Biological Aspect Research Articles

РЕКРЕАЦІЙНА ЄМНІСТЬ ПРИБЕРЕЖНОЇ СМУГИ БІЛОГО ОЗЕРА У БАСЕЙНІ МАЛОЇ РІЧКИ БЕРЕЗИНА РІВНЕНСЬКОГО ПРИРОДНОГО ЗАПОВІДНИКА

Це дослідження було спрямоване на розрахунок рекреаційної ємності прибережної смуги Білого озера в басейні малої річки Березина в Рівненському природному заповіднику. Матеріалом для написання роботи були дані, зібрані під час польових досліджень 2018 з кількістю рекреантів, стану природних комплексів прибережної смуги Білого озера, характеристика лісу. Розрахунки проводилися за двома методиками. Розташована між річками Стохід, Прип'ять і Стир ділянка водно-болотних угідь «Біле озеро і болото Коза-Березина» включає велику зону евтрофних і мезотрофних боліт, глибоке оліготрофне карстове озеро, болотні ліси, соснові ліси і невелику річку Березину, що протікає через болото. Водноболотний комплекс відіграє важливу роль у підтримці гідрологічних режимів у центральній частині Західного Полісся, а також в накопиченні вуглецю і регулюванні клімату. Концепція рекреаційної ємності є однією з базових для збереження території. Рекреаційна діяльність чинить прямий і непрямий вплив на навколишнє середовище, оскільки вона пов'язана із збільшенням числа відвідувачів, що може вплинути на екологічну цілісність. Спостереження показали, що мають місце порушення рослинного покриву на території прибережної смуги Білого озера. Згідно з отриманими результатами, рекреаційна ємність становить 2074 людини за сезон, а реальне навантаження іноді досягає 3364 людини в день, що значно перевищує норму. З метою регулювання використання рекреаційних ресурсів пропонуємо регламентувати поведінку рекреантів.

Multivariate Analysis for Molecular Species of Cholesteryl Ester in the Human Serum.

Cholesteryl ester (CE) is an ester of cholesterol and fatty acid (FA). Plasma CE reflects complicated metabolisms of cholesterol, phospholipids, lipoproteins, and dietary FAs. An informatics approach could be useful for analysis of the CE species. In this study, two basic dimension reduction methods, principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis, were applied to serum CE species determined by LC-MS/MS in a Japanese population (n = 545). PCA and factor analysis both reflected the size (concentration), food source, fat solubility, and biological aspect of the CE species. In a comparison between PCA (PC4) and factor analysis (factor 4), the latter was found to be more suggestive from a biological aspect of n-6 FAs. Cholesteryl docosahexaenoate (DHA) was found to be unique by a factor analysis, possibly relevant to the unique accumulation of DHA in the brain. An informatics approach, especially factor analysis, might be useful for the analysis of complicated metabolism of CE species in the serum.

PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON RED BELLY TILAPIA COPTODON ZILLII CAUGHT FROM OYAN DAM, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

The study was carried out on the biological aspect of Redbelly Tilapia, Coptodon zillii collected from Oyan Lake, Abeokuta North Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria, with the aim of contributing to the baseline data for carrying out further studies on its ecology, conservation and development. A total of two hundred and fifty four fish (254) specimens were caught from the Ibaro landing site of the Lake between March and July, 2015. The total length (cm), standard length (cm), head length (cm), body width (cm), body depth (cm), snout length (cm), eye diameter (cm) and body weight (g) were measured. The stomach content was also assessed in order to determine its food and feeding habit. The mean total-length, standard-length, head-length, eye-diameter, snout-length, body-depth, body-width and body-weight during the study were 10.98±0.61cm, 8.56±0.14cm, 2.5±0.08cm, 3.67±0.15cm, 1.52±0.11cm,1.37±0.17cm, 4.05±0.07cm, 34.25±3.02g respectively and their ranges were (4.5-18.7cm), (3.2-15.2cm), (1.1-5.8cm), (2.0-6.8cm), (0.8-3.0cm), (1.1-4.8cm), (1.4-7.3cm) and (6.0-132.0g). A negative allometric (b<3) growth pattern was observed for the stock. The meristic characteristics of C. zillii were (DFR) XIV 10 – XVI 14; PVR, AFR III 8 –III 9; PFR 10 – 13 respectively. Stomach analysis showed that diatoms were the most abundant food items in the diet of C. zillii numerically, 29.98%, while desmids were the most abundant food items in terms of frequency occurrence, 27.82%. This study concluded that C. zillii is not morphometrically and meristically different from the already classified from previous studies. Also, C. zillii thrives well on available plants and detritus.
 

