Biological Environment Research Articles

Stability Study of Synthetic Diamond Using a Thermally Controlled Biological Environment: Application towards Long-Lasting Neural Prostheses.

This paper demonstrates, for the first time, the stability of synthetic diamond as a passive layer within neural implants. Leveraging the exceptional biocompatibility of intrinsic nanocrystalline diamond, a comprehensive review of material aging analysis in the context of in-vivo implants is provided. This work is based on electric impedance monitoring through the formulation of an analytical model that scrutinizes essential parameters such as the deposited metal resistivity, insulation between conductors, changes in electrode geometry, and leakage currents. The evolution of these parameters takes place over an equivalent period of approximately 10 years. The analytical model, focusing on a fractional capacitor, provides nuanced insights into the surface conductivity variation. A comparative study is performed between a classical polymer material (SU8) and synthetic diamond. Samples subjected to dynamic impedance analysis reveal distinctive patterns over time, characterized by their physical degradation. The results highlight the very high stability of diamond, suggesting promise for the electrode's enduring viability. To support this analysis, microscopic and optical measurements conclude the paper and confirm the high stability of diamond and its strong potential as a material for neural implants with long-life use.

BLASTING BMAC: A NOVEL THERAPY TO IMPROVE HEALING IN FUSION SURGERY

IntroductionFusion represents an effective treatment option in patients affected by end-stage arthritis. To minimise the risk of non-union following fusion, biological preparations such as bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) are commonly used intra-operatively. Mechanotransduction represents an emerging field of research whereby physical stimuli can be used to modulate the behaviour and differentiation of cells. Blast waves (a subtype of shock waves) are one such physical stimulus. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the osteogenic potential of BMAC can be enhanced using a blast wave, and thus improve its efficacy in fusion surgery.MethodsHuman BMAC samples were obtained from three healthy patients and exposed to a single blast wave (peak overpressure= 50psi), before being placed in a suspension of mesenchymal stem cells, to represent the biological environment of the fusion site. Three test groups were used: MSC (the experimental control); MSC + BMAC; MSC + BMAC + blast wave. Calcium mineralisation assays were performed on the MSCs on Day 7 and 14 to assess for osteoblastic transformation.ResultsCalcium mineralisation on Day 7 was significantly increased in the MSC + BMAC group compared to the MSC group (mean percentage change 42.12 vs 0.0, p=0.012). The MSC + BMAC + blast wave group also demonstrated significantly increased levels compared to the MSC + BMAC group (84.56 vs. 42.14, p = 0.039). The difference in calcium mineralisation between the MSC and MSC + BMAC + blast wave groups was strongly significant (0.00 vs. 84.56, p = 0.003).ConclusionExposure of BMAC to a single blast wave enhances its osteogenic potential. This represents a potential novel way to improve healing following fusion surgery and reduce the rates of non-union.

Miniaturized Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Quantitative Monitoring of Glutamate Dynamics in the Central Nervous System

Glutamate is one of the most important excitatory neurotransmitters within the mammalian central nervous system. The role of glutamate in regulating neural network signaling transmission through both synaptic and extra‐synaptic paths highlights the importance of the real‐time and continuous monitoring of its concentration and dynamics in living organisms. Progresses in multidisciplinary research have promoted the development of electrochemical glutamate sensors through the co‐design of materials, interfaces, electronic devices, and integrated systems. This review summarizes recent works reporting various electrochemical sensor designs and their applicability as miniaturized neural probes to in vivo sensing within biological environments. We start with an overview of the role and physiological significance of glutamate, the metabolic routes, and its presence in various bodily fluids. Next, we discuss the design principles, commonly employed validation models/protocols, and successful demonstrations of multifunctional, compact, and bio‐integrated devices in animal models. The final section provides an outlook on the development of the next generation glutamate sensors for neuroscience and neuroengineering, with the aim of offering practical guidance for future research.

