Biological Equilibrium Research Articles

Вплив препаратів «Бровермектин-грануляттм» і «Авесстимтм» на рівень продуктів ПОЛ та активність ферментів АОС у гепатопанкреасі однорічок білого амура, уражених моногенеями

The data on the influence of the anti-parasitic drug «Granulated brovermectin» and immunomodulator «Avesstim» on the level of lipid oxidation products (LOPs) and the activity of antioxidant system enzymes (AOS) in hepatopancreas of white currant annuals affected by various ectoparasites are given. The research was carried out at the garden and fish farms of the state enterprise «Rybgosp Galitsky» (now Rybgosp «Burshtynskyy» LLC) of the Rogatyn district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region and the farm enterprise «Dobrotvirskiy rybzavod» in the Kamianko-Buzsky district of the Lviv region, located on the warm waters of the Burshtynskaya cooling water reservoirs and Dobrotvirskaya TPS. For the study, white amur of the same age (with body weight 45–47 g) was selected, infected with Dactylogyrus lamellatus, Gyrodactylus ctenopharyngodonis and both parasites at the same time.It was found that white amur of the same age infected with Dactylogyrus lamellatus, Gyrodactylus ctenopharyngodonis and in mixed infestations, the level of TBK-products in hepatopancreas decreased by 25.7% after the treatment with «Granulated brovermectin»; 29.3 and 32.4%, diene conjugates – by 13.5; 21.7 and 18.9% at P < 0.001 in all cases. At the same time using the drugs «Granulated brovermectin» and «Avesstim», the reduction of the above-mentioned indicators in all cases was also reliable (P < 0.001) and was 68.0; 66.3 and 64.0 and 32.0; 35.4 and 36.2%. Concerning the content of lipid hydroperoxides in hepatopancreas of treated fish, its decrease was probable (P < 0,05) only for the combined application of the studied drugs.After use of the above-mentioned preparations the activity of enzymes of antioxidant protection in hepatopancreas of white amur of the same age increased. However, it should be noted that fish affected by dactylosurids, only the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the complex use of «Granulated brovermectin» and «Avesstim» increased significantly (P < 0.001). In the case of damage by hydroactylics, the activity of superoxide dismutase in hepatopancreas of fish that was administered only «Granulated brovermectin» probably (P < 0,05) increased by 9,4%, and the use of a complex of drugs – by 28,4% (P < 0,001). After mixed infections, as well as for monoinvasia, in the hepatopancreas of white amur of the same age after the use of drugs, an increase in the activity of all the enzymes studied, however, was only significant increase in the activity of SOD (P < 0,05; 0,001). Thus, the complex application of drugs for monogenous doses of fish had a more significant impact on the biological equilibrium in the system LOPs↔AOS.

Fish and broiler optimal harvesting models in imprecise environment

In this paper, a two-species harvesting model has been considered and developed a solution procedure which is able to calculate the equilibrium points of the model where some biological parameters of the model are interval numbers. A parametric mathematical program is formulated to find the biological equilibrium of the model for different values of parameters. This interval-valued problem is converted into an equivalent crisp model using interval mathematics. The main advantage of the proposed procedure is that different characteristics of the model can be presented in a single framework. Analytically, the existence of steady state and stabilities are looked into. Using mathematical software, the model is illustrated and the results are obtained and presented in tabular and graphical forms.

Ascertaining the Impact of Cleanliness and Healthy Life Style (The Art of Living) in Human Health (Physical & Mental) and Its Relevance in Nation Building