Biological aspects of Pangasius hypopthalmus reared under controlled photoperiod

A study aims to understand the effects of photoperiod manipulation on the biological aspects of Pangasius hypopthalmus was conducted in June 2019. There were 3 treatments applied, namely control (natural light); 24 hours dark (24D) and 18 hours dark (18D). The treated fishes were reared in tarp ponds (75 × 50 × 60 cm) and kept under dark blue plastic tents 24 hours (24D) and 18 hours (18D) continuously. There were 20 fishes/tank and they were fed on commercial fish feed 2 times/day, 5% of total fish body weight. Data on fish growth were collected 3 times, just before the treatment, in the 2nd and 4th weeks after the photoperiod treatment. Data on the fish behavior were collected during the 2nd week, by monitoring fish behavior hourly for 72 hours continuously. Data on blood condition were collected from the fish 2 times, before the treatment and in the 4th week. Results indicates that the 24D provided the best results in fish growth, by the 4th week, the fish TL value was 123.5 mm and BW was 5.6 gr. The blood condition of fish in all treatments were normal and there was not significantly difference, with hematocrit value was 30%, 1.5% of leucocrite levels, 70% of lymphocyte and 30% of other leucocyte types. The shortened photoperiod duration positively affects the growth of P. hypopthalmus growth, but it does not affect the biological aspect of the fish in general.

Stock Estimates of White Pomfret (Pampus argenteus) Based on Length and Weight Data in Pangandaran Waters

White pomfret (Pampus argenteus) is one of the economically important fish and includes the leading commodity in Pangandaran Waters. Information on fishing biology of those species were still limited. The purpose of this study is to determine stock estimates including length-weight relationship, age group, growth, mortality and exploitation rate of white pomfret. Monthly length-frequency data have been collected from November 2018 to August 2019 at Cikidang fish auction. Fish length-frequency distribution was separated into a normal distribution using the Bhattacharya method with software of FiSAT (FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools). Estimation of population parameters used analytical model application with ELEFAN-1 (Electronic Length Frequency Analysis) program. The results showed that lengths distribution of white pomfret ranged between 19.3 cm - 36.8 cmTL. Length-weight relations was negatively allometric (W = 0,1184L2,3719). Growth equation of white pomfret is Lt = 53.04 (1-e-0.26(t)). Natural mortality (M) was 0.60/year, fishing mortality (F) was 3.04/year and total mortality (Z) was 3.64/ year. The exploitation rate (E) was 0.84. It is mean that higher than optimal exploitation so that the white pomfret fish population in a state of overfished. It is necessary to better policy in the management of white pomfret through precaution approach and describing of biological and fishing aspect in Pangandaran Waters.

Intrapatient Molecular and Histologic Heterogeneity After First-generation or Second-generation TKI Therapy of NSCLC Patients: Potential Clinical Impact on Subsequent third-generation TKI Treatment.

The discovery of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has remarkably improved the clinical course of patients with non-small cell lung cancer driven by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutations. However, virtually in all cases, the disease resurfaces in a TKI-resistant form that is mainly linked to an acquired EGFR-T790M mutation, a MET amplification, or small cell lung cancer (SCLC) transformation. Third-generation TKIs are able to block tumor growth through an irreversible binding to the T790M-mutated receptor. Such new treatments require the diagnostic analysis of new pathologic tissue or a liquid biopsy to detect the presence of the T790M mutation. Pre-TKI and post-TKI biopsies from 27 patients with an activating EGFR mutation were collected and analyzed for EGFR-T790M mutation, MET amplification, and SCLC transformation. The T790M mutation was found in 16 patients (59%) whereas MET gene amplification was found in 2 (10.5%) of 19 evaluated cases. The histologic transformation from adenocarcinoma (ADC) to SCLC was identified in 3 patients (11%). In one of them reversal from SCLC back to adenocarcinoma was observed. One patient had the T790M mutation concordantly detected in 2 synchronous lesions whereas another patient showed T790M positivity only in one of 2 specimens. In 4 patients longitudinal biopsies revealed T790M gains and losses not always according to biological expectations. Intrapatient molecular or histologic heterogeneity may be frequently found during routine treatment of non-small cell lung cancer patients. This biological aspect may have profound repercussions on subsequent therapeutic decisions, and therefore requires in-depth investigation.