Research progress of nano-delivery systems for the active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for thousands of years in China, characterizing with novel pharmacological mechanisms, low toxicity, and limited side effects. However, the application of TCM active ingredients is often hindered by their physical and chemical properties, including poor solubility, low bioavailability, short half-life, toxic side effects within therapeutic doses, and instability in biological environments. Consequently, an increasing number of researchers are directing their attention towards the discovery of nano-delivery systems for TCM to overcome these clinical challenges. This review aims to provide the latest knowledge and results concerning the studies on the nano-delivery systems for the active ingredients from TCM. Recent literature relating to nano-delivery systems for the active ingredients from TCM is summarized to provide a fundamental understanding of how such systems can enhance the application of phytochemicals. The nano-delivery systems of six types of TCM monomers are summarized and categorized based on the skeletal structure of the natural compounds. These categories include terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones, polyphenols, and polysaccharides. The paper analyzes the characteristics, types, materials used, and the efficacy achieved by TCM-nano systems. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of nano-drug delivery systems for TCM are summarized in this paper. Nano-delivery systems represent a promising approach to overcoming clinical obstacles stemming from the physical and chemical properties of TCM active ingredients, thereby enhancing their clinical efficacy.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals: A Review of Opportunities, Challenges, and Delivery Applications.

Biopharmaceuticals such as nucleic acids, proteins, and peptides constitute a new array of treatment modalities for chronic ailments. Invasive routes remain the mainstay of administering biopharmaceuticals due to their labile nature in the biological environment. However, it is not preferred for long-term therapy due to the lack of patient adherence and clinical suitability. Therefore, alternative routes of administration are sought to utilize novel biopharmaceutical therapies to their utmost potential. Nanoparticle-mediated pulmonary delivery of biologics can facilitate both local and systemic disorders. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) afford many opportunities as pulmonary carriers due to their physicochemical stability and ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties, thus allowing novel combinatorial drug/gene therapies. These applications include pulmonary infections, lung cancer, and cystic fibrosis, while systemic delivery of biomolecules, like insulin, is also attractive for the treatment of chronic ailments. This Review explores physiological and particle-associated factors affecting pulmonary delivery of biopharmaceuticals. It compares the advantages and limitations of SLNs as pulmonary nanocarriers along with design improvements underway to overcome these limitations. Current research illustrating various SLN designs to deliver proteins, peptides, plasmids, oligonucleotides, siRNA, and mRNA is also summarized.

Miniaturized Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Quantitative Monitoring of Glutamate Dynamics in the Central Nervous System.

Glutamate is one of the most important excitatory neurotransmitters within the mammalian central nervous system. The role of glutamate in regulating neural network signaling transmission through both synaptic and extra-synaptic paths highlights the importance of the real-time and continuous monitoring of its concentration and dynamics in living organisms. Progresses in multidisciplinary research have promoted the development of electrochemical glutamate sensors through the co-design of materials, interfaces, electronic devices, and integrated systems. This review summarizes recent works reporting various electrochemical sensor designs and their applicability as miniaturized neural probes to in vivo sensing within biological environments. We start with an overview of the role and physiological significance of glutamate, the metabolic routes, and its presence in various bodily fluids. Next, we discuss the design principles, commonly employed validation models/protocols, and successful demonstrations of multifunctional, compact, and bio-integrated devices in animal models. The final section provides an outlook on the development of the next generation glutamate sensors for neuroscience and neuroengineering, with the aim of offering practical guidance for future research.

Perfluoropolyether-Based Gut-Liver-on-a-Chip for the Evaluation of First-Pass Metabolism and Oral Bioavailability of Drugs.