Cleanliness means that there is no dirt, no dust, no stains, and no bad smells. The purpose of cleanliness is health, beauty, absence of offensive odor and to avoid the spreading of dirt and contaminants to oneself and others. To be in good health is to be in a state of balance. Health is a biological equilibrium that exists within our body. In order to achieve this balance, we need to fine tune our body to all levels, which can be achieved by doing meaningful works, in a conscientious and responsible manner, exercise, eating correctly and having a positive attitude towards ourselves and others. Much is said rhetorically about cleanliness in our society but practically its application is missing. A quick observation can reveal how insensitive a culture we have developed regarding cleanliness and hygiene. There are many other examples which can be cited to indicate the pathetic condition of cleanliness and hygiene in our society. Hence, conscious efforts are needed to tackle this issue. There is a dire need to educate and sensitize people about the importance of cleanliness in light of our faith. In this regard social institutions such as educational institutions, the media and religious institutions can play a vital role. According to the concept of health and disease in Unani System of Medicine, human body has two states i.e. healthy state and disease state. As described by great Unani sages that, “There are certain causes of health and disease.” The causes for health are called as, The Six Life Style Factors viz. Air, Food and Beverages, Physical Activity and Repose, Mental Activity and Repose, Sleep and Wakefulness, Retention and Evacuation. These essential factors are those which influence the body throughout the life. As all living creatures have qualities associated with them, so too do each of the six life style factors. The food and drinks we consume, the weather, our environment and our emotions, all exert different qualities of heat, coldness, moistness and dryness that can either be of benefit or detriment to us. “Cleanliness is a freedom movement for an aspiring Nation. Culture of cleanliness will influence the hygiene, health, aesthetics and natural setting of the nation, which is a new age currency of a country.”

Antiinflammation and Antioxidant Effects of Thalidomide on Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice and Human Lung Fibroblasts.

In this study, the potential effects of thalidomide (Thal) on bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis were investigated. BALB/C mice model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by an intratracheal instillation of BLM was adopted, and then was intraperitoneally injected with Thal (10, 20, 50mg/kg) daily for 8days, while the control and BLM-treated mouse groups were injected with a saline solution. The effects of Thal on pulmonary injury were evaluated by the lung wet/dry weight ratios and histopathological examination. Inflammation of lung tissues was assessed by measuring the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Oxidative stress was evaluated by detecting the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in lung tissue. The results indicated that Thal treatment remarkably attenuated pulmonary fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in mouse lungs. The antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects of Thal were also found in human lung fibroblasts. Thal administration significantly enhanced the activity of thioredoxin reductase; however, the other enzymes or proteins involved in biologic oxidation-reduction equilibrium were not affected. Our findings indicate that Thal-mediated suppression of pulmonary fibrosis is related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory response. In summary, these results may provide a rationale to explore clinical application of Thal for the prevention of pulmonary fibrosis.

Trans-kingdom small RNA transfer during host-pathogen interactions: The case of P. falciparum and erythrocytes

ABSTRACTThis review focuses on the role of trans-kingdom movement of small RNA (sRNA) molecules between parasites, particularly Plasmodium falciparum, and their respective host cells. While the intercellular transfer of sRNAs within organisms is well recognized, recent studies illustrate many examples of trans-kingdom sRNA exchange within the context of host-parasite interactions. These interactions are predominantly found in the transfer of host sRNAs between erythrocytes and the invading P. falciparum, as well as other host cell types. In addition, parasite-encoded sRNAs can also be transferred to host cells to evade the immune system. The transport of these parasite sRNAs in the body fluids of the host may also offer means to detect and monitor the parasite infection. These isolated examples may only represent the tip of the iceberg in which the transfer of sRNA between host and parasites is a critical aspect of host-pathogen interactions. In addition, the levels of these sRNAs and their speed of transfer may vary dramatically under different contexts to push the biologic equilibrium toward the benefit of hosts vs. parasites. Therefore, these sRNA transfers may offer potential strategies to detect, prevent or treat parasite infections. Here, we review a brief history of the discovery of host erythrocyte sRNAs, their transfers and interactions in the context of P. falciparum infection. We also provide examples and discuss the functional significance of the reciprocal transfer of parasite-encoded sRNAs into hosts. These understandings of sRNA exchanges are put in the context of their implications for parasite pathogenesis, host defenses and the evolution of host polymorphisms driven by host interactions with these parasites.