Production Diseases Reduce the Efficiency of Dairy Production: A Review of the Results, Methods, and Approaches Regarding the Economics of Mastitis

Mastitis is the most important production disease in dairy farming, leading to considerable inefficiency in production. In 1992, an important paper describing a simple but very useful economic framework for production diseases in animal farming was published. In a systemic literature search, 77 articles were found on the economics of mastitis. Throughout the years, little progress has been made to improve the economic framework regarding production diseases in animal farming, but methodological progress was made in the biological aspect of bioeconomic models. Research focused on the failure costs of mastitis and cost-benefit analyses of cow-level decisions (treatments). The average failure costs of mastitis were $US131 per cow per year. Future economic research should focus more on the utilization of currentlyavailable large databases. The economic framework should be extended toward mastitis as an externality of dairy production (welfare), the externalities of optimal use of chemical and pharmaceutical compounds (antimicrobials), and explaining farmers’ decisions regarding mastitis.

Influência da interação rio-aquífero sobre a distribuição vertical da meiofauna hiporreica

Entre os processos de autopurificação natural que ocorrem na zona hiporreica, estão os de aspecto biológico, onde os organismos da meiofauna desempenham importantes funções, favorecendo a melhoria da qualidade da água de recarga do aquífero subjacente ao rio. São diversos os fatores que influenciam a distribuição vertical da comunidade meiofaunística como o hidrodinamismo na massa hídrica superficial e a disponibilidade de matéria orgânica e oxigênio nas camadas mais profundas. Por isso, este artigo objetivou avaliar a influência destes dois fatores na distribuição vertical da meiofauna hiporreica em três pontos do rio Beberibe-PE. O hidrodinamismo foi considerado como resultado direto do regime pluviométrico e o fluxo vertical entre o rio e o aquífero foi analisado a partir de medições realizadas em três períodos pluviométricos distintos com auxílio do piezômetro diferencial. A análise da distribuição vertical da meiofauna foi realizada a partir do levantamento da abundância média em camadas de 2 cm até a profundidade de 10 cm. Foram contabilizados 4906 indivíduos pertencentes a 8 grupos taxonômicos. Os resultados mostraram que as camadas superficiais foram as mais abundantes. Entretanto, a diminuição desta abundância não se deu gradativamente com a profundidade, provavelmente por uma vazão maior do rio no período chuvoso e/ou por condições de rio influente. Apesar de que estes fatores não demonstraram um caráter completamente determinante sobre a distribuição vertical.

The role of chitin-rich skeletal organic matrix on the crystallization of calcium carbonate in the crustose coralline alga Leptophytum foecundum

The organic matrix (OM) contained in marine calcifiers has a key role in the regulation of crystal deposition, such as crystalline structure, initiation of mineralization, inhibition, and biological/environmental control. However, the functional properties of the chitin-rich skeletal organic matrix on the biological aspect of crystallization in crustose coralline algae have not yet been investigated. Hence, the characterization of organic matrices in the biomineralization process of this species was studied to understand the functions of these key components for structural formation and mineralization of calcium carbonate crystals. We purified skeletal organic matrix proteins from this species and explored how these components are involved in the mineralization of calcium carbonate crystals and environmental control. Intriguingly, the analytical investigation of the skeletal OM revealed the presence of chitin in the crustose coralline alga Leptophytum foecundum. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of the OM revealed a high molecular mass protein as 300-kDa. Analysis of glycosylation activity exposed two strong glycoproteins as 300-kDa and 240-kDa. Our study of the biominerals of live collected specimens found that in addition to Mg-calcite up to 30% aragonite were present in the skeleton. Our experiment demonstrated that the chitin-rich skeletal OM of coralline algae plays a key role in the biocalcification process by enabling the formation of Mg-calcite. In addition, this OM did not inhibit the formation of aragonite suggesting there is an as yet unidentified process in the living coralline that prevents the formation of aragonite in the living skeletal cell walls.

