Long-term forest-sector mitigation and radiative forcing under contrasting management, climate, and substitution pathways.

Poultry manure is generated in large quantities by the rapidly expanding poultry industry and poses serious environmental management challenges when disposed of without appropriate treatment. This review critically synthesizes commercial technologies for the valorization of poultry manure into compost, bio energy and value-added agricultural inputs, with emphasis on process performance, safety and applicability under Indian conditions. Aerobic composting (windrow, in-vessel and vermin composting), anaerobic digestion and thermo chemical conversion routes are comparatively evaluated based on operating parameters, pathogen reduction efficiency, nutrient conservation and scalability. Anaerobic digestion offers dual benefits of renewable biogas generation and nutrient-rich digestate production, while composting remains the most economically feasible option for decentralized farm- level manure management. Pyrolysis-derived biochar and bio-oil provide emerging opportunities for carbon sequestration and renewable fuel production, though economic and infrastructural barriers currently limit their adoption in India. The utilization of processed poultry manure in animal feed is constrained by regulatory and biosafety considerations. This review highlights major technological gaps, economic challenges and policy needs for sustainable poultry manure valorization and proposes integrated circular-economy frameworks suitable for Indian poultry production systems.

This study investigates the applicability of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as an alternative material for soil improvement. The soil was obtained from a borrow pit located in Kuduvil, Sri Lanka (7°16'36.0"N 81°45'32.8"E) and RHA was collected from a power plant belonging to the Bio energy Solution (Pvt) Ltd, located in Oluvil, Sri Lanka (7°19'28.1"N 81°50'54.0"E ). The soil was blended with RHA in weight percentages ranging from 0% to 18% at an increment of 3% to study the improvement of particle size distribution analysis, liquid limit, plastic limit, specific gravity, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Maximum Dry Density (MDD), Optimum Moisture Contend (OMC) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of the samples. Results showed a good improvement in particle size distribution with increasing percentage of RHA. As the RHA percentage increased from 0% to 18%, the liquid limit and plastic limit increased from 36% to 62.5% and 19.7% to 42.4%, respectively. Further, the MDD decreased from 1,980 kg/m3 to 1,610 kg/m3 whereas the optimum moisture content increased from 8% to 16.25%. In addition, CBR increased by up to 30% from 7.6% to 15% of RHA, and decreased subsequently. Similarly, UCS increased at 6% of RHA, followed by a decrease thereafter. It was revealed that 9% of RHA amendment provided an optimum mix proportion yielding overall the best results. Furthermore, a series of correlations between CBR and geotechnical properties were derived using multiple linear regression analysis.

The paper presents a systematic review of the pump technologies in industrial sectors by comparing the data on operational performance and case studies. Three types of pumps were considered, namely, positive displacement (rotary, reciprocating, linear), kinetic (axial flow, centrifugal, submersible), and special (vacuum, jet, peristaltic). The approach included literature review on technical specifications, evaluation of literature on the field performance of the pumps in industrial functions, and comparative evaluation of the pump selection criteria in the industries such as oil and gas, chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, mining, and bioenergy. It has been shown that positive displacement pumps are effective in high-viscosity flows more than 10,000 cP, and screw pumps are the most efficient with 80-95% efficiency covering the widest viscosity (1 to 10¹⁰ cP). The pressure capacity of reciprocating systems was excellent and plunger pumps were made to a pressure of up to 1,000 bar with low leakage rates of 0.1-0.5%. The most effective pumps were kinetic pumps that were suitable in high flow applications and in the case of axial flow systems that operated on a volume of up to 80,000 L/min. Positive displacement pumps were necessary in the bioenergy processes to transport biomass and digestate and centrifugal pumps to manage biogas condensate in the best way. This analysis results in the development of the evidence-based selection framework that allows operational cost savings of 15-30% due to the increase in the efficiency to the same extent and the achievement of completion of bioenergy process efficiency by 12%. These results give practical recommendations on how to maximize the choice of fluid transport systems in various industrial uses.