Approche morphologique, phytocoenotique et fonctionnelle des bryolithes de la basse vallée de l’Isère (de Saint-Marcellin à Romans), France

Morphological, phytocoenotic and functional approach of bryoliths in the lower valley of the Isère River (from Saint-Marcellin to Romans), France. The flora and vegetation of bryoliths located in the main river channel were studied in the vicinity of four dams (Beauvoir, Saint-Hilaire, Pizançon and La Vanelle) in the Isère lower valley. Palustriella commutata is the more frequent species. Other species are locally frequent, as e. g. Eucladium verticillatum, Hymenostylium recurvirostrum, Bryum pseudotriquetrum. From a floristic perspective, bryoliths of the Isère lower valley are typical of temperate Europe. The communities are complex and structured by a small number of bryophyte species that mostly respond to water availability. This type of vegetation is referred to a European priority habitat named «7220 Sources pétrifiantes avec formation de tuf (Cratoneurion)». From a morphological point of view, two main types of bryoliths systems coexist : cascades and dams. The bryoliths of the Isère lower valley, like others from southern France, are characterized by multiple-equilibria, which make them sensitive ecosystems : hydrochemical equilibrium linked to water quality ; biological equilibrium due to encrusting bryophytes occurrence and growth ; hydrological equilibrium due to type of water input. Water supply accounts for floristic, bryocoenotic and functional richness. All carbonate precipitation processes rely heavily on water supply abundance and quality. Studied bryoliths, as they are disconnected from the general hydrological functioning, are strictly dependant of the Molassic aquifers they are fed by. Hence bryoliths of Isère lower valley are oligotrophic systems within an overall eutrophic valley. All bryoliths are threatened by strong anthropic pressure. Trampling, forestry, but mostly water extraction, are worrying threats. Many bryoliths were exploited for building stone in the past. Today, Holocene bryoliths are settled over ancient travertine systems which have a great paleogeographical value.

Management and restoration of Italian afforestations under global change

As a consequence of past deforestation, degraded areas in Italy have been subjected to afforestation since the beginning of the XXI century. These afforestations have been done mainly with conifers (Pinus nigra, Pinus pinaster, Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinea), and with the aim to 1) protect the soil and to 2) prevent floods. Exotic forest tree species have been used for the afforestation of selected sites of the Apennine. In the case of Douglas fir, it is possible to state that after ninety years the results are very good in terms of both ecological adaptability and high growth-rate.Nowadays, the lack of silvicultural treatments, the ageing processes, insect and fungi outbreaks have led pine afforestations to a condition of an unsteady biological equilibrium in many sites. Moreover, this condition seems to be due to additional factors related to climate change such as wind storms and dryness. The restoration of these pine afforestations is therefore one of the main aims of the present Italian forest management policy which aims to increase their level of resilience. In particular, the priority of the researchers has been given to the most fragile stands where three possible objectives of restoration measures should be considered:To rehabilitate conifer stands by introducing native broadleaves when these stands are in a very degraded condition, and when the local wood energy chain needs to be started;To conserve the conifer stands in the cases where the cultural, aesthetic and recreational functions, are the prevailing obtainable ecosystem services;To foster the mixed stands, with the conifers of the old cycle and native broadleaves, which could increase resilience to the extreme events.In regards of Douglas-fir stands, new silvicultural models have been developed which aim to a) conserve these stands and to b) combine a higher growth rate with a much improved mechanical tree stability.

Influence of total dissolved gas-supersaturated water on silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

Dam discharges over spillways are the main reason for the gas-supersaturated water generated in rivers. Local aquatic organisms, especially fish, readily develop gas bubble disease (GBD) in a river with total dissolved gas supersaturation (TDGS). Sometimes, fish will die after a specific exposure period, which negatively affects the biological equilibrium. In this study, the influence of TDGS on silver carp was explored. Silver carp were exposed to gas-supersaturated water with TDGS levels of 140%, 135%, 130%, 125%, 120%, and 110% to test the impact of TDGS. Some silver carp died when the TDGS level was 120% or higher, and all the silver carp exposed to a TDGS level of 140% died within 10 h. In comparison with the Chinese sucker, Prenant's schizothoracin, and rock carp, silver carp seem less sensitive to TDGS. In addition, we tested the catalase (CAT) activity in the muscles and gills of silver carp after they were exposed to gas-supersaturated water with a TDGS level of 140%. The CAT activity changed with time; it increased first and then decreased until it was lower than the initial CAT activity. The results of this study can provide basic data for developing a standard for environmental evaluation.