Dental implant failures and complications - Retrospective study

The dental implants in modern dentistry brought out a new era in everyday dental practice. Increasing of dental implants usage, various failures and complications has occurred. Failures and complications of dental implant treatments that can happen in implant surgery, in mechanical or prosthetic problem and in biological aspect. The aim of this study was to assess implant failures for 6 years as well as find out how to overcome implant failure. In Jeju National University hospital, 26 dental implants in 17 patients were removed by implant failure through 2013.1.1.-2018.12.31. Each implant failure case was analyzed in report form with various informations about failure retrospectively. The present study showed 26 failed dental implants of 17 patients were removed. 13 implants(50%) of 8 patients(47.06%) were failed before functional loading and 13 implants(50%) of 9 patients(52.94%) were failed after functional loading. 11 implants(42.31%) of 7 patients(41.18%) with medical disease were extracted. 6 implants(23.08%) of 5 patients(29.41%) with additive bone graft were failed. We discuss with 26 failed dental implants of 17 patients about their causes, solutions and prevention retrospectively for 6 past years. Precise diagnosis and treatment planning are needed. Medically compromised patients and patients with implants and additive bone grafts should be cautiously treated with high failing possibilities.

Identifying the Role of Stakeholders in Occupational Safety and Health of Beauty Salon Businesses in Semarang Regency

Beauty salon businesses continue to develop within the community, along the times and generation. Beauty salon is a public place that has the risk of disease transmission, environmental pollution or other health problems. To make a healthy environmental quality, either from the physical, chemical, biological, and social aspect that enable people to achieve the highest level of health, the role of stakeholders is needed to improve Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in the beauty salon business. This research aims to identify the role of stakeholders in improving OSH in the beauty salon business in Semarang Regency. This study is an observational study with qualitative methods. The approach method is by conducting in-depth interviews with stakeholders on the improvement of OSH in beauty salons in Semarang Regency in March-May 2019. The result of the research describes that the stakeholder roles and status are categorized into main stakeholders (primary), supporting stakeholders (secondary) and key stakeholders. OSH in beauty salon business in Semarang Regency needs to be improved. This requires participation from related stakeholders, including the Health Office, Tourism Office, National Agency of Drug and Food Control/BPOM, beauty organizations, beauty salon owners, employees and customers.

Appraisal of the biological aspect of Zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared using extract of Camellia sinensis L.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles by plant extracts is receiving enormous attention due to their abundant availability, providing a broad range of eco-friendly and bioactive metabolites. This study was designed to synthesize biocompatible zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using the aqueous leaf extracts of the Camellia sinensis L. at 400 and 550 °C calcination temperatures. The physicochemical properties, as well as nanometric characterization of the ZnO-NPs, were performed by Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV−visible spectroscopy. To achieve nanoparticles for being applied in bioactive molecules delivery applications, biological assays such as in vitro cytotoxicity; antibacterial, hemolytic, anti-oxidant (FRAP and DPPH) activities were done for the synthesized NPs. The results were promising and indicated that both of the prepared NPs displayed reliable outcomes for antibacterial activity and blood biocompatibility assays. Whereas, ZnO-NPs prepared at 550 °C had lower cytotoxicity than those prepared at 400 °C calcination in MCF-7 and fibroblast cell lines. Our findings demonstrated that the using aqueous leaf extracts of the Camellia sinensis L. for the preparation of ZnO-NPs is an efficient green synthesis procedure and the obtained NPs have acceptable biocompatibility and bioactivity.

First report and molecular determination of Apanteles galleriae Wilkinson (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the lesser wax moth Achroia grisella F. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in Northwest Argentina

Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) are two of the most common pests in apiaries worldwide since in their larval stage they feed on wax combs that bees use for their offspring, on bees’ food, and on the wooden boxes. After finding some specimens of parasitoids associated to A. grisella cocoons in Tucumán, Argentina, our objective was to accurately identify the species and to study its oviposition habit as a basic biological aspect of the host-parasitoid association. We identified the parasitoid wasps as Apanteles galleriae (Braconidae, Microgastrinae) and herein report the species emerging from A. grisella for the first time in Argentina. Morphological and mitochondrial analyses of specimens coincided in their identification. Further studies on this parasitoid species will allow us to design strategies for the biological control of this important beehive pest.

