Biogas Emissions Research Articles

Optimization of mixing in a Chinese dome digester for tropical regions

Optimization of mixing in a Chinese dome digester for tropical regions

Influence of Cinnamon Essential Oil and Monensin on Ruminal Biogas Kinetics of Waste Pomegranate Seeds as a Biofriendly Agriculture Environment

The objective of present experiment was to compare the effect of cinnamon essential oil with monensin on the environmental biogas production kinetics of pomegranate seeds. Experimental treatments were: pomegranate seeds (control), pomegranate seeds with 12 mg monensin/kg dry matter, pomegranate seeds with 24 mg monensin/kg dry matter, pomegranate seeds with 150 mg cinnamon essential oil/kg dry matter and pomegranate seeds with 250 mg cinnamon essential oil/kg dry matter. The biogas produced by treatments incubation was recorded at 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h after incubation. The results showed that biogas production decreased numerically at 120 h after incubation in the treatment containing monensin (at 24 mg/kg dry matter) and cinnamon essential oil (at 150 and 250 mg/kg dry matter) compared to the control treatment. The addition of monensin and cinnamon essential oil had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on increasing partitioning factor and fermentation efficiency compared to control treatment. Concentration of ammonia nitrogen at 120 h of incubation was reduced (P < 0.05) by adding different levels of cinnamon essential oil and monensin at the level of 24 mg, and total volatile fatty acids were significantly reduced in treatments containing cinnamon essential oil. Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total volatile fatty acids showed an incremental effect (P < 0.05) with the addition of 12 mg of monensin. In conclusion, cinnamon essential oil and monensin can be used in an environmentally conducive and acceptable way to diminish biogas emissions from ruminants; therewith ameliorate environmental conditions. However, the cinnamon essential oil can be easily used in livestock diets to improve fermentation and reduce biogas production.

Perm National Research Polytechnic Assessment of the Landfill Gas Treatment System at the Kuchino MSW Landfill

The problems of landfill gas collection and treatment at municipal solid waste landfills are considered. The analysis of the main methods of landfill gas treatment and use is carried out. The characteristic of the gas collection system used at the Kuchino MSW landfill is presented. Installation of a landfill gas treatment system on a flare at the stage of landfill closing will reduce methane emissions by 65 % in comparison with a landfill not equipped with such a system, and the fee for negative impact on environmental objects will decrease by 30 %. Based on the analysis of monitoring studies of landfill biogas emissions from the Kuchino MSW landfill, a decrease in the concentration of pollutants in the landfill gas after its treatment to the MPC level and below was established.

EVALUATION OF METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM LIVESTOCK WASTE, COMPOST, AND BIOGAS SLUDGE

: Livestock sector contributes to greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission especially methane and carbon dioxide gases that produced from digestive system and manure of ruminants. GHGs mitigation was conducted by cattle manure waste management through biogas and compost technologies. In this study we evaluated methane and carbon dioxide emissions from untreated and treated cattle manure in cattle farm group of Ngudi Mulyo, Yogyakarta. Test equipment that used in this study is 25-liters chamber to isolate gas emissions from naturally digested untreated and treated cattle manure for eight weeks. Gas samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The results shows that buried cattle manure produced the highest methane emission of 173100 ppm while compost from cattle manure produced of 2963.33 ppm. There is the decrease in methane emission of compost and sludge biogas from cattle manure (98.18 and 98.10% respectively) compared to fresh cattle manure. The highest carbon dioxide emission was produced by fresh cattle manure (580215.371 ppm). Conversion of cattle manure to biogas sludge and compost could reduce carbon dioxide emission of 80.85 and 86.23% respectively compared to fresh cattle manure. We concluded that cattle manure waste management by biogas and compost technologies are important role in GHGs mitigation especially in livestock sector.

INFLUENCE OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES ON METABOLYC ACTYVITY OF VARIOUS BACTERIAL CULTURES IN LANDFILL GAS PRODUCTION

Humic substances are actively used in agriculture and medicine as a source of biologically active substances for humans and animals. At the same time, they can be used as an antimicrobial substance for suppress of microorganisms activity and reduce biogas emissions from landfills. Biogas from waste and garbage is formed during consecutively processes catalyzed by methanogenic consortia of microorganisms, which contain bacteria and archaea. Therefore, it is important to understand how humic substances can be affected on metabolism of bacterial cultures responsible for the various stages of methanogenesis to suppress gas emission from landfills or make whis process more controlled.