Biosurfactant: Types, Detection Methods, Importance and Applications

There are many insoluble substrates that remain unavailable for macro and micro organisms. A microorganism synthesizes surface active agents to utilize these substrates that are collectively called as biosurfactants. Biosurfactants enhances the surface area of hydrophobic water-insoluble substrates that organism utilizes it for its growth and work efficiently in process of biodegradation, bioremediation and biocontrol. Oil spilling is a distressing problem for the environment that is affecting chemical, physical and biological equilibrium of all systems. A microorganism does many miraculous jobs. In such oil spilling conditions, they are personalized to grow in environmental conditions that are rich in oil. Their ability of utilizing oil we cannot ignore that highlights its importance to utilize the hydrocarbons as sole sources of energy. The hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms generates surface active agent that accelerates the process that are best defined as biosurfactants. Many methods are there to check the biosurfactants potentiality of the bacterial isolates such as Hemolytic activity, Drop collapsing test, Oil spreading test, Emulsification index test, Blue agar plate or CTAB agar plate method and Hydrocarbon overlay agar method. In this paper its classification, properties, methods and significance are presented. The paper also highlights its importance in reducing the oil spills.

Maintaining soil health for crop production in organic greenhouses

Organic production in intensive greenhouse operations, while maintaining soil health and sustainability, is a challenging task. Organic greenhouse crops must be rotated, but the rotations are short, so that rapid buildup of pest and pathogen populations can occur to levels causing significant damage. Heavy soil infestations together with the need to maintain profitable production forces the farmer to use effective control measures, while trying to maintain soil health and quality. If resistant cultivars or cultivars grafted on resistant rootstocks are not available, some form of soil disinfestation may be needed to eliminate the majority of root pathogens and pests in the soil. Soil steaming creates a “biological vacuum” that is prone to re-invasion by pathogens and pests. Selecting a soil treatment that preserves the biological equilibrium in soil, enhances the development of natural disease suppressiveness and provides an increased growth response is preferred. This is especially important for intensive organic greenhouse production, where a healthy soil is a prerequisite for the profitable production of healthy crops. Soil health can be promoted by aerobic soil disinfestation (“biofumigation”), anaerobic soil disinfestation, solarization, and a combination of these treatments. Here, we present a variety of strategies and approaches for the promotion of soil health and disease suppression in organic greenhouses.

Dynamic behavior of a predator–prey system of combined harvesting with interval-valued rate parameters

This paper presents the application of interval number in the modeling of prey–predator interaction. We introduce a biological model referred to as an imprecise prey–predator model. Due to the lack of precise numerical information of the biological parameters such as prey population growth rate, predator population decay rate, and predation coefficients, we consider the model parameters with imprecise data as form of an interval. We consider a prey–predator harvesting model under impreciseness and thereby first time incorporate symmetric parametric functional form of interval to study the various aspects of the model. Further, the biological equilibrium points of the model are identified, and their stabilities are discussed. The existence of bio-economic equilibrium of the model is also discussed under impreciseness. We also study the optimal harvest policy and obtain the solution in the interior equilibrium using Pontryagin’s maximum principle under impreciseness. Finally, examples are provided to support our new approach by numerical and graphical presentation.