Quantifying soil health in a topographically diverse warm-season perennial pasture over-seeded with a mix of cool-season annuals

Over-seeding cool-season annual forages in pastures in the southeastern US provides increased grazing opportunities for livestock and reduces the amount of hay needed during winter. The constant presence of vegetation can benefit soil health, the biological aspect of which has only received cursory investigation to date. Since 2009, a commercial cattle grazing operation located in south Mississippi has been over-seeding a diverse mixture of oats (Avena sativa L.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), turnips (Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), ball clover (Trifolium nigrescens Viv.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) into pastures dominated by bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé). Soil health properties were assessed across a heterogeneous landscape from soils collected immediately prior to seeding and following increased spring productivity of cool-season annuals from 2015 to 2017. Samples were collected across a topographic sequence to a depth of 15 and 30 cm. Three samples per site were collected from summit, backslope, and footslope locations. Soil chemical assessments included macronutrients, pH, soil organic matter (SOM), total carbon (TC), and total nitrogen (TN). Fatty acid methyl ester analysis and enzyme assays were used to determine soil microbial community structure and activity. While TC and TN did not change with time (20.5 and 2.4 g kg−1, respectively), SOM increased by 6% from 2015 to 2017. Nitrate-N decreased by 82% from 2015 to 2017. N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activity increased by 32%, while β-glucosidase remained constant. Total microbial abundance did not change with time; however, Gram positive bacteria and actinomycetes decreased by 51% and 43%, respectively, from fall to spring. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased from fall to spring by an average of 45%. This pasture management technique of over-seeding a diverse mix of winter annuals may have resulted in a steady state of TC and TN, while SOM increased and inorganic nitrogen decreased with time, and enhanced the total soil microbial community particularly fungi and their potential enzyme activity. Despite some biological indications of system stability, soil properties potentially limiting to plant growth were identified for some sites, but these limitations were not closely related to topographic position as expected.

Défis contemporains éthiques et cliniques des biotechnologies de la procréation, du genre et de la prédiction

Aims of the studyTaking as its starting point the debates that have resulted from changes in the laws surrounding bioethics, this article proposes some pointers around which to think about the current clinical challenges these new applications of biotechnologies imply. Two areas will be discussed, the fields of procreation and prediction, as well as the new ways in which we think about the differences of the sexes in the light of gender transition. Patients and methodsThis is a theoretical article that takes as its reference points, on the one hand a practice of the applications of biotechnologies in the clinical fields of procreation, prediction and gender; and on the other, an engagement with the ethical positions raised by these specific fields. ResultsDisconnections between origin, sexuality, gestation, birth and filiation allow for all manner of ways of intervening on reality that open onto a novel world. A world that it is still difficult to comprehend; and that confronts us with a series of vertiginous questions, and stumbling blocks. All these questions generate a spiralling between fantasy and biotechnology, a position we need to move beyond. ConclusionBiotechnologies lead to many subjective misunderstandings regarding origin, difference, and what an individual might become. These misunderstandings need to be recognised. Once recognised they can help each individual to find their bearings and their solutions, beyond the biological aspect.

A new biological bone remodeling in silico model combined with advanced discretization methods.

Bone remodeling remains a highly researched topic investigated by many strands of science. The main purpose of this work is formulating a new computational framework for biological simulation, extending the version of the bone remodeling model previously proposed by Komarova. Thus, considering only the biological aspect of the remodeling process, the action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts is taken into account as well as its impact on bone mass. It is conducted a spatiotemporal analysis of a remodeling cycle obtaining a dynamic behavior of bone cells very similar to the biological process already described in the literature. The numerical example used is based on bone images obtained with scanning electron microscopy. During simulation, it is possible to observe the variation of bone's architecture through isomaps. These maps are obtained through the combination of biological bone remodeling models with three distinct numerical techniques-finite element method (FEM), radial point interpolation method (RPIM), and natural neighbor radial point interpolation method (NNRPIM). A study combining these numerical techniques allows to compare their performance. Ultimately, this work supports the inclusion of meshless methods due to their smoother results and its easiness to be combined with medical images from CT scans and MRI.

Determinant Factors of Successful Ex Situ Conservation of Lesser Bird of Paradise [Paradisaea minor Shaw, 1809

<p>Recently, the population of the lesser bird of paradise (Paradisaea minor Shaw, 1809) has been decreasing due to illegal hunting, illegal trading, and habitat destruction. Meanwhile, ex situ conservation efforts of this bird are lacked and very low in the success of breeding. The aims of this research were to identify and analyze the component that determines the successful ex situ conservation of the lesser bird of paradise. The study was conducted from March until May 2016 in the TMII Bird Park, Mega Bird and Orchid Farm (MBOF), Ragunan Zoo, Bandung Zoo, and Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (AWWP) in Qatar. Data<br />included an internal and external biological aspect of species, captive breeding technique, and social aspect, and were analyzed by Principle Component Analysis (PCA). The statistical analysis resulted that there were five determinant factors of successful ex situ conservation of lesser bird of paradise which the first determinant factors were maturity, diet, and ability of animal keeper.</p>