Determination of biogas potential of residual biomass of microalgae Chlorella Sorokiniana

The results of research of biodegradation processes of compositional mixture consisting of Chlorella Sorokiniana and inoculum have been presented. Compositional mixture was prepared in different ratio of the components, and biogas emission was evaluated. The results allow determining the optimal composition with maximum biogas potential.

EVALUATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH REGULATORY FACTORS OF WASTE DISPOSAL SITES BY USING GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS, CASE OF STUDY: STATE OF MEXICO

Currently, the State of Mexico (SM), the most densely populated Mexican State generates more than 19 000 t/d of municipal solid waste (MSW), which is disposed in waste disposal sites (WDS). Therefore, landfill siting should consider territorial issues and legal framework to minimize negative impacts. However, the inadequate record and management at WDS makes it difficult to get precise data related to volumes, sources and composition of MSW disposed, as well as to estimate leachate and biogas emissions. The aim of this work was to determine the status of WDS in the SM, by applying a methodological approach based on the analysis of WDS location, waste handling, disposal practices, general operations, as well as the emission of biogas and leachate. Cartography of the area and geographical information systems (GIS) technology were used to generate spatial data for sites assessment, taking into account the factors and risk parameters for the operation of the WDS. Applying the assessment methodology to 83 WDS of the SM, it was determined the current situation of sites location regarding the distances from landfill location to restricted areas and their compliance with federal and state regulations established in Mexico. The findings of this study show that although the few sites properly managed as landfills receive the higher amount of waste, the vast majority of the studied sites in the SM operate improperly, generating biogas and leachate, which impact negatively on water, groundwater, air, soil and probably human health.

Impacts of leachate flow conditions on the duration of the aftercare period

The environmental impacts of deposited MSW are mainly associated with the emissionsof leachate and biogas. While biogas emissions will become negligible within decades,leachate emissions will stay on an environmental incompatible level for hundreds ofyears, calculated under simplified assumptions. The generation of leachate from MSWlandfills is determined by the waste input, the climatic conditions and the landfillconstruction and operation. In this paper the impacts of different construction (landfillcover) and operation strategies (recirculation or flushing) on the duration of landfillaftercare (in particular leachate treatment) are evaluated. Therefore a mathematical waterflow and solute transport model which has been successfully calibrated at full scalelandfills is used. The results indicate that the stabilization process of MSW landfills ismostly determined by the internal flow conditions and that operation strategies have lessimpact. Only the warranty of "homogeneous" water flow allows sufficient operation ofstrategies for accelerated stabilization ofMSW landfills.

Emission of Biogas from Sewage Sludge in Psychrophilic Conditions

The stabilization of sewage sludge in Poland is continued in many sewage treatment plants in the open digestion chambers (ODC), which is a phenomenon on the European scale. The sludge is stored in them much longer, which allows obtaining high mineralization of the material, thanks to which it can be used naturally. Although this way of sludge processing is very beneficial owing to the high quality of the final product, the ODC are a source of gas emissions, because the biogas produced in them is usually not detracted. The research was carried out at the “Boguszowice” sewage treatment plant in Poland, which is equipped with two ODC with a capacity of 5781 m3 each. Within the chambers a process of stabilization of sludge is carried out based on psychrophilic digestion (i.e. temperature < 20 °C). The tests were carried out in two variants. In the first variant, the measurements of the flow of biogas produced were made directly on the open digestion chamber by means of a floating sampler. In the second variant, simulations of the digestion process under laboratory conditions were carried out. Analyzing the results, the high quality of the obtained biogas for both variants of the conducted research can be noticed. The average methane concentration in biogas for real tests was 68.5% and for laboratory tests 69.7%. Scheme of psychrophilic digestion.

