Biological Assets Research Articles

Wild Animals as Assets in Conservation Institutions: A Phenomenological Study at Secret Zoo

The objective of this study was to determine the meaning of wild animals as assets in conservation organizations. This research was qualitative research using a phenomenological approach. The interviewees of this study were from the legality department, animal reporting, and field supervisors at Secret Zoo. The results showed that wild animals were endangered animals that could not be traded freely, so that valuation, disclosure, and reporting activities could not be achieved through the applicable biological asset standards. In addition, wild animals have no selling value as a measure of their assets, thus the Secret Zoo used both exchange value and conservation value to support the management of assets. Therefore, wild animal assets could not be commercially recognized and business activities in conservation institutions required other components excluded from animals.

Computational assessment on wave function (ELF, LOL) analysis, molecular confirmation and molecular docking explores on 2-(5-Amino-2- Methylanilino)-4-(3-pyridyl) pyrimidine

Abstract The molecule 2-(5-amino-2-methylanilino)-4-(3-pyridyl)pyrimidine was acquired out theoretically by using various computational tools to analyse its geometry B3LYP/ 6-3 11 ++ G (d, p) and electronic properties (TD-DFT). The several reactive descriptors attained from the FMO analysis expect the nature of sensitivity of the compound. MESP were used to recognise the nucleophilic and electrophilic regions of the molecule, adding information on reactivity. The chemical implication of the molecule was explained using ELF, LOL with contour maps. Binding energy and intermolecular energy values indicate that the title compound possesses antineoplastic properties through tyrosine Kinase inhibitor, tumour suppressor, AIDS- related Human gamma herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) and platelet activating factor α antagonist. The drug likeness factors were calculated to comprehend the biological assets of the title molecule.

Analisis Perlakuan Akuntansi Aset Biologis Berbasis PSAK 69 (Studi Kasus Pada Peternakan UD Wibowo Farm Kabupaten Blitar)

This study aims to determine the accounting treatment of biological assets in the form of recognition, measurement, and also disclosures in the financial statement of biological assets at Wibowo farm in Blitar District. In this study researchers used qualitative research methods in which researcher will observe the object in the field directly in order to obtain existing data and are also needed in research. The results of this study indicate that Wibowo Farm which engaged in laying hens has not yet fully applied the accounting treatment of biological assets based on PSAK No.69. Measurement of biological assets measured at fair value is in accordance with PSAK 69, but they haven’t journalized every transaction in accordance with PSAK. They only record simple purchase transactions. Wibowo Farm also doesn’t present and also disclose biological assets in the annual financial statement. They experience difficulties and limited time so that the basic financial statement rules have not yet been applied.

Discount rate behaviour in fair value reporting

Despite the importance of reliable financial information to financial professionals, little is known in the behavioural finance literature about the opportunistic behaviour in discount rate selection for fair value measurement, and its adverse impact on the reliability of financial information. This short communication contributes to the literature on discount rate behaviour by revealing the potential opportunistic behaviour in the selection of discount rates. Using biological assets where the market price is usually not available, I show that a wide range of discount rates are applied for estimating fair values, but the range of rates used does not seem to be related to economic factors. Further, firms that report both larger fair value gains and larger fair value losses use higher discount rates suggesting that the discretion available to managers is used opportunistically in some cases. To gain more insights into behavioural aspects of discount rate selection, I also suggest a set of research questions pertaining to discount rate behaviour. This helps to form the agenda for future research in this area.

THE INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGICAL ASSET ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICES ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: MODERATING ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT RENEWABLE ENERGY

High financial performance is the primary goal of all companies, including agricultural companies. In practice, the impact caused by various problems related to accounting policies of biological assets, principles of good corporate governance, knowledge about renewable energy and size of the company. This study aims to prove empirically whether there is an influence of biological asset accounting policy implications, good corporate governance practices and company size on financial performance along with the moderating role of knowledge about renewable energy in agricultural sector companies. Research data were collected through questionnaire instruments, face-to-face interviews and group discussion forums which were conducted in several places in Indonesia by sampling with non-probability sampling. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results showed that the implications of biological asset accounting policies, good corporate governance practices and company size had positive effects on financial performance and knowledge about renewable energy is playing a moderating role among the links. The plantation and forestry sector which is the unit of analysis is a limitation of this study because the agricultural industry includes not forests and gardens, but livestock and fisheries are also included in those who have biological transformed assets.Keywords: Biological Asset Accounting Policies, Good Corporate Governance, Company Size, Financial Performance, Knowledge about Renewable EnergyJEL Classifications: K32, G30, QDOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10240