Green energy solution is receiving more attention as a result of the growing demand for sustainable energy sources worldwide, especially in the fields of hydro power, solar energy, and bio energy. This study shows how integrating environmental engineering with integrated water resources management offers a feasible route to the creation of sustainable green energy systems that can meet the energy needs of the future. The development and deployment of these renewable energy source is greatly aided by environmental engineering methods and integrated water resources management. The use of environmental engineering techniques in the production of sustainable green energy is examined in this research. Evaluation of the opportunities and difficulties related to these methods were checked to provide viable answers to overcome obstacles in the way of attaining energy sustainability. It was concluded that Integrating Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and environmental engineering offers a robust pathway to achieving sustainable green energy systems. Energy generation, ecological sustainability, and efficient water resource management can work together if necessary procedure, regulatory frame work, legislations and implementation strategies were put in place.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2RR) is gaining traction as an avenue to synthesize value-added products, such as ethanol and formic acid, directly from air and CO2-rich gas effluents. However, the current focus centers upon creating catalysts with high activity and product selectivity with lesser regard to long-term stability. Significant changes to both catalyst structure and content (material stability) and current/potential (electrochemical stability) determine a catalyst’s viability toward practical implementation.1-3 Silver and bismuth catalysts demonstrate high selectivity toward carbon monoxide and formate/formic acid, respectively, prompting the need for stability assessments beyond post-mortem characterization.Here, using a stationary probe rotating disk electrode paired with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SPRDE ICP-MS), we evaluate both potential- and time-resolved metal dissolution of Ag- and Bi-based electrodes during CO2RR. We investigate the effect of electrolyte composition, including pH and counter cation (Li+, Na+, K+), on both dissolution and catalytic performance. We further address the issue of metal impurities such as Fe2+ and Zn2+ on accelerating catalyst deactivation. Corresponding in situ Raman analysis reveals the intermediate formation pathways, enabling the relation of the CO2RR mechanism with stability profiles to connect electrochemical and material stability events. Overall, we demonstrate the delicate balance of activity, selectivity, and stability, that must be achieved for robust catalytic systems targeting CO2RR. Acknowledgements: The research was conducted at Argonne National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, operated by UChicago Argonne, LLC under Contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The authors acknowledge the support from the Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Bio Energy Technologies Office, CO2RUe Consortia. The submitted abstract has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (“Argonne”). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The U.S. Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan. http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-planReferences. Lopes, P. P., A Framework for the Relationships between Stability and Functional Properties of Electrochemical Energy Materials. ACS Mater. Au 2023, 3 (1), 8-17.Rigby, K.; Kim, J.-H., Deciphering the issue of single-atom catalyst stability. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 2023, 40, 100921.Rigby, K.; Huang, D.; Leshchev, D.; Lim, H. J.; Choi, H.; Meese, A. F.; Weon, S.; Stavitski, E.; Kim, J.-H., Palladium Single-Atom (In)Stability Under Aqueous Reductive Conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2023, 57 (36), 13681-13690.

Background: Stroke is a clinical manifestation of sudden focal or global brain dysfunction that lasts more than 24 hours or can result in death without any vascular abnormalities. It is the third leading cause of death after heart disease and cancer. According to the World Stroke Organization (2022), over 12.2 million people—or one in four individuals over 25 years old—may experience a stroke, with more than 101 million people currently living with the condition. Data from the Indonesian Health Survey reports a stroke prevalence of 8.3 per thousand. And one of them causes a decrease in daily living activities. Purpose: This study aims to examine the effect of Bio Energy Power Exercise on the activities of daily living (ADL) in stroke patients at Yastroki Yogyakarta. Method: The research design uses methods using a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest one-group approach. The sample consisted of 16 participants who met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using the Katz Index questionnaire, administered before and after the intervention. The intervention involved Bio Energy Power Exercise performed twice a week for four weeks, with each session lasting 20 to 30 minutes. Result: The results of the test using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that p<0.05 (p=0.000), this shows that there is a significant influence of bio energy power gymnastics on daily living activities in stroke patients. Conclusion: Bio Energy Power Exercise has a significant positive effect on the activities of daily living in stroke patients, highlighting its potential as a beneficial rehabilitation intervention.

