Bioenergy In Ukraine Research Articles

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BIOENERGY INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to develop a set of measures for the development of the domestic bioenergy industry in the context of Ukraine's European integration aspirations. Methodology of research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was made up of the fundamental provisions of the ecological and economic foundations of the development of renewable energy and the results of research by domestic researchers in the field of bioenergy. In the preparation of the publication, a number of general scientific methods were used: theoretical generalization – for researching the prerequisites for the establishment and development of bioenergy production; analysis and synthesis – to identify the degree of influence of factors that hinder the effective development of bioenergy in Ukraine; management modeling – to develop a set of measures aimed at overcoming difficulties in the industry; logical – to justify the benefits that citizens, enterprises, regions and the state receive in the event of the spread of effective bioenergy production. Findings. The growth in demand for renewable energy sources is substantiated. The advantages of bioenergy production over other areas of renewable energy are analyzed. The prerequisites for the effective development of bioenergy in the conditions of Ukraine are revealed. The advantages that the country's economy can receive if the industry is supported are studied and the best experience of bioenergy production in the countries of the world is studied. The main factors restraining the development of bioenergy in Ukraine are analyzed. A set of measures is summarized, the implementation of which will increase the efficiency of bioenergy production in the country. The need to take into account European experience for the formation of an effective market in the field of bioenergy is emphasized. Originality. The theory of transition from observing the principles of energy supply in a quantitative aspect to energy supply for sustainable development of the economy, which is based on the use of alternative energy sources, in particular biofuel, has gained further development. Practical value. The implementation of the set of measures proposed in the publication will allow to significantly increase the efficiency of bioenergy production in Ukraine, which will contribute to solving the problem of energy security of the state in general. Key words: renewable energy, bioenergy, biomass, biofuel, biogas, bioenergy potential, energy market, European integration, energy security, energy saving, sustainable development.

ANALYSIS OF PROSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS FOR USING UKRAINE’S BIOMASS POTENTIAL FOR ENERGY

The purpose of the work is a comprehensive assessment of Ukraine’s bioenergy potential. The task of the work is to develop recommendations for the practical implementation of promising directions for the potential utilisation. The research methods include calculations, study and analysis of literature, statistics and other data. The availability of considerable biomass potential for the production of various types of biofuel and energy is one of the main prerequisites for the successful development of bioenergy in Ukraine. Results of the assessment based on 2021 data show that the potential of biomass for energy in the country amounts to nearly 26 Mtoe/year. A comprehensive assessment of the potential was carried out for such components as solid biomass, biofuelі and biogas. Sources of solid biomass are various agricultural residues, various types of wood biomass and energy crops (provided they are grown on unused agricultural land). Solid biomass in the amount of more than 16 Mtoe/year is the largest component of the country's biomass energy potential accounting for 62% of the total. Expert assessments indicate the possibility of increasing this potential to about 44 Mtoe/year in the period until 2050. A scenario for the long-term use of the biomass potential for energy and biofuel production has been developed taking into account sustainability issues. To implement this scenario, it is necessary to overcome a number of barriers existing in the bioenergy sector, primarily the main ones. It also seems necessary to temporarily liberalize for Ukraine the strict sustainability criteria established by the EU RED II. This mitigation should include postponing the requirement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (65% for biofuels and biogas for transport produced in installations that started operation from 01.01.2021); establishing a special limit for Ukraine until 2030 on the use of energy from first-generation biofuels in transport (up to 7%); expanding for Ukraine the list of feedstock for the production of advanced biofuels, including regulation of possibility to obtain raw material for biofuel production on polluted, unused, low-productivity and degraded lands.