IMPLEMENTASI AKUNTANSI AGRIKULTUR PADA PERUSAHAAN SEKTOR PERTANIAN DI INDONESIA

This study aims to review the implementation of agricultural accounting in Indonesia Agricultural Sector Companies. The research method used in this study is a qualitative method using content analysis. The data taken as the object of study are all the company's 2016-2018 annual financial statements which are the periods before and after the effective effect of PSAK 69 and PSAK 16 on agricultural sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The objects are 14 companies. The results suggest that in the accounting treatment of biological assets and agricultural products, none of the companies implemented the early adoption of PSAK 69 (2015) and apply accounting treatment in accordance with PSAK 69 in 2018. Related to biological assets in the form of productive plants, almost all companies have applied accounting treatment in accordance with PSAK 16 (revised 2015). The effectiveness of PSAK 69 (2015) provides significant changes to the accounting treatment of biological assets owned by companies, especially related to agricultural products. The treatment has an impact by increasing the company's assets by recognizing agricultural products as biological assets that were not previously recognized and recorded by the company. Meanwhile, related to biological assets in the form of live animals and edible plants that had been previously recognized by the company, there was a change in measurement using fair value fewer costs to sell, thereby affecting fluctuations in the company's profit and loss. The entry into force of PSAK 69 (2015) also uniforms the recognition and measurement of biological assets by companies.

Pengakuan, Pengukuran, Dan Penyajian Aset Biologis pada PT. XYZ (Peternakan Sapi)

Final Project Report aims to explain whether the recognition, measurement and presentation of biological assets at PT XYZ is in accordance with the accounting standards set by PSAK No. 69. The source of data for writing this final project report is secondary data using the documentation data collection method. The data analysis method used by the author in preparing the final project report is a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The author discusses the recognition, measurement, and presentation of biological assets at PT. XYZ whether it is in accordance with accounting standards in force in Indonesia, namely PSAK No.69. There are differences in recognition, measurement and presentation according to PT. XYZ and PSAK No.69 must be adjusted.

Molecular Characterization of Lucimycin Gene of Lucilia sericata

Lucilia sericata, a member of the Calliphoridae family, is one of the most common species in the genus Lucilia. Medical importance of L.sericata stems from its use in maggot debridement therapy (MDT). MDT is the name of L.sericata larvae being sterilized and used in the treatment of non-healing wounds. L.sericata maggots used in the treatment of chronic and non-healing wounds (decubitus ulcer, venous leg ulcer, diabetic foot ulcer, etc.) clean the wounds with the help of secreted proteolytic trypsin and lucimycin -like enzymes. The aim of the study was to determine the molecular characterization of lucimycin gene obtained from L.sericata larvae in MDT by using molecular methods and to contribute to the literature. In this study, continuous production of adult colonies of L.sericata species was carried out in insectarium unit where conditions such as light, humidity and temperature were formed. The life cycle of L.sericata was followed and the production of eggs, larvae, pupae, adult flies and fly colonies of the species were formed. In the third stage larvae obtained from adult flies in the insectarium unit, RNA was isolated and subsequently cDNA synthesis was performed by reverse transcription. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the synthesized cDNAs with the specific primers designed for the lucimycin gene of L.sericata was performed and the obtained amplicons were cloned into pJET1.2/blunt vector and the plasmid was purified. The recombinant plasmids were sequenced with vector-specific primers and target gene region sequences were obtained. After the molecular characterization of the isolate with nucleotide sequences was determined, it was registered to GenBank database with the accession number MF964229. The PCR product of 288 bp was obtained from the cDNA obtained from the larvae of L.sericata produced in the insectarium unit by PCR using lucimycin specific primers. The PCR product imaged on the gel was purified by transformation and subsequent colonies were screened to see whether they contained recombinant plasmids. Three of the colonies were identified as recombinant plasmids containing L.sericata lucimycin gene by PCR screening. From three colonies confirmed by PCR screening, recombinant plasmids containing L.sericata lucimycin gene were purified by miniprep. The recombinant plasmid product was confirmed to contain the L.sericata lucimycin gene by PCR from a total of 20 μl of the recombinant plasmid miniprep product. DNA sequencing analysis was performed to confirm the plasmid after cloning. The 288 bp L.sericata lucimycin sequence was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. The lucimycin gene isolated was confirmed by specific and pJET1.2 forward and reverse primers using Blastn algorithm as a result of species and/or subspecies using the Blastn algorithm and the related isolate was recorded in GenBank database with the MF964229 accessory number. The DNA sequence of the isolated sample was compared with other isolates found in GenBank by Pubmed/Blast program. KJ413251.1 was found to be 99% similar to the GenBank isolate. The 113th nucleotide was C (cytosine) in the sequence of our isolate, while the existence of G (guanine) in the sequence numbered KJ413251.1 GenBank revealed the difference between the two sequences. In this study the molecular characterization of lucimycin gene derived from L.sericata larvae were determined for the first time in Turkey, it is assumed that this molecule which has an antifungal property, can be used in the studies that will be carried out in the future, especially in microorganisms causing cutaneous infections. The study is important since the isolate is registered as a biological asset of Turkey in GenBank and also being the second study in the world.