Abstract The recent surge in global financial and patent innovations and rising CO2 emissions in the global energy sector have drawn significant attention to China’s transportation industry. This study examines how financial innovations (FINI), patent innovations (PTIN), and bioenergy (BIOE) affect CO2 emissions in China’s transportation sector (TBCO2) using quarterly data from 2000 to 2018. This study employed a novel wavelet local multiple correlation (WLMC) methodology, alongside the time-varying causality test, to examine the time–frequency nexus, addressing a critical gap in the current literature. The WLMC bivariate analyses revealed a negative long-term relationship between PTIN and FINI with TBCO2. At the same time, BIOE showed only a short-term mitigating effect, with PTIN playing a dominant role in this nexus at various frequency levels. Furthermore, the three- and four-variate assessments highlight the consistent positive influence of all included factors on TBCO2. A time-varying causality test also demonstrated significant causal relationships between FINI, PTIN, BIOE, and TBCO2 across different periods, confirming the robustness of our WLMC results. This study provides crucial insights, emphasizing the urgency of promoting FINIs, technological advancement, and bioenergy usage to reduce transportation emissions and pursue sustainable solutions to address China’s environmental challenges.

The circular economy concept focuses on closing the resource-use loop, reducing waste, and maximizing value. In sustainable agriculture, this involves developing farming systems that optimize resource efficiency while minimizing environmental harm. Agriculture is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, circular economy practices can be beneficial, particularly through the use of bio energy in the agro-industrial sector. Integrating circular economy principles into agriculture provides a comprehensive strategy for meeting the demands of a growing global population while preserving natural resources. Techniques like crop rotation, composting, and integrated pest management exemplify circular agriculture by improving soil health, lowering chemical usage, and fostering biodiversity. Implementing these methods enables farmers to establish more resilient and sustainable agricultural systems. Unlike the linear economy, which follows a take-make-use-dispose model, the circular economy—based on grow-make-use-restore—focuses on optimizing material and energy flows to enhance environmental benefits and reduce costs. The shift from a linear to a circular economy model remains an ongoing challenge, necessitating the creation and implementation of new knowledge. This transition drives the development of innovative, technological, and sustainable processes, products, and services. The shift to a circular economy requires data collection and sharing, the creation of exemplary models, investment in innovation, and the promotion of business collaborations. The application of circular economy principles in agriculture has gained global attention. A notable example, highlighted by the World Economic Forum, is part of the ‘Shaping the Future of Food’ initiative, which aims to create sustainable, efficient, and nutritious food systems within the agricultural sector. Hence this paper explores the feasibility, necessity, and significance of implementing circular economy practices in the agricultural sector, along with the challenges associated with their adoption.

Pada penderita Stroke hal yang utama yang sering terjadi adalah adanya gangguan gerak berupa hemiparesis atau hemiplegia yang dapat menyebabkan Immobilitas. Dengan adanya kelemahan otot pada penderita Stroke maka otot yang lemah harus dikuatkan dengan aktivitas fisik salah satunya dengan Senam Bio Energy Power. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui pengaruh Senam Bio Energy Power terhadap kekuatan otot anggota gerak atas pada pasien Stroke di Yastroki Yogyakarta. Metode: Penelitian yang digunakan yaitu eksperimental dengan pendekatan quasi eksperimen, yaitu penelitian dengan “pre test-post test one group design”. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik total sampling dengan sampel 27 responden dengan diberikan intervensi Senam Bio Energy Power Sebelum diberikan perlakuan, kelompok sampel di ukur kekuatan otot anggota gerak atasnya dengan menggunakan alat ukur berupa Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), dosis yang digunakan 2 kali seminggu selama 4 minggu. Hasil: Uji Normalitas menggunakan Saphiro Wilk Tes dari kedua nilai p sebelum perlakuan dan sesudah perlakuan yaitu nilai p < 0,05 maka dapat diartikan data tersebut tidak terdistribusi normal , Uji Hipotesis dengan wilcoxon signed rank test pada nilai p= (p<0,005). Hal ini menunjukkan adanya pengaruh pada peningkatan nilai kekuatan otot anggota gerak atas.