Оцінка біоенергетичного потенціалу АПК для забезпечення енергетичної незалежності галузі

The purpose of the study is to assess the bioenergy potential of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine to ensure the energy independence of the industry. The article analyzes the structure of the world-wide supply of primary energy and determines the share of renewable energy sources (hereinafter – RES) in this structure. The expediency of using biomass for the development of bioenergy in Ukraine is substantiated. The classification of the main sources of biomass for energy production is characterized, which, first of all, include primary wood, agricultural waste (dry and wet residues), energy plants, food and industrial waste. The formation of primary agricultural waste in Ukraine is studied, starting from the gross harvest of the main crops and waste coefficients. The theoretical bioenergy potential of primary crop waste in Ukraine in terms of equivalent fuel based on the heat of combustion of waste from the corresponding crops is calculated. The technical bioenergy potential of crop waste has been determined using the coefficients of technical accessibility, the basis of which is the existing technologies for the collection and processing of agricultural waste into energy. An assessment of the economic potential of crop waste for energy production is carried out, the computed technical potential of crop waste and the coefficient of energy use of waste have been taken as the basis for the calculation. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that in Ukraine, the primary waste of such crops as corn for grain, sunflower, wheat, rapeseed and soybeans has the greatest potential for use for energy purposes. The main barriers that hinder the development of bioenergy in Ukraine and slow down the pace of achieving energy independence of the agro-industrial complex are identified. The main ways to overcome the identified barriers are proposed, which should stimulate the use of the bioenergy potential of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine.

БІОЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ УКРАЇНИ: ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

To date, the urgent issue is the improvement and implementation of strategic directions of the energy sector of Ukraine in wartime conditions. By 2030, it is planned to increase the specific share of bioenergy energy in the country's balance to the European Union countries' appropriate level and create all the conditions for developing this type of fuel. In order to create an effective mechanism for the functioning of the bioenergy complex, it is necessary to form several normative documents, which in turn will keep a course based on world experience, the proper improvement of the biomaterials market, the creation and implementation of global norms, models, and projects in particular. It is worth noting that bioenergy is a branch of energy that uses biofuel extracted from biomass. Biomass, in turn, is a renewable substance of organic origin (forestry and agricultural waste, as well as part of household and industrial waste). Energy crops are also used for bioenergy, specially grown to create solid biofuel. There are three categories: perennial grasses (miscanthus), trees that can proliferate, and annual grasses. An essential part of bioenergy resources is also occupied by liquid materials for biofuels – biodiesel and bioethanol. Bioenergy is one of the main strategic sectors for developing alternative energy sources for our country. However, the speed of development and improvement of the processes of production and application of bioenergy in Ukraine is significantly behind the European countries. Today, our country has excellent potential for producing liquid bio-raw materials. Ukraine's biomass potential can produce profitable liquid biomaterials, emphasizing the prospects and trends of developing this type of green energy. Production of liquid bioethanol is carried out at distilleries that were previously converted and reconstructed. The effective use of biomass energy in our country can be divided into two areas: 1) use biomass as a raw material for the production of liquid fuel, namely for transport; 2) the second direction, more creative and alternative (was first voiced at the Institute of Technological Thermophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine), to use biomass as a raw material for fuel gas and charcoal for existing energy carriers. The second way is especially relevant today when our country is under martial law due to aggression from russia. In recent years, one can observe the positive dynamics of the bioenergy complex in European countries, namely, 7-10 percent of the fuel for transport infrastructure in France, Sweden, Spain, Italy, and Germany uses biofuel itself. The reasons for such an intensive transition to alternative energy sources are not only the change in price policy on the oil market but also the actions of the Russian Federation, which caused a war in the center of Europe by attacking Ukraine. In addition, it can also be noted that the reduction of the necessary volumes of oil fields in most countries of the European Union also played a role in the direction of the transition to biofuels. However, it should be noted that bioenergy, built on traditional manufacturing methods and technologies, has low energy efficiency. The efficiency of biomass energy transformation into liquid biofuel is 90 percent (the most favorable result), and the efficiency of transformation of finished biofuel directly in the vehicle, the engine, is only 40 percent. As a result, the efficiency of using biofuel will be only 36 percent.