Pengaruh Intensitas asset Biologis, Ukuran Perusahaan dan Konsentrasi Kepemilikan Manajerial Terhadap Pengungkapan Asset

This study aims to test and analyze the factors that influence the disclosure of biological assets. The factor studied include biological asset intensity, company size, and managerial ownership concentration. Analyzes the practice of disclosure of accounting in agriculture to biological assets based on PSAK 69: Agriculture. The study was conducted on 19 mining companies for 3 years (2016-2018) and the number of data as much as 57 samples were obtained using a purposive sampling technique. The collected data is analyzed using classical assumptions and multiple regression. Based on this study, it was concluded that of the three variables used in the study, there were two variables namely company size and managerial ownership concentration that affected the disclosure of biological assets. While the intensity of biological assets does not affect the disclosure of biological assets.
 Keywords: Biological Assets, Biological Asset Intensity, Company Size, Managerial Ownership Concentration, Biological Asset Disclosure.

Biological assets as mudharabah-based loan collateral for smallholder farmers in Indonesia: a feasibility study

Lack source of fund is one of the critical issues being faced by smallholder farmers. Despite having teak trees in their yards, such trees as biological assets are not accepted as loan collateral for bank's loan. In average, smallholder farmers fulfil their daily needs by cutting down their teak trees of five years old for sale. This research explored the feasibility of postponing teak harvesting time and analyzed the financial impact. By postponing the harvesting time, it is expected that the growth of the diameter and height of the tree, thus increasing the volume, and the price increases will increase the value of the asset. The method being employed was enterprise budget in which the costs of maintenance, the growth of the trees, and the sales of the harvested trees over time were considered. For the valuation, a profit-sharing as a result of value increases due to harvesting delay is shared between the owner of the asset and the investor through mudharabah financing arrangement. The result suggests that the annual return for the investor (such as a bank) is well above the current interest on a loan, and, therefore, biological assets should be justified as collateral for a bank loan.

Pengaruh Biological Asset Intensity, Growth, Leverage, Dan Tingkat Internasional Terhadap Pengungkapan Aset Biologis

Data from the Central Statistics Agency shows Indonesia's agricultural growth rate in the first quarter of 2019 was only 1.81%. This growth rate decreased significantly, when compared to the first quarter of 2018 which reached 3,34%. This indicates that the condition of agriculture in Indonesia is very alarming. This study aims to see the effect of biological asset intensity, growth, leverage and international level to biological asset disclosure in agricultural companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2015-2018. Disclosure of biological asset in this study refers to PSAK 69 with 36 items of disclosure. This type of research is quantitative. The population in this study were all agricultural companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), with a total sample of 66 samples using a purposive sampling method. The analysis was done by using multiple regression model. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The biological asset intesity has a positive and significant effect on the disclosure of biological asset, (2) Growth has a positive and significant effect on the disclosure of biological asset, (3) Leverage has a negative and not significant effect on the disclosure of biological asset, (4) The international level has a negative and not significant effect on the disclosure of biological asset

DNA steganography: hiding undetectable secret messages within the single nucleotide polymorphisms of a genome and detecting mutation-induced errors

BackgroundAs cell engineering technology advances, more complex synthetically designed cells and metabolically engineered cells are being developed. Engineered cells are important resources in industry. Similar to image watermarking, engineered cells should be watermarked for protection against improper use.ResultsIn this study, a DNA steganography methodology was developed to hide messages in variable regions (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of the genome to create hidden messages and thereby prevent from hacking. Additionally, to detect errors (mutations) within the encrypted messages, a block sum check algorithm was employed, similar to that used in network data transmission to detect noise-induced information changes.ConclusionsThis DNA steganography methodology could be used to hide secret messages in a genome and detect errors within the encrypted messages. This approach is expected to be useful for tracking cells and protecting biological assets (e.g., engineered cells).