In the evolving field of drug discovery and development, multiorgans-on-a-chip and microphysiological systems are gaining popularity owing to their ability to emulate in vivo biological environments. Among the various gut-liver-on-a-chip systems for studying oral drug absorption, the chip developed in this study stands out with two distinct features: incorporation of perfluoropolyether (PFPE) to effectively mitigate drug sorption and a unique enterohepatic single-passage system, which simplifies the analysis of first-pass metabolism and oral bioavailability. By introducing a bolus drug injection into the liver compartment, hepatic extraction alone could be evaluated, further enhancing our estimation of intestinal availability. In a study on midazolam (MDZ), PFPE-based chips showed more than 20-times the appearance of intact MDZ in the liver compartment effluent compared to PDMS-based counterparts. Notably, saturation of hepatic metabolism at higher concentrations was confirmed by observations when the dose was reduced from 200 μM to 10 μM. This result was further emphasized when the metabolism was significantly inhibited by the coadministration of ketoconazole. Our chip, which is designed to minimize the dead volume between the gut and liver compartments, is adept at sensitively observing the saturation of metabolism and the effect of inhibitors. Using genome-edited CYP3A4/UGT1A1-expressing Caco-2 cells, the estimates for intestinal and hepatic availabilities were 0.96 and 0.82, respectively; these values are higher than the known human in vivo values. Although the metabolic activity in each compartment can be further improved, this gut-liver-on-a-chip can not only be used to evaluate oral bioavailability but also to carry out individual assessment of both intestinal and hepatic availability.

Biological evaluation of femtosecond-laser-textured Fe–Mn alloys for vascular applications

Biodegradable metals represent a valuable solution for the development of temporary vascular implants. These are expected to dissolve in the body over time, avoiding side effects typical of permanent implants, such as thrombosis, in-stent restenosis and chronic inflammation. Iron (Fe)-based alloys, such as iron–manganese (Mn) alloys, are of particular interest for cardiovascular applications due to their intrinsic properties. However, their degradation behavior and biological performance need to be improved. Femtosecond (fs)-laser-induced surface topography could affect both their degradation and cell–material interaction. In this work, fs-laser-induced patterning was performed on a Fe–Mn20 alloy to tune both the degradation behavior of the material and its interaction with the biological environment for cardiovascular applications. Processing parameters were varied to select an optimized surface morphology, characterized by linear grooves. Profilometric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and degradation rate analysis were performed on the treated samples. Thereafter, endothelial cell viability tests and hemocompatibility assessment were carried out on selected process conditions. The obtained fs-laser-induced linear patterns were demonstrated to decrease the degradation rate and to improve the biological response toward both endothelial cells and blood. These results demonstrate how fs-laser-induced patterning is a promising solution for the development of biodegradable metal-based vascular implants.

Progress in the mechanism and influencing factors of the formation of protein corona on nanoparticle surfaces

Nanoparticles, as a novel material, have a wide range of applications in the food and biomedical fields. Nanoparticles spontaneously adsorb proteins in the biological environment, and tens or even hundreds of proteins can form protein corona on the surface of nanoparticles. The formation of protein corona on the surface of nanoparticles is one of the key factors affecting the stability, biocompatibility, targeting, and drug release properties of nanoparticles. The formation mechanism of protein corona is affected by a variety of factors, including the surface chemical properties, sizes, and shapes of nanoparticles and the types, concentrations, and pH of proteins. Studies have shown that the protein structure is associated with protein distribution on the nanoparticle surface, while the protein conformation affects the binding mode and stability of the protein on the nanoparticle surface. Since the mechanism of the formation of protein corona on the surface of nanoparticles is complex, the roles of multiple factors need to be considered comprehensively. Understanding the mechanisms and influencing factors of the formation of protein corona will help us to understand the process of protein corona formation and control the formation of protein corona for specific needs. In this paper, we summarize the recent studies on the mechanisms and influencing factors of the formation of protein corona on the surface of nanoparticles, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for in-depth research on protein corona.

Polymer Brushes on Nanoparticles for Controlling the Interaction with Protein-Rich Physiological Media.

The interaction of nanoparticles (NPs) with biological environments triggers the formation of a protein corona (PC), which significantly influences their behavior in vivo. This review explores the evolving understanding of PC formation, focusing on the opportunity for decreasing or suppressing protein-NP interactions by macromolecular engineering of NP shells. The functionalization of NPs with a dense, hydrated polymer brush shell is a powerful strategy for imparting stealth properties in order to elude recognition by the immune system. While poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been extensively used for this purpose, concerns regarding its stability and immunogenicity have prompted the exploration of alternative polymers. The stealth properties of brush shells can be enhanced by tailoring functionalities and structural parameters, including the molar mass, grafting density, and polymer topology. Determining correlations between these parameters and biopassivity has enabled us to obtain polymer-grafted NPs with high colloidal stability and prolonged circulation time in biological media.