Дослідження перспектив використання агробіомаси в напрямку забезпечення екологічної та енергетичної незалежності підприємств АПК

The article conducts a study indicating the importance of bioenergy as one of the main directions of renewable energy. Bioenergy occupies a leading position in the global market and plays a significant role in replacing fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Bioenergy, in particular the use of agrobiomass, has great potential in Ukraine for energy production. However, now the development of bioenergy in the country lags behind the European level. In order to facilitate the development of this industry, it is necessary to use the available agrobiomass resources and introduce modern energy production technologies. It is further defined that for the development of bioenergy in Ukraine it is important to create a favorable legislative environment and infrastructure. It is necessary to attract investment in the industry, support research and development of new technologies, as well as have specialists trained who can effectively implement bioenergy projects. The study revealed that one of the ways to use agrobiomass for energy production is to grow energy crops such as straw, corn and sunflower stalks, corn silage, organic components of household waste, sewage sludge and waste from livestock breeding enterprises. For optimal use of agrobiomass, it is necessary to take into account environmental and socioeconomic aspects, ensure the sustainability of raw material supplies and develop efficient production technologies. The publication provides data on the consumption of renewable heat energy in Ukraine during 2007–2024. Different types and methods of energy production from agrobiomass are described and a classification of technologies for the gradual transformation of agrobiomass into energy products is presented. The publication also considers the methodology of economic efficiency of waste use for biofuel production in comparison with their traditional use at the State level. The advantages and disadvantages of energy use of agrobiomass are highlighted, as well as different types of biofuel production and raw materials used for this purpose are considered.

Breeding of sugar beet hybrids suitable for the production of biofuel

The development of bioenergy in Ukraine requires the cultivation of energy crops as renewable sources of energy. Sugar beet hybrids created using valuable sterile and fertile forms can have a breeding perspective as a raw material for the production of biofuel. Therefore, the goal is to create experimental hybrids of sugar beets with high energy output, suitable for obtaining alternative types of biofuel, and to select the best of them. When creating sugar beet hybrids, 6 pollensterile and fertile samples of different ecological and genetic origins were used. The stages of the breeding process were the breeding of the original parental components, their evaluation by combining ability, and the formation of sugar beet hybrids based on the best of them. The method of multi-tester top-crosses and field tests of experimental sugar beet hybrids were applied. It was found that the parental components of sugar beet significantly differed among themselves in terms of bioethanol yield, the indicators of which ranged from 2.06 to 2.43 t/ha (TCS lines) and 2.23 to 2.73 t/ha (pollinators). The highest energy yield in topcross hybrids of sugar beets was noted in combinations created with the participation of polliniferous samples Iv.24869 (61.5 GJ/ha) and Iv.24845 (58.4 GJ/ha). Their effects of ZKZ were reliably positive and amounted to 6.7 and 4.0 GJ/ha, respectively. Numbers 1233-Jan.3 (2x) and 1183 02024 (2x) were recognized as the best pollinators of sugar beets. In the genotypic structure of variability of the "sugar yield" trait, the total share of the influence of valuable additive gene complexes of sugar beet parental forms (51 %) was almost equal to the share of non-additive interaction of components (49 %). By the method of combinatorial breeding, two new hybrid genotypes of sugar beets, suitable for the production of biofuel from renewable sources, were created, in which the energy yield exceeded the group standard by 10.6 and 12.6 %. Key words: bioenergy, sterile forms, pollinators, sugar beet hybrids, combining ability, energy output.

EN Condition and prospective directions of development of renewable energy in Ukraine