A PROJECT MANAGEMENT GEOINFORMATICS UTILITY FOR HEALTH PROTECTION AND SANITARY DRAWINGS IN GREEN CONSTRUCTIONS - INFRASTRUCTURE WORKS

&lt;p&gt;This research study analyses the life cycle assessment of different waste management techniques and sanitary drawings in landfilled waste treatment units' biotechnology at Community Health Centres design for the protection of Public Health from biogas emissions, leachate hazardous toxic acids and landfill biomass biodegradation stages. The environmental impact assessment is examined of associative pollution spaces of Community Health Centres minimising the relative public health's risks. Moreover, it examines the significance of phytobioremediation techniques for landfills' heavy metal concentrations and associated risks minimisation. Reclamation works are examined in associated risks minimisation of toxic hazardous concentrations that could enter in water resources, food chain and agricultural resources. A useful geoinformatics utility is presented in this research study for project management of associated infrastructures in green sustainable construction designs; the optimum operation of Health Centres and associated infratructures for the protection of Public Health.&lt;/p&gt;

Eficiencia y confiabilidad de modelos de estimación de biogás en rellenos sanitarios

Este artículo muestra un análisis comparativo de las emisiones de biogás generadas en un relleno sanitario al aplicar el modelo mexicano de biogás, el modelo de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos de América (EPA) y comparar los resultados con datos obtenidos in-situ. Las estimaciones con los modelos teóricos y la medición en campo se realizaron en 36 pozos de venteo de un relleno sanitario ubicado en el Estado de México, México, con una recepción diaria de 3500 kilogramos de RSU. Los resultaron in-situ mostraron una generación de biogás (CH4, CO2 y O2) con una frecuencia media de 35.44 Hz (1/s) y emisiones de metano de 3355.99 m3 /hr. En contraste los modelos teóricos estimaron valores para el año 2018 de 6270.57 m3/hr para el modelo de la EPA y 8379.52 m3/hr para el modelo mexicano de biogás. Los resultados mostraron variaciones significativas en las estimaciones de los modelos teóricos versus la medición in-situ. La información generada permite discutir la confiabilidad del uso de modelos teóricos para formular proyectos de aprovechamiento y valorización de RSU al considerar los altos montos de inversión que implican y que las proyecciones de generación de energía se basan en la frecuencia de generación del flujo de biogás estimado en el relleno.

Comparison of modeling with empirical calculation of diffuse and fugitive methane emissions in a Spanish landfill

ABSTRACTOne of the most significant environmental problems arising from landfills is the emission of methane into the atmosphere. In this study, methane emissions from a currently in-use Spanish landfill were modeled as well as being experimentally measured using a two-step method. The first step involved a qualitative walkover survey to detect where gases were being emitted on the surface of the landfill. The second stage comprised a quantitative analysis of these surface methane emissions at a selected number of points on the landfill surface using a specially designed flux chamber. The statistical analysis of the data obtained was based on the Sichel function and resulted in an average emission rate of 74.9 g·m−2·day−1, with 27.8 and 202.1 g·m−2·day−1 as the lower and upper limits of the 95% confidence interval, respectively. The total emission for the landfill, with an emitting surface of 335,000 m2, is 9.16 × 103 ton/yr. These values have been compared with those from three different models, with the model results being above the calculated mean emissions measured at the landfill, but below the upper confidence limit at 95%.Implications: One of the main environmental problems arising from the presence of landfills is the emission of biogas (which mainly contains methane and carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere. Several experimental methods as well as models have been developed to quantify these emissions. In this work, the authors have compared the results obtained using experimental measurements with those provided by some local and international models using the default parameters proposed. The results obtained from the experimental method are in accordance with those provided by the models, although the models could be slightly overestimating these emissions.

An Exposition on the Results of Utilizing Biogas as an Alternative Fuel on the Attributes of Internal Combustion Engines

With the depletion of fossil fuels and the ever-growing environmental concerns, biogas as an alternative fuel is gaining popularity. Biogas has the potential simultaneously to solve the crisis of energy shortage and waste management. As a fuel, it is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) neutral and can withstand engine knock. Several researches have reported the biogas application in internal combustion (IC) engine. It reveals that existing IC engine may be effortlessly reformed to run on biogas with minor modifications. The study aims to present a comprehensive analysis of the investigations conducted on the characteristics of emission, combustion and performance; of biogas fuelled IC engines. Various aspects of enhancing the emission and performance of biogas fuelled IC engines, viz. optimization of compression ratio, ignition/ injection timing, fuel flow rate, hydrogen supplementation etc. have also been discussed in detail. Comparative evaluation of the emission and performance of biogas powered engine along with other gaseous fuels using exergy analysis is also presented. Experimental finding suggests the use of biogas in dual fuel compression ignition (CI) mode powered by biodiesel or diesel as pilot fuel; as a superior way to realize the resourceful employment of biogas.