Macrophage proteomic analysis of covalent immobilization of hyaluronic acid and graphene oxide on CoCr alloy in a tribocorrosive environment.

In this work, a sequential covalent immobilization of graphene oxide (GO) and hyaluronic acid (HA) is performed to obtain a biocompatible wear-resistant nanocoating on the surface of the biomedical grade cobalt-chrome (CoCr) alloy. Nanocoated CoCr surfaces were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3 g/L HA electrolyte. Tribocorrosion tests of the nanocoated CoCr surfaces were carried out in a pin on flat tribometer. The biological response of covalently HA/GO biofunctionalized CoCr surfaces with and without wear-corrosion processes was studied through the analysis of the proteome of macrophages. Raman spectra revealed characteristic bands of GO and HA on the functionalized CoCr surfaces. The electrochemical response by EIS showed a stable and protective behavior over 23 days in the simulated biological environment. HA/GO covalently immobilized on CoCr alloy is able to protect the surface and reduce the wear volume released under tribocorrosion tests. Unsupervised classification analysis of the macrophage proteome via hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the covalent functionalization on CoCr enhances the macrophage biocompatibility in vitro. On the other hand, disruption of the HA/GO nanocoating by tribocorrosion processes induced a macrophage proteome which was differently clustered and was distantly located in the PCA space. In addition, tribocorrosion induced an increase in the percentage of upregulated and downregulated proteins in the macrophage proteome, revealing that disruption of the covalent nanocoating impacts the macrophage proteome. Although macrophage inflammation induced by tribocorrosion of HA/GO/CoCr surfaces is observed, it is ameliorated by the covalently grafting of HA, which provides immunomodulation by eliciting downregulations in characteristic pro-inflammatory signaling involved in inflammation and aseptic loosening of CoCr joint arthroplasties. Covalent HA/GO nanocoating on CoCr provides potential applications for in vivo joint prostheses led a reduced metal-induced inflammation and degradation by wear-corrosion.

Detection of Sulfoquinovosidase Activity in Cell Lysates Using Activity‐Based Probes

AbstractThe sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), produced by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, constitutes a major sulfur reserve in the biosphere. Microbial breakdown of SQDG is critical for the biological utilization of its sulfur. This commences through release of the parent sugar, sulfoquinovose (SQ), catalyzed by sulfoquinovosidases (SQases). These vanguard enzymes are encoded in gene clusters that code for diverse SQ catabolic pathways. To identify, visualize and isolate glycoside hydrolase CAZY‐family 31 (GH31) SQases in complex biological environments, we introduce SQ cyclophellitol‐aziridine activity‐based probes (ABPs). These ABPs label the active site nucleophile of this enzyme family, consistent with specific recognition of the SQ cyclophellitol‐aziridine in the active site, as evidenced in the 3D structure of Bacillus megaterium SQase. A fluorescent Cy5‐probe enables visualization of SQases in crude cell lysates from bacteria harbouring different SQ breakdown pathways, whilst a biotin‐probe enables SQase capture and identification by proteomics. The Cy5‐probe facilitates monitoring of active SQase levels during different stages of bacterial growth which show great contrast to more traditional mRNA analysis obtained by RT‐qPCR. Given the importance of SQases in global sulfur cycling and in human microbiota, these SQase ABPs provide a new tool with which to study SQase occurrence, activity and stability.