Stability analysis of combined project of fish, broiler and ducks: Dynamical system in imprecise environment

In this paper, we consider three species harvesting model and develop a solution procedure which is able to calculate the equilibrium points of the model where some biological parameters of the model are interval numbers. A parametric mathematical program is formulated to find the biological equilibrium of the model for different values of parameters. This interval-valued problem is converted into equivalent crisp model using interval operations. The main advantage of the proposed procedure is that we can present different characteristics of the model in a single framework. Analytically, the existence of steady state and stabilities are looked into. Using mathematical software, the model is illustrated and the results are obtained and presented in tabular and graphical forms.

Altered swelling and ion fluxes in articular cartilage as a biomarker in osteoarthritis and joint immobilization: a computational analysis.

In healthy cartilage, mechano-electrochemical phenomena act together to maintain tissue homeostasis. Osteoarthritis (OA) and degenerative diseases disrupt this biological equilibrium by causing structural deterioration and subsequent dysfunction of the tissue. Swelling and ion flux alteration as well as abnormal ion distribution are proposed as primary indicators of tissue degradation. In this paper, we present an extension of a previous three-dimensional computational model of the cartilage behaviour developed by the authors to simulate the contribution of the main tissue components in its behaviour. The model considers the mechano-electrochemical events as concurrent phenomena in a three-dimensional environment. This model has been extended here to include the effect of repulsion of negative charges attached to proteoglycans. Moreover, we have studied the fluctuation of these charges owning to proteoglycan variations in healthy and pathological articular cartilage. In this sense, standard patterns of healthy and degraded tissue behaviour can be obtained which could be a helpful diagnostic tool. By introducing measured properties of unhealthy cartilage into the computational model, the severity of tissue degeneration can be predicted avoiding complex tissue extraction and subsequent in vitro analysis. In this work, the model has been applied to monitor and analyse cartilage behaviour at different stages of OA and in both short (four, six and eight weeks) and long-term (11 weeks) fully immobilized joints. Simulation results showed marked differences in the corresponding swelling phenomena, in outgoing cation fluxes and in cation distributions. Furthermore, long-term immobilized patients display similar swelling as well as fluxes and distribution of cations to patients in the early stages of OA, thus, preventive treatments are highly recommended to avoid tissue deterioration.

Stability and bionomic analysis of fuzzy parameter based prey–predator harvesting model using UFM

In this paper, a novel concept of fuzzy prey–predator model is introduced by considering the imprecise nature of the biological parameters. We consider the imprecise biological parameters as a form of triangular fuzzy number in nature. These imprecise parameters first transform to the corresponding intervals and then using interval mathematics the related differential equation is converted to two differential equations. Then using utility function method, the converted differential equations is changed to a single differential equation. The possibility of existence of both biological and bionomic equilibrium is presented. We obtain the conditions of local and global stability under impreciseness. We also study the optimal harvesting policy and derive the optimal solution under imprecise biological parameters. Lastly, numerical examples are presented to the support of our proposed approach.

Trans-kingdom cross-talk: small RNAs on the move.

This review focuses on the mobility of small RNA (sRNA) molecules from the perspective of trans-kingdom gene silencing. Mobility of sRNA molecules within organisms is a well-known phenomenon, facilitating gene silencing between cells and tissues. sRNA signals are also transmitted between organisms of the same species and of different species. Remarkably, in recent years many examples of RNA-signal exchange have been described to occur between organisms of different kingdoms. These examples are predominantly found in interactions between hosts and their pathogens, parasites, and symbionts. However, they may only represent the tip of the iceberg, since the emerging picture suggests that organisms in biological niches commonly exchange RNA-silencing signals. In this case, we need to take this into account fully to understand how a given biological equilibrium is obtained. Despite many observations of trans-kingdom RNA signal transfer, several mechanistic aspects of these signals remain unknown. Such RNA signal transfer is already being exploited for practical purposes, though. Pathogen genes can be silenced by plant-produced sRNAs designed to affect these genes. This is also known as Host-Induced Genes Silencing (HIGS), and it has the potential to become an important disease-control method in the future.

