosorbent and optimize the biosorption conditions. Firstly, the parameters most influencing the response of the biosorption for Pb(II) (initial Pb(II) concentration (Co), pH, temperature and biomass dose) were determined using Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimum conditions were evaluated as 60.76 mg/L, 6.3, 25 °C, and 0.23 g for Co, initial pH, temperature and biomass dose, respectively. From the optimum conditions, the adsorption yield and the adsorption capacity were obtained as 93.8% and 23.63 mg/g, respectively.
Highlights
A disadvantage arising from rapidly increasing industrialization, the presence of toxic heavy metals in aqueous environments emerges as an environmental problem that needs to be solved worldwide
The permitted drinking water standard for Pb is 10 μg/L according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and 50 μg/L according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [3]
Second-order regression models obtained from Central Composite Design (CCD) for Pb (II) biosorption are given in Eqs. 4 and 5
Summary
A disadvantage arising from rapidly increasing industrialization, the presence of toxic heavy metals in aqueous environments emerges as an environmental problem that needs to be solved worldwide. The most common heavy metals in industrial wastewater can be listed as lead, cadmium, mercury, copper and zinc. Leaving the wastewater released by the use of lead in the industrial field to the environment without any treatment increases the lead pollution in natural water resources. The most common removal methods are coagulation, chemical precipitation, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and adsorption/biosorption. Each of these technologies has its disadvantages, such as high-energy requirements, production of undesirable secondary pollution, incomplete removal, low efficiency, and high costs [7, 8]. The removal potential for heavy metals in industrial wastewater using biological materials is increasingly reported from different parts of the world [10, 12, 13]. Fungi have high potential for use in heavy metal removal due to their high surface area, abundance in nature, and being both economic and
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