The problem of rational use of energy resources, increasing the level of energy efficiency and energy security is a necessary condition for the harmonious economic and social development of Ukraine. Renewable energy is a global trend and one of the most promising energy industries in the world. "Green" energy is able to provide the energy needs of all mankind and therefore requires significant attention. Its environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness speak for themselves, as a result, today all developed countries are taking a cue from the popularization and development of renewable energy, and Ukraine is no exception. Ukraine has significant potential in the field of renewable energy, as evidenced by the main indicators of capacity, production and consumption. It is worth noting the investment attractiveness of this industry. In the paper has been investigated the role of renewable energy sources in the energy balance of Ukraine.The process of carrying out was accompanied by the use of the following general scientific and special research methods, in particular: analysis, synthesis, comparison during the study of the world experience in the development of renewable energy and the determination of promising directions of development. development of renewable energy sources in Ukraine; comparative and retrospective analysis and abstraction to determine the main trends and features of the development of the renewable energy sector of Ukraine, as well as to assess the investment opportunities of entrepreneurship; mathematical modeling to justify the energy and economic efficiency of bioenergy development in Ukraine; economic and statistical - to assess the state of renewable energy in Ukraine; tabular and graphic - for visual display of statistical material and schematic display of theoretical and practical provisions of the study. The segmentation of renewable energy and the analysis of capacities made it possible to determine the main prospects and directions of investment in the industry, based on the example of world experience, and the role of investments for the development of this industry was determined. The paper was carried out an assessment of the development potential of bioenergy in Ukraine based on agricultural crop waste

The role of bioenergy in Ukraine's climate mitigation policy by 2050

The development of renewable energy sources (RES) is considered to be a key instrument in addressing climate change. However, different RES have different potential and economic feasibility depending on country-specific conditions and mitigation ambitions. Understanding the relative importance of each RES could help policymakers focus their efforts on the most promising options. In this paper, we focus on Ukraine and explore the potential of biomass use under two mitigation scenarios – with 68% and 83% of greenhouse gas emissions reduction in 2050 relative to the 2010 level.First, using the TIMES-Ukraine energy system model, we show that biomass would play a major role in the future climate mitigation. If constrained at the baseline scenario level (due to political or other reasons), mitigation costs would be substantially higher – by 14.0–19.6 B € or 10.8–14.3 €/tCO2-eq., over the 2020–2050 time frame. Second, we quantify the importance of each biomass source. We show that woody biomass and bioliquids are the most important biofuels under the high-ambition climate scenario, while biowaste and bioliquids play a key role in the lower ambition pathway. Finally, we analyse the current policy environment in the context of future biomass development and conclude with a set of policy recommendations toward the realization of the biomass potential in Ukraine. We believe that findings presented in the paper would be relevant not only for supporting the decision-making process in Ukraine, but could also provide useful insights for other countries with similar conditions.

ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMICAL SUBSTATIATION OF PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN

Hydrogen production from biomass may become one of the leading areas of bioenergy in Ukraine soon.Currently, the main direction of biomass energy production in Ukraine is the production of thermal energy for distributed heat supply of enterprises and private households by burning biomass of wood and agricultural origin. Nowadays in Ukraine, there is a technology for the production of biohydrogen. We calculated the environmental and economic effects of hydrogen production as a source of energy. We have come up with the following conclusion that if there is a demand for the final product, hydrogen production will be attractive from economic standpoint and will not require a green tariff or other support from the government.The market price of biohydrogen will be $ 4-5 per kg and will be comparable to that which the European Union aims to achieve.We assume that hydrogen may be a cleaner source of energy for end users, especially in the transport sector in the future.One of the main issues of Ukraine's possible participation in Europe's hydrogen energy program as a supplier and producer of renewable hydrogen is the possibility of its technically safe and cost-effective transportation to EU countries.As the main hypothesis considered transportation of hydrogen using the gas transmission system of Ukraine as part of a mixture with natural gas. Calculations show that, of course, obtaining energy from hydrogen, even in mass production, will be more expensive than alternative traditional and non-traditional methods. The development of this technology, in any case, is promising in terms of the development of energy independence and environmental development of states. The effect of scale in mass production of hydrogen energy should also work, which will significantly reduce the cost of this technology.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВИРОЩУВАННЯ І ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИХ КУЛЬТУР В УКРАЇНІ