Management aspects of accounting for biological assets and agricultural products

Agricultural activity is a strategic direction of the work of agricultural organizations, ensuring food independence and security of the country. In this regard, in modern conditions there is an objective need to improve the management of biotransformation of biological assets and its accounting and control functions. The work defines the objects of management and accounting of agricultural activity: biological assets; agricultural products; income, expenses and financial results from biotransformation of biological assets; government grant related to a biological asset measured at fair value less costs to sell. Recommendations are proposed on the determination and analysis of changes in the fair value of biological assets less costs to sell due to changes in unit prices and the amount of these assets. In addition, methodological aspects of monitoring the effectiveness of the use of biological assets and the production of agricultural products collected from them are identified. Each of these indicators provides indicative indicators, methods of calculation and comparison with similar indicators of the base period or planning. The following are methods for determining individual indicators from the proposed system that allow organization managers at all levels of internal management to make scientifically sound economic decisions to improve the efficiency of the processes of biological transformation of biological assets and agricultural production in agricultural organizations.

Tingkat Manajemen Laba pada Perusahaan Agribisnis dengan Aset Biologis di Wilayah Asia Setelah Konvergensi IFRS

The method of measuring biological assets is considered to provoke earnings management practices in agribusiness companies, especially in companies that have adopted IFRS in full. This study aims to examine whether agribusiness companies that have adopted IFRS in full will have a higher level of earnings management when compared to other industries. The sample of this study was taken from agribusiness companies in several Asian countries that are still in the IFRS convergence process. The research hypothesis was analyzed by independent t test to test the level of earnings management in the period before and after the convergence of IFRS. The results showed that agribusiness companies in the Asian region had higher average earnings management in the period after the IFRS convergence, when compared to before the IFRS convergence.
 Keywords: Biological Asset; IFRS; Fair Value; Earning Management.

Methodical approaches to the assessment of the reproduction of the agricultural enterprises material and technical base

The signifcance of the evaluation of the logistical base of agricultural enterprises in the accounting system is revealed in the article. Research methods have been described and alternative approaches to inventory valuation by national and international accounting standards have been investigated, and it has been identifed that there are some inconsistencies in the formation of inventory values at the date of receipt, disposal and balance sheet date. The main features of organization of accounting of land plots in agricultural enterprises are established. To determine the value of the land previously used by the enterprise (for example, on certifcates of ownership and use), we propose to use in the current accounting the estimated value of the land, which is based on the regulatory monetary valuation, determined by differential rental income. It has been found that an integral part of a biological transformation is the assessment of changes in a biological asset, which includes measuring and controlling changes in quality (fat content, protein, fber strength, etc.) or quantity (breeding, weight, etc.). In the course of the research it is determined that the process of accounting and valuation of biological assets at fair value should include such steps as: defning biological assets as an object of accounting according to their classifcation; specifcation of biological assets by species, cultures, rocks and other defning features; active market research and price information and technical and economic information collection; selection of biological asset valuation methodology; the calculation of the fair value of biological assets in accordance with the methodology adopted. An examination of the IFRS 13 "Fair Value Measurement for the measurement of biological assets at fair value" has shown that it should be made from the perspective of all market participants and the market environment should be assigned to the entities themselves. This will take into account the differences that exist between them, as they differ not only in terms of quality but also in the types of economic activity. In order to improve the investment attractiveness of enterprises, it is advisable to evaluate agricultural organizations' land resources according to International Accounting Standards, which provide for fair value. Valuation of assets and liabilities at this cost will increase the transparency of the fnancial statements and the reliability of the information on the fnancial and economic activities of the entity. In addition, in the analysis of fnancial and economic activity of enterprises of the corporate sector of the agrarian economy, a real assessment of land resources will have a positive impact on the normative indicators of liquidity and fnancial stability, which is especially important in the conditions of fnancial crisis and growing need for investment. Key words: material base, resources, inventories, fxed assets, reproduction process, market value, fair price, land valuation, accounting efciency.

The impact of managerial discretion on fair value information in the Australian agricultural sector

AbstractThis study examines the application of fair value measurement for biological assets and how managers exercise their discretion over fair value measurement to achieve desired earnings outcomes. Using Australian data, we find that managers report larger agricultural gains when the earnings target is not met. This phenomenon is more prominent when managers are provided with higher levels of discretion. Boards of directors appear to understand this strategy and distinguish unrealised agricultural earnings from other earnings when compensating managers. However, boards do not appear to intervene in managers’ choices of fair value estimates.