There is a greater requirement of all sources of energy in day-to-day life amongst all the populations in the world. This has made the concept of world to turn into a great global village. Despite all these changes, the earth is still in its same form. To satisfy social, economic development as well as development of humans, there is a hike in the demand for energy and its other services. For a sustainable livelihood, the main challenges related to the energy sector are controlling those energy contribution related to the climatic change and to secure a good supply of energy. During late 90s, there was a sharp increase in the price of oil, which established the need for alternative energy sources. Thus, there was a huge demand for renewable sources of energy comprising of ocean energy, wind, hydropower, geo-thermal energy, solar energy and bio energy. Since these renewable sources of energy are dependent on climate, its usage to implement it properly requires a proper control method of optimization, planning and a complex design. As the technology is advancing, it is helping the scientific researches to use the renewable sources of energy judiciously and meticulously. There is a direct relationship existing between sustainable development and renewable sources of energy. The positive aspects of using renewable sources of energy are reduction in health and environmental impacts, mitigates climatic change, energy access, socio-economic development and provides energy security. Using renewable sources of energy acts as a boon in those countries having low emission of carbon energy resources. Since to tap the renewable sources of energy, there is a need to alter the disruptive energy systems. The main aim of this paper is to know whether renewable sources of energy are sustainable or not and changing from the usage of fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy would help to mitigate the impact on climate change. The paper concludes by stating that to combat the climate change, there is a need for technologies which are environmentally friendly, using innovative ideas, access towards science thereby, establishing a cordial agreement amongst the less developed, developing and developed countries.

The ever growing and urgent need to be able to recognize and manage - in the best possible way - such a global imbalance in terms of management of natural resources, of environmental changes affecting globally the Earth planet (climate change, pollution by greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, toxic compounds, excessive consumption of fossil fuels, alteration of biodiversity balance and other factors) and the human life quality, has become one of the primary targets to be reached as soon as possible. To try responding to this urgent “Global Environmental Call”, the present study provides an analysis aimed at identifying a potential strategical route to guarantee a sustainable ratio in agriculture. The strong interest in combining Agroforestry System(s) (AFSs) with Environmental Engineering (EE) was able to trigger interesting and promising dynamics between the agricultural scope and the bioenergy’s one. Through a comprehensive review, it was possible to identify and define the main parameters coming into a play in this match, by focusing on the characterization of the biomass as the first source of such a dynamic chain of sustainability. AFSs can be considered as vectors of innovation in the environmental engineering scope because they produce biomass feedstock to be intended as a fundamental ring of the chain aimed at generating the well-known renewable energy (RE), better defined as bioenergy (BE). Such an integrative combination, if carefully managed, could face the numerous environmental challenges by providing – in the longer term – several benefits in various scopes. Focusing on the main biomass conversion processes aimed at producing bioenergy products (heat, power, and biofuels) was the engineering-based ring for better understanding and correlating the different pathways of the bioconversion from biomass to biofuels and power. The consequent quantitative analyses carried out on key energy data andstatistics about Energy Production (EP, [Mtoe]), Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES, [Mtoe]), Electricity Final Consumption (EFC, [TWh]) and Total CO2 Emissions (CO2, [Mt of CO2]) - assessed in Italy from 1990 to 2018 (with a further update until to 2019) - highlighted the energy trends to consequently be compared with the amount expressed in percentage across time from 1990. Then, analyzing the bioenergy indicator total energy supply (TES) by source, precisely by biofuels and waste – from 1990 to 2020 in Italy was useful to outline bioenergy trend in comparison to energy by fossil fuels. Finally, it was placed a focus on worldwide Bioenergy Power Generation (BPG) in the Net Zero Emissions by 2030 to include the new bioenergy paradigm. It has emerged that the European bioenergy Policy developments and sustainability governance need to boost bioenergy growth at a different scale, despite the positive approaches and developments on-going, by tracing sustainable pathways.