Using Metalloporphyrin Nanosensors for In Situ Monitoring and Measurement of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in a Single Human Neural Progenitor Cell.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an inorganic signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in the regulation of numerous physiological functions. An oxidation product of the cytoprotective NO is cytotoxic peroxynitrite (ONOO-). In biological systems, the concentrations of NO and ONOO- are typically transient, ranging from nanomolar to micromolar, and these increases are normally followed by a swift return to their basal levels due to their short life spans. To understand the vital physiological role of NO and ONOO- in vitro and in vivo, sensitive and selective methods are necessary for direct and continuous NO and ONOO- measurements in real time. Because electrochemical methods can be adjusted for selectivity, sensitivity, and biocompatibility in demanding biological environments, they are suitable for real-time monitoring of NO and ONOO- release. Metalloporphyrin nanosensors, described here, have been designed to measure the concentration of NO and ONOO- produced by a single human neural progenitor cell (hNPC) in real time. These nanosensors (200-300 nm in diameter) can be positioned accurately in the proximity of 4-5 ± 1 μm from an hNPC membrane. The response time of the sensors is better than a millisecond, while detection limits for NO and ONOO- are 1 × 10-9 and 3 × 10-9 mol/L, respectively, with a linear concentration response of up to about 1 μM. The application of these metalloporphyrin nanosensors for the efficient measurement of the concentrations of NO and ONOO- in hNPCs is demonstrated, providing an opportunity to observe in real time the molecular changes of the two signaling molecules in situ.

Detection of Sulfoquinovosidase Activity in Cell Lysates Using Activity-Based Probes.

The sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), produced by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, constitutes a major sulfur reserve in the biosphere. Microbial breakdown of SQDG is critical for the biological utilization of its sulfur. This commences through release of the parent sugar, sulfoquinovose (SQ), catalyzed by sulfoquinovosidases (SQases). These vanguard enzymes are encoded in gene clusters that code for diverse SQ catabolic pathways. To identify, visualize and isolate glycoside hydrolase CAZY-family 31 (GH31) SQases in complex biological environments, we introduce SQ cyclophellitol-aziridine activity-based probes (ABPs). These ABPs label the active site nucleophile of this enzyme family, consistent with specific recognition of the SQ cyclophellitol-aziridine in the active site, as evidenced in the 3D structure of Bacillus megaterium SQase. A fluorescent Cy5-probe enables visualization of SQases in crude cell lysates from bacteria harbouring different SQ breakdown pathways, whilst a biotin-probe enables SQase capture and identification by proteomics. The Cy5-probe facilitates monitoring of active SQase levels during different stages of bacterial growth which show great contrast to more traditional mRNA analysis obtained by RT-qPCR. Given the importance of SQases in global sulfur cycling and in human microbiota, these SQase ABPs provide a new tool with which to study SQase occurrence, activity and stability.

Competition between O-H and S-H Intermolecular Interactions in Conformationally Complex Systems: The 2-Phenylethanethiol and 2-Phenylethanol Dimers.

Noncovalent interactions involving sulfur centers play a relevant role in biological and chemical environments. Yet, detailed molecular descriptions are scarce and limited to very simple model systems. Here we explore the formation of the elusive S-H···S hydrogen bond and the competition between S-H···O and O-H···S interactions in pure and mixed dimers of the conformationally flexible molecules 2-phenylethanethiol (PET) and 2-phenylethanol (PEAL), using the isolated and size-controlled environment of a jet expansion. The structure of both PET-PET and PET-PEAL dimers was unraveled through a comprehensive methodology that combined rotationally resolved microwave spectroscopy, mass-resolved isomer-specific infrared laser spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations. This synergic experimental-computational approach offered unique insights into the potential energy surface, conformational equilibria, molecular structure, and intermolecular interactions of the dimers. The results show a preferential order for establishing hydrogen bonds following the sequence S-H···S < S-H···O ≲ O-H···S < O-H···O, despite the hydrogen bond only accounting for a fraction of the total interaction energy.

Ecology as an Aid to Floristics I : Adaptation and Ecotypes

The paper aims to demonstrate the role of the biological environment in shaping a plant species. Genetically and physiologically controlled demands and range of tolerance and their interactions produce a mosaic of populations. It is in these populations that 'ecads' and 'ecotypes are distinguished.The paper gives suitable examples of adaptations, ecads and ecotypes.This has opened a new line of work in taxonomic studies. Slight differences in morphological or even physiological characters of otherwise similar species should not be taken to separate the spécies taxonomically. Only ecological experimentation will provide the final answer.