A PROJECT MANAGEMENT GEOINFORMATICS UTILITY FOR HEALTH PROTECTION AND SANITARY DRAWINGS IN GREEN CONSTRUCTIONS - INFRASTRUCTURE WORKS

This research study analyses the life cycle assessment of different waste management techniques and sanitary drawings in landfilled waste treatment units' biotechnology at Community Health Centres design for the protection of Public Health from biogas emissions, leachate hazardous toxic acids and landfill biomass biodegradation stages. The environmental impact assessment is examined of associative pollution spaces of Community Health Centres minimising the relative public health's risks. Moreover, it examines the significance of phytobioremediation techniques for landfills' heavy metal concentrations and associated risks minimisation. Reclamation works are examined in associated risks minimisation of toxic hazardous concentrations that could enter in water resources, food chain and agricultural resources. A useful geoinformatics utility is presented in this research study for project management of associated infrastructures in green sustainable construction designs; the optimum operation of Health Centres and associated infratructures for the protection of Public Health.

Location of the inlets and outlets of Chinese dome digesters to mitigate biogas emission

A model based on three equations was developed and validated for the design of the inlet and outlet of the Chinese dome digester (CDD) to prevent biogas emission or leakage. The model was implemented in MATLAB software and validated with results from a pilot study. Biogas and temperature data from the pilot experiment were used to validate the model and the results fitted well with the experimental data at low gas volume ( 20 mols). The model can be used to predict the optimal size of the CDD for daily biogas storage based on different reactor and expansion chamber sizes, in order to mitigate the emission of surplus biogas from the inlet and outlet pipes.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT AT MODERATE TEMPERATURES USING UASB REACTOR

The use of anaerobic biodegradation to treat municipal wastewater is a promising technology, because of the relatively low capital expenditures required and the potential to create biogas, which can be used as a source of energy. The UASB reactor is a high-rate system that operates as a suspended sludge blanket system with granular sludge growth system. Treatment occurs at the contact of the up flow passing wastewater with the sludge blanket at the bottom of the reactor and produced biogas is collected at top of the reactor. The effluent could be used for irrigation, because the included nutrients are not affected by the treatment. Much more interesting at actual time are renewable energies and the retrenchment of CO2-Emission. With the anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater not only the CO2-Emission could be reduced but also gained “clean” energy supply by biogas. Most important for the sustainability of this process is the gathering of methane from the liquid effluent of the reactor, because the negative climate-relevant effect from the outgassing methane is much higher than the positive effect from saving CO2Emission. In this study UASB reactors were used with a flocculent sludge blanket for the biodegradation of the carbon fraction in the wastewater with different temperatures and concentrations. The SMA was determined and evaluated; also the biogas emission was controlled. Also a static modelling for COD fractioning and SMA was done. It could be shown, that the positive effect is much higher for municipal wastewater with high concentrations in hot climate.

Decaimento das emissões de biogás após um ano do encerramento de um aterro controlado de uma cidade de 500.000 habitantes

Este trabalho apresenta resultados de medidas que permitem avaliar o decaimento das emissões de biogás no aterro controlado de Londrina (Limoeiro), após um ano de fechamento e uma comparação com as previsões de três modelos matemáticos. Foram realizadas medidas na camada de superfície através de ensaios de placa estática de fluxo e também nos drenos verticais. A emissões totais de metano foram de 9.602.192 Nm3/ano e as de biogás foram de 21.117.824 Nm3/ano. Em comparação com as últimas medidas antes de fechamento do aterro, houve uma redução de 38% na emissão de biogás após o período de um ano. Os valores previstos pelos modelos matemáticos foram 55%, 69% e 57% maiores do que o valor medido, para os modelos Triangular, Scholl Canyon e Software Landgem 3.02, respectivamente.