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is one of the most important commercial crops grown mainly for sugar, jaggery and bio energy. The early shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus Snellen is considered to be most destructive insect inflicting severe damage in early growth stage. To evaluate the bio-efficacy of chlorantraniliprole 600 g/l SC against sugarcane early shoot borer, experiment was conducted during 2020-21 and 2022-23 at RARS, Anakapalle. The results indicated that, chlorantraniliprole 600 g/l SC @ 100 g a.i ha-1 recorded lowest dead heart damage (2.23-2.31%) with highest per cent pest reduction over untreated control (88.49-88.69 %), however it was statistically on par with chlorantraniliprole 600 g/l SC @ 75 g a.i ha-1. Untreated control treatment recorded at highest per cent dead heart damage (19.37-20.43 %). The yields recorded were 90.69-93.67 tha-1 in the treatment chlorantraniliprole 600 g/l SC @ 100 g a.i ha-1, whereas untreated control recorded lowest yields of 56.32-58.34 tha-1. During both the years, there was no ill effect after treatment imposition was observed on the population of coccinellids and spiders.

The non-destructive testing approach has increasingly played its roles in ensuring the set character of sustainability, reliability, and safety in recent bioenergy systems. This review established the contribution that the non-destructive methodologies could make in developing environmental sustainability and improving their effectiveness in operations through the evaluation of key developments and their various applications within the sector. NDT methods such as Thermographic Testing (TT), Visual Testing (VT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), and Eddy Current Testing (ECT) have their respective applications that enable the detection of surface and subsurface flaws without sacrificing material integrity and hence guarantee continuous production processes. NDT has played a very important role in the evaluation of structural integrity in reactors, pipelines, and storage systems in the production of biomass and biofuel to minimize the risk of catastrophic failures and environmental non-destructive, Digital Twin systems, and Artificial Intelligence constitute some emergent technologies which will definitely change the real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance landscape of NDT. Such developments as wireless solutions and drone-based inspections help NDT reach potentially dangerous or inaccessible areas. Despite the gains, NDT adoption within bioenergy faces a wide array of challenges: implementation costs, specialized training of personnel, and integration within current workflows. These disadvantages, on the other hand, present a very fine avenue of study and collaboration for the advancement of the NDT techniques. This analysis underlines the strategic importance of NDT for technological innovation, the increase in sustainability, and reduction of environmental impacts inside the bioenergy sector; thus, it is one of the mainstays of the energy infrastructure for the future. The future for NDT in the bioenergy sector bodes well from real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and the integration of emerging technologies that can drive innovation towards greater sustainability, improved efficiency, and enhanced safety with minimum environmental impact.

Energy security of India is critical for national security, sustainable development and economic growth. Energy security is an important component of India's national security and renewable energy sources offer significant potential to enhance energy security in India, energy reliance is aimed to get promoted through various policies and initiatives such as Wind Energy Program, National Solar Mission and Bio Energy Mission. Enhancing energy security of India includes enhancing energy security through the development of advanced energy storage technologies, improving the efficiency of renewable energy systems. The objective of this paper is to highlight the growing importance of energy in India's national security and to explore the possibilities of enhancing energy security of India through self reliance with the help of research and innovation. The presented paper begins by discussing the India’s energy spectrum which highlights energy security scenario, strategies rated to energy security and also the regional and global cooperation in energy sector by India. It also present initiatives taken by the government and analyse renewable energy sources. The paper emphasizes various challenges to energy security in various dimensions. At the end, this paper underlines the major opportunities for India in energy security in futuristic scenario.

ABSTRACT The presented research rejects the typically held view that wind power is a sustainable energy source. Two key insights support this position. First, the manufacturing of permanent magnets required by most wind turbines today, emits large amounts of greenhouse gases. Second, wind power requires balancing- and backup power and increased grid reserve to reliably secure power to customers. Typically, gas power is used. Combining these two insights, and using the Republic of Ireland as a case study, this paper submits a novel study. The conclusion is that wind power with permanent magnets will not meet the ‘low carbon’ target of 100 kg CO2-eq./MWh set forth as an operational target for sustainability. The wind industry can improve the situation substantially by reusing permanent magnets at least 4 times and balancing wind power with non-fossil, dispatchable power such as nuclear power, hydroelectric power, geothermal power or bio energy.