Pollution tolerance assessment of temperate woody vegetation growing along the National Highway-5 in Himachal Pradesh, India

Industrialization and globalization have resulted in pollution of all the three ecosystems, including soil, water, and air. Among these, air pollution has generated much interest, since it has a major influence on the transboundary dispersion of pollutants globally. Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) value represents tolerance level of plants which help in selecting the most suitable plant species for plantation in/around affected areas. This parameter in conjunction with Anticipated Performance Index (API) can provide a logical solution for green belt development by considering biological and socio-economic aspect of the species and help in reducing the levels of pollutants. The present study was conducted in Himachal Pradesh, constituting a very vital part of the Indian Himalayan Region. In the present study, APTI and API values of six commonly growing temperate and sub-temperate plant species viz., Quercus leucotrichophora, Rubus ellipticus, Debregeasia saeneb, Hypericum oblongifolium, Punica granatum, and Grevillea robusta, were evaluated along the National Highway-5 in Himachal Pradesh. The highest value of APTI was observed for Grevillea robusta (12.89), followed by Punica granatum (10.87), Debregeasia saeneb (10.50), Hypericum oblongifolium (10.43), Rubus ellipticus (10.18), and Quercus leucotrichophora (9.68). Upon assessment of API, it was observed that Grevillea robusta (62.50%) was the highest scoring plant species in trees, while Rubus ellipticus and Debregeasia saeneb were the highest scoring shrub species (56.25% each) and thus can be recommended for green belt development and attenuation of air pollution in the region. Punica granatum can be suggested for plantation among the native species.

The Needs of Children with Terminal Illness: A Qualitative Study

ABSTRACT Purpose: The response of each child to terminal illness treatment is highly individual. This will certainly affect the level and type of perceived needs. This study is conducted to examine the needs of children with terminal illness from the perspective of nurses and parents. Method: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted in this research. The data collection process included in-depth interviews with eight nurses and eleven parents and focus group discussion with seven nurses. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: Based on the perspective of nurses and parents the needs of children with terminal illness in the biological aspect require the fulfilment of basic biological needs, a therapy programme with minimal side effects, intervention to improve comfort, optimal infection prevention, and on-going care. While in the psychological aspects, the children and parents need information, motivation, tools to overcome the anxiety of parents, parental involvement and education for children and families. In the social aspect there are the children’s need to play, need for school, and need for social support. In the spiritual aspect, the children need to be able to pray, receive spiritual guidance, and also to have spiritual guidance to prepare for death, and die with dignity. Conclusion: The needs of a child with terminal illness are complex and require special attention from the nurse. Therefore, nurses have a very important role to be able to comprehensively assess the needs of children with terminal illness in an effort to improve the quality of life of children.

Biological Aspect of Indian Scad (Decapterus russelli) Caught by Purse Seine in North Coast of Sumenep Waters, East Java

An Indian scad (Decapterus russelli) is one of the dominant catch in Java Sea. Sustainability of Indian scads resources need to be maintained due to its important role and fisheries economic value especially in purse seine fisheries. This research was conducted in Sumenep Regency from February until July 2018 which aimed to determine the biological aspects and food composition of Indian scads (Decapterus russelli). The method in this research is descriptive and using random sampling method. A total of 1,078 fish samples obtained with Total Length (TL) ranged between 13.5-23.7 cm and body weight between 21.23-132.3 grams. The Indian Scads growth pattern was negative algometric with equation W = 0.02L2.736. Male and female ratio was 1:1.08. The value of Gonado Somatic Index (GSI) was 1.76%. The Lm value was 19.3 cm. That was higher than the Lc value (18.6 cm). Growth parameters of Indian Scads indicated that asymptotic Length (L∞) was 25 cm, K was 0.58 and t0 age was -0.29 years and age of t max was 4.9 years. It was found that the main food of the Indian scads was phylum Ochrophyta (IP> 72%). The Indian scads growth pattern was negative allometric. Gonad Maturity Level (GML) analysis indicated that the samples were dominated by immature fish. Lm value of 19.3 cm was higher than the value of Lc (18.6 cm). The Indian scads were categorized as plankton feeder types.