Surface modification of biomedical titanium alloy for hard tissue repair and reconstruction

In biomedical applications, various materials are used, including metals and their alloys, polymers and ceramics. Among them, titanium (Ti) and titanium alloys are widely utilised in implant materials due to their excellent corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength. However, despite these advantages, titanium is biologically inert and does not integrate well with human cells. Therefore, surface modification of titanium implants plays a crucial role in determining the rate of osseointegration and the overall success of the implants. The primary objective of this review is to provide a detailed introduction to surface modification technologies for titanium alloy implants. The aim is to enhance the biological activity, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties and reduce the release of ions from the implants. By modifying the surface of titanium implants, it is possible to create a more favourable environment for cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Various techniques, such as physical methods (e.g. sandblasting, acid etching) and chemical methods (e.g. surface oxidation, plasma treatment) can be employed to modify the surface properties of titanium implants. These surface modification techniques can enhance the interaction between the implant and the surrounding biological environment, promoting osseointegration and improving the long-term stability of the implant. Additionally, surface modifications can help reduce the release of potentially harmful ions from the implant, minimise bacterial adhesion and improve the overall biocompatibility of the implant. In conclusion, surface modification of titanium alloy implants is a critical aspect of biomedical engineering. By improving the biocompatibility of titanium implants, these modifications contribute to the success and longevity of implants used in hard tissue repair and reconstruction.

Design and application of Cd2+ polypeptide fluorescent probes based on Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE).

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal, which is both an environmental pollutant, and a threat to human health. A fluorescent probe was developed to detect Cd2+ selectively, sensitively, and quickly. This study reports the successful development of a polypeptide fluorescent probe TPE-HC (TPE-His-Pro-Gly-Cys) which selectively detects Cd2+ by Aggregation-Induced Emission effect. After fluorescence excitation, Cd2+ can be effectively detected based on the change of fluorescence intensity. The detection limit of Cd2+ in buffer solution was determined to be 151 nM (R2 = 0.9933). This probe exhibits high sensitivity, high cell permeabilit y, and low biological toxicity, and can perform live cell imaging under biological conditions. This study indicates that TPE-HC can detect Cd2+ in biological environments.

Light‐Driven Micronavigators for Directional Migration of Cells

AbstractCell migration is an essential physiological process in the life cycle of cells, playing a crucial role in cancer metastasis, neural development, and cellular immune response. However, achieving precise control of cell migration at single‐cell level is challenging due to the intricate and diverse microenvironments of cells. Here, an optical technique is presented that utilizes light‐actuated micronavigators to guide the directional migration of individual cells both in vitro and in vivo. Employing high‐speed scanning optical tweezers, micronavigators near target cells are trapped and rotated at a rotation speed of up to 12 000 rpm, which, to the best of knowledge, represents the fastest rotation of light‐driven micromotors in a biological environment to date. The micronavigators generate a powerful fluid shear force (up to 40 pN) which can guide the migration of immune and nerve cells in a predetermined direction. Furthermore, micronavigators are employed to guide cell migration in various biological systems, including lab‐on‐a‐chip devices and blood vessels within living animals. This technique offers new opportunities for controlling cell migration, enabling precise immune activation, and neuron repair at the single‐cell level.

Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Baseflow Based on Monthly Water Balance Modeling and Baseflow Separation

Baseflow is the part of streamflow that is mainly replenished by groundwater. The protection of the biological environment and the growth of its water resources greatly depend on the spatial and temporal evolution of baseflow. Therefore, the Baizhiao (BZA) and Shaduan (SD) catchments of the Jiaojiang River Basin (JRB) in the Zhejiang province of China were selected as study areas. The ABCD model and Eckhardt method were used to calculate baseflow and baseflow index (BFI). The temporal and spatial evolution patterns of baseflow were analyzed through statistical analysis and the Mann–Kendall test. The results showed that the ABCD model performs well in simulating overall hydrological processes on the monthly streamflow at BAZ and SD stations with NSE (Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency) values of 0.82 and 0.83 and Pbias (Percentage Bias) values of 9.2% and 8.61%, respectively. The spatial–temporal distribution of the BFI indicates the higher baseflow contribution in upstream areas compared to downstream areas at both stations. The baseflow and BFI had significant upward trends at the BZA and SD stations in the dry season, while their trends were not uniform during the wet period. These findings are essential guidance for water resource management in the JRB regions.