Pengaruh Nilai Wajar Aset Biologis terhadap Manajemen Laba

The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the effect of the biological asset’s fair value on the earning management in the agroindustry companies that listed at the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI). This research is a quantitative study using secondary data from annual and quarterly reports of agroindustry companies 2018. This study uses the dependent variable earning management which is measured by Stubben’s model, independent variable biological asset’s fair value which is measured by gains or losses from the implementation of fair value to biological assets, and control variables firm size (logarithm of total assets) and leverage (DER). The results of this study shows that the biological asset’s fair value which is implemented through the PSAK 69: Agriculture has the positive effect on the earning management, and control variables (firm size and leverage) have no effect on earning management. This results indicates that the implementation of biological asset’s fair value through PSAK 69 in agroindustry companies enhances earning management action taken by manager.
 Keywords: biological assets; earning management; fair value; PSAK 69.

Determinan Pengungkapan Aset Biologis (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Agriculture yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Disclosure of biological assets in agricultural companies has been ratified in 2018, which is about PSAK 69. This standard requires agricultural sector companies to provide disclosures about their biological assets. Several studies have been carried out by previous studies. However, studies in Indonesia are still limited. Therefore, there is a desire to investigate this phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of what factors influence the disclosure of biological assets. The population in this study are all agricultural companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2015-2018. The final sample in this study were 50 companies obtained using the purposive sampling method. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that the intensity of biological assets, Public Ownership, Audit Committee Meetings have a positive influence on the disclosure of biological assets.

Econometric analysis of the use of biological assets in agricultural organizations

The purpose of the study. The purpose is to analysis the use of biological assets through econometric models and quantifies the relationship between economic indicators of agricultural activity. The article is devoted to the possibilities of econometric analysis in the context of limited empirical data on Russia regarding the use of biological assets.Materials and methods. The article analyzed the Russian and foreign bibliography on the problems of biological assets research. In the context of the study of biological assets, the possibilities of using econometric analysis methods based on spatial, temporal or panel data are shown. A multi-regression model based on three groups of indicators (livestock and crop indicators, as well as indicators reflecting agricultural development in general) and implemented in two phases has been built. This model allowed making estimates of the impact of biological assets on the value of agricultural products in Russia. The methods of correlation analysis investigated the closeness of the relationship between the variables in the model. The initial data for this study were the annual data for the period 2000–2018. An array of more than 150 observations was used. For the purpose of comparability, this array has been converted into relative values, i.e. econometric analysis was carried out on growth rates.Results. This article highlights the main areas of research on biological assets presented in the works of Russian and foreign scientists-economists. It is concluded that there are a wide range of issues of assessment and accounting of biological assets in Russian publications and in the context of the transition to international reporting standards. These problems are not relevant for foreign researchers – in foreign publications presented mainly the search for effective mechanisms for assessing the market value of biological assets using complex econometric models. The article substantiates the importance of using econometric analysis methods in Russian conditions, highlights a number of areas of such analysis and presents a multifactorial regression model. The implementation of the model allowed quantifying the hypothesis of the strong impact of biological asset productivity on the value of agricultural organizations. Based on the construction of the trend line and the choice of the optimal value of the value of the value of the approximation, a short-term forecast of the value of agricultural products produced by livestock and crop production was made. In addition, the correlation matrix assesses the closeness of the relationship between economic indicators.Conclusion. Economic analysis of biological assets should include a variety of areas – valuation, accounting and auditing, insurance and leasing, efficient use and management. The debate between proponents and opponents of the valuation of biological assets at fair value as an alternative to historical value accounting is of particular relevance today. Many issues relating to the valuation and use of biological assets can be addressed by econometric analysis techniques. In Russian practice, this approach is not yet widespread. However, it is it that it quantifies the complex links between economic variables (including biological assets) that characterize agricultural activities.

Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Ukuran Perusahaan, Dan Jenis Kap Terhadap Pengungkapan Aset Biologis

This study aims to see the effect of profitability, firm size, and type of public accounting firms to biological asset disclosure. The population in this study are all agricultural companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) that is as many as 32 companies. The sample in this research use sampling technique purposive sampling counted 13 company in 2016-2018. The analysis was done by using multiple regression model. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The Profitability has no effect on the disclosure of biological asset. (2) Firm size has no effect on biological asset disclosure. (3) type of public accounting firm effect on biological asset disclosure