A bioeconomic modeling of two-prey and one-predator fishery model with optimal harvesting policy through hybridization approach

This paper introduces an imprecise prey–predator model by using interval and fuzzy number in modeling of prey and predator interaction. In a prey–predator system, values of the biological parameter are based on the collection of data by the experts from nature; therefore we consider them as interval numbers. The proposed prey–predator model is consisting of two species which are not only affected by the harvesting of the species but also by the present of predator species. All possible existence of the biological and bionomic equilibrium points of the model are discussed under impreciseness. We derive the conditions for local and global stability. The optimal harvesting policy is studied by considering instantaneous annual rate of discount under fuzziness. By logically hybridizing the interval and fuzzy number methodologies, we find the optimal equilibrium points and harvesting efforts in the form of interval. Finally, numerical examples are illustrated to support the proposed approach.

The need for ventilators in the developing world: An opportunity to improve care and save lives.

The drive to breathe is a fundamental human and biologic behavior, regulated by a complex system of checks and balances in the body. When respiratory mechanics are deregulated by injury, infection, coma, or a host of other conditions, the biologic equilibrium shifts into a state of respiratory failure. When this occurs, mechanical ventilation can be a life saving therapy. While commonplace in developed countries, critical care is at its infancy in many developing countries [1], where basic technology is often not available. Thus, while many lives are saved in developed nations through the provision of mechanical ventilation, patients in many developing nations often die from otherwise reversible causes due to lack of resources, education, and training. In this viewpoint paper, we will explore arguments in support of and against the provision of one vital resource – mechanical ventilators – in resource–poor settings. Furthermore, we will address both the benefits and challenges in implementing a program of increased provision of mechanical ventilators. Lastly, we will provide some solutions to address potential barriers to this initiative.

Fishermen's profits maximization: case of generalized Nash equilibrium of a non-symmetrical game.

In the present paper, we consider a bio-economic equilibrium model which describes the dynamics of a fish population fished by several fishermen seeking to maximize their profits. Each fisherman tries to find the fishing effort which maximizes his profit at biological equilibrium without any consultation with others, but all of them have to respect two constraints: (1) the sustainable management of the resources ; and (2) the preservation of the biodiversity. With all these considerations, our problem leads to a generalized Nash equilibrium problem. The objective is to show that even when a fisherman (i) provides a fishing effort equal to twice the fishing effort of a fisherman (j), then the profit of fisherman (i) is not necessarily double that of fisherman (j).

Multicentric caries prevention program: Mechanical control of dental plaque through periodic professional oral prophylaxis. A 10 years follow up

AIM: To verify the incidence of dental caries in a multicentric prevention program applied in pediatric dentistry clinics from different regions of Brazil for 10 years, and compare with results obtained by previous studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 697 children of both genders, ranging from 30 months to 15 years, were included in a primary preventive strategy program for mechanical control of dental plaque through professional prophylaxis (sodium bicarbonate jet on a monthly schedule). Diagnosis of carious lesions was assessed by monthly clinical examinations and annual radiographs. This procedure aimed to provide a biological equilibrium without producing undesirable side effects. RESULTS: The average age of children at beginning of the program was 81.71 months. Before entering the program the children presented an average of 2.66 lesions/surface, while during the program the average was 0.20 lesions/surface; the incidence rate of caries per year before starting the program was on average 0.62 lesions/surface while during the program it was 0.05 lesions/surface; the time of permanence in the program was on average 44.15 months and the absence rate was 0.14 per year. CONCLUSION: The results confirm the effectiveness of the program, even when applied by different professionals and in different groups of children, turning it into an indispensible method for the control of dental caries.

Harvesting Model for Fishery Resource with Reserve Area and Bird Predator

The aim of this paper is to study the dynamics of fishery resource with reserve area in the presence of bird predator. The aquatic region under investigation is divided into two zones: one free for fishing and another restricted for any kind of fishery. The criteria of biological and bionomic equilibrium of system are established. The points of local stability, global stability, and instability are obtained for the proposed model. An optimal harvesting policy is established using Pontryagin’s maximum principle. At last the theoretical results obtained are illustrated with the help of numerical simulation.