Avaliação de emissões de biogás e geração de energia em aterro sanitário no semiárido brasileiro

O biogás gerado pela decomposição anaeróbia da fração orgânica dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU), em aterros sanitários, configura-se como uma fonte alternativa de energia que pode ser utilizada na operação desses empreendimentos ou para outras finalidades. O aproveitamento do biogás contribui para minimizar os impactos ambientais adversos ao evitar emissões de gases do efeito estufa à atmosfera. No entanto, a geração dos gases de aterro está condicionada a vários fatores, dentre esses os relacionados às características dos resíduos e aos condicionantes climáticos. A região semiárida brasileira é caracterizada por condições ambientais peculiares, necessitando de estudos específicos para consolidar o conhecimento sobre a temática apresentada, através de uma base de dados mais ampla, que contemple as especificidades locais. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar as emissões de biogás e geração de energia em aterro sanitário no semiárido brasileiro. Nesta pesquisa, essa base de dados foi construída por meio de estudo realizado no Aterro Sanitário em Campina Grande, Paraíba. A metodologia contemplou investigações in situ, relacionando aspectos da qualidade e quantidade do biogás gerado, bem como coleta de resíduos frescos e em estágio mais avançado de biodegradação. Por meio do estudo da biodegradabilidade dos resíduos foi possível obter o potencial de geração de metano e a constante de decaimento para a estimativa das emissões de biogás e geração de energia no aterro analisado. Foram verificadas concentrações máximas de metano, em torno de 55,0%, logo após a execução da camada de cobertura final do aterro. Em termos quantitativos, a vazão média de metano foi de 7,0 Nm³.h-1 por dreno de gás, compatíveis com grandes aterros, a exemplo do Aterro Bandeirantes/SP. As estimativas realizadas neste estudo, mesmo quando considerado um cenário desvaforável de coleta e queima de biogás, apontam para uma potência de projeto de 2,5 MW.

Elements of Design of Passive Methane Oxidation Biosystems: Fundamental and Practical Considerations About Compaction and Hydraulic Characteristics on Biogas Migration

Passive methane oxidation biosystems (PMOBs) are often proposed as a means to reduce fugitive landfill CH4 emissions, i.e. emissions not captured by gas collection systems. However, current designs may lead to the formation of a capillary barrier along the interface between the two main layers constituting passive biosystems, namely the methane oxidation layer and gas distribution layer. The formation of a capillary barrier may result in restricted upward flow of biogas at the base of methane oxidation layer, thereby leading to concentrated biogas emissions in regions known as hotpots, where passive oxidation of biotic methane is failing, if not absent. In this study, design criteria are introduced to assess the ease of biogas flow across the gas distribution-methane oxidation layers’ interface. Laboratory experiments were conducted to obtain the water retention curve, air permeability function and line of optima (on Standard Proctor curve) of the materials used to construct the methane oxidation layer of two experimental PMOBs at the St-Nicephore (Quebec, Canada) landfill. In addition, the main characteristics for other materials were obtained from the literature. Design criteria were then defined based on the degree of water saturation at the lines of optima and the pattern of air permeability functions and water retention curves. Considering these criteria in the design of PMOBs is fundamental to reduce the risk of creating hotspots when implementing PMOBs.

Biogas Emission from an Anaerobic Reactor

Anaerobic denitrification is accompanied by biogas emissions, which may orient greenhouse gases or air pollutants. Ferrous iron play an important role in wastewater treatment. However, the effect of ferrous ion on biogas emission and the relationship between microbial community and nitrogen removal performance are not fully understood, especially in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. Here, the results revealed that nitrogen gas increased rapidly with Fe(II) addition. And ferrous ions enhanced denitrification and COD removal efficiency with more than 60% and 10%, respectively. Moreover, Ferrous ions addition evidently increased Hydrogenophaga, Methylotenera, Zoogloea and Fluviicola during the whole UASB reactor operation progress. The correlation coefficient analysis further confirmed that Fe(II) was positively correlated with the abundances of Hydrogenophaga, Methylotenera and Fluviicola. Based on these results of chemicals transformation kinetics, microbial community and the correlations coefficient analysis, a hypothetical mechanism is proposed: In the UASB system with Fe(II) and NH4+, firstly Paludibacter made a contribution to NH4+ oxidation and generated NO3–, and then Hydrogenophaga, played an important role in NO3– reduction, Zoogloea coupled NO3– reduction to Fe(II) oxidation, Fluviicola combined with Methylotenera conducted NO2– reduction together with Fe(II) oxidation. This study will improve our understanding of ferrous ion’s influence on biogas emission, denitrification process and corresponding microbial community.