Background: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), a highly nutritious and climate-resilient cereal, is constrained in its utilization due to rapid rancidity and bitterness in its flour. These issues stem from lipid oxidation and the enzymatic activities of lipase and lipoxygenase, which significantly limit the shelf life and consumer acceptability of the flour. Aim: This study examines the impact of halogen air frying treatment on the enzymatic activity and color characteristics of pearl millet flour. Study Design: The study was carried out at College of Food Processing Technology and Bio Energy, Anand, in the year 2024. Methodology: Pearl millet grains were subjected to halogen air fry treatment at temperatures ranging from 110°C to 150°C for durations of 1 to 4 minutes, with a bed thickness of 0.5 cm. Findings: The results indicate a significant reduction in lipase activity in the treated samples compared to the control, with negligible levels observed at 150°C after 4 minutes. Additionally, lipoxygenase activity was found to be completely inactivated at temperatures of 140°C and 150°C for the same duration. Furthermore, the treated flour demonstrated increased redness and yellowness, highlighting alterations in color values attributable to the heat treatment. These findings suggest that halogen air frying serves as an effective pre-milling treatment for inactivating enzymes responsible for rancidity in pearl millet flour. Conclusion: This intervention effectively tackles the issue of rancidity while simultaneously prolonging the shelf life of flour, thereby enhancing its overall quality and acceptability. The use of halogen air frying presents a promising and efficient strategy for improving the functional properties of pearl millet flour, facilitating its broader application in food-related industries.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is an efficient and cost-effective method for reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Given the current reliance on fossil fuels by people, this method can be applied in factories and areas of human activity that emit substantial amounts of CO2. This article introduces advanced carbon capture methods in various fields such as industry, ecosystems, and urban areas. Considering CCS technology from the perspectives of cost, efficiency, advantages, and limitations, it explores future development directions of carbon capture technologies in different sectors. This article introduces three different CCS technologies: Direct Air Capture, Bio Energy Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), and Oxy-fuel Combustion. Research and discussions on Direct Air Capture indicate that its main advantage lies in its convenience and high compatibility with various environments compared to other main CCS technologies. It can directly reduce atmospheric CO2 levels through chemical methods, although there is still a need to enhance the adsorption efficiency of adsorbents. As an ecosystem-based CCS technology, Bio Energy Carbon Capture and Storage continues to play a significant role currently, and its principles of carbon capture are being applied in urban spaces using BECCS technology, with sustainability being the reason for its widespread application. Oxy-fuel combustion is used mainly in the industrial sector to rapidly and efficiently address the substantial CO2 emissions from industrial activities. The article elucidates the opportunities and challenges that future carbon capture technologies will encounter.

The depletion of fossil fuels and the increase in greenhouse gas emissions have sparked public concern. Along with the problems occurred, the need for energy continues to increase, while energy source reserves are decreasing. This research was conducted with an aim to determine the effect of the addition of Ni-Fe/NZA catalyst on bio-oil yield from the pyrolysis process of sugarcane bagasse waste. Chemical analysis was carried out using GC-MS instrument and physical analysis was carried out using a pycnometer, viscometer, pH meter, and bomb calorimeter. The results showed that the bio-oil produced had better quality as evidenced by a series of chemical and physical analysis, so bio-oil can be used as a renewable alternative fuel with dominant compounds in the form of furfural and acetic acid. The highest bio-oil yield was obtained at 1% catalyst weight percentage and at the temperature of 400℃ of 48.1%. The density of bio-oil had a range of 0.93-1.01 gr/mL, bio-oil viscosity ranged from 25.75-30.01 cP and Bio-oil pH ranged from 2.62-3.27. The fastest first drop of bio-oil was obtained at 105℃. The calorific value had a range of 20.26-27.05 MJ/kg. It can then be concluded that Ni-Fe/NZA has great potential as a catalyst in the pyrolysis process and improves the quality of bio-oil produced in the development of sustainable technology.

Bio energy formation by cynobacteria and enhance its formation by adding some specific nanopartical