The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state, existing obstacles and prospects for growing and using energy crops in Ukraine. Different aspects such as the availability of unused land for cultivation, technical and economic indicators of relevant projects, as well as the results of life cycle assessment of heat production from energy crops are taken into account. Research methods include analysis and processing of official statistics on the area of land of different categories in Ukraine; performance of life cycle assessment for growing energy crops for heat production in terms of energy efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; carrying out of feasibility study of respective projects. Results of the study show that there are up to 4 million hectares of unused agricultural land in Ukraine annually, which can be used for growing energy crops without creating competition for food production and without violating the criteria of sustainable development. The life cycle of projects for growing perennial energy crops for heat production has high energy efficiency, and the value of greenhouse gas emissions reduction depends significantly on the distance of transportation of biofuels. However, projects for the cultivation of such energy crops as willow, poplar, and miscanthus have economic indicators on the verge of profitability, and therefore may not be attractive enough for investors. Conclusions. Growing and using energy crops is one of the most promising sectors of bioenergy in Ukraine. The advantages of this area are the ability to obtain all types of biofuels (solid, gaseous, liquid biofuels) to replace traditional energy sources, a positive impact on soil (increase in organic matter, phytoremediation of contaminated lands) as well as local economic development and job creation in the regions. To improve the economic performance of the relevant projects, it is necessary to introduce a state subsidy for the cultivation of energy crops at the level of 20-24 thousand UAH per ha, depending on the type of crop.

Perspectives of Ukrainian bioenergy development: estimation by means of cluster analysis and marketing approach

Development of the world economy requires energy supply, which under stable growth must be based on alternative energy resources. Bioenergy is an integral part of energy security supply in volatile countries. It can satisfy a considerable part of energy demand of agribusinesses and other companies as well as facilitate problem-shooting in energy, ecological and social sectors in some regions. Enhancing bioenergy in Ukraine is one of the strategic ways in the development of the alternative energy sector, taking into account high volatility of the country and significant potential of biomass available for energy production. This research intends to determine conditions and mechanisms of development and functioning of bioenergy clusters based on preliminary specification of the bioenergy potential of the territories, taking into account modern marketing approaches. This article contains evaluation of the bioenergy production growth in countries such as China, Germany, France, the USA, Canada, Brazil and Ukraine. The feasibility of the cluster approach for Ukrainian bioenergy development has been proved. In order to combine Ukrainian regions according to all types of energy resources the authors applied the method of clustering analysis. The key point of the method implies that, based on the given set of indicators which are defined as the main characteristics of the object, every object of the population belongs to a similar class. Therefore, in order to study the efficiency of usage of bioenergy resources in a particular region, it is necessary to classify a set of indicators to identify standard forms. To systemize Ukrainian regions, the Isodata algorithm Isodata, based on the types of the economic and energy potential of biomass, is taken into account. To implement the analysis, the following indicators are considered: the biomass energy potential of primary cell waste, the biomass energy potential of trimming, the biomass energy potential of refining, the energy potential of wooden biomass, the mold biomass potential, the energy potential of bioenergy crops, the corn energy potential (biogas). Market players organize groups with regard to their industries, territories and other factors, namely clusters which are likely to become effective tools in while carrying out scale projects under tough competition. In the minor energy sector cooperation between research and manufacturing enterprises, which satisfies energy needs both of cities and individual customers, is growing. This approach perfectly meets all requirements of the regional development of Ukrainian bioenergy. The main goal of bioenergy clusters is to develop competitive advantages of regions by increasing all types of biomass and biofuel production. This implies the following priorities: creation of a database of agribusiness enterprises, which potentially are members of the cluster and corresponding infrastructure, establishment of marketing communications in order to inform members and potential investors about bioenergy advantages, introduction of regional databases by means of webpages, newsletters, public discussions etc., enhanced vocational training of bioenergy industry employees and investment attraction to finance bioenergy projects. As a result, the authors of the paper propose a classification of Ukrainian regions based on the indicators of the economic energy potential of wastes and energy crops in agribusinesses, which is the basis for cluster formation. Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Poltava, Sumy, Khmelnitsky and Chernihiv regions refer to the first type with the biggest bioenergy potential, which makes it possible to create 2 energy clusters by combining central-west and north-east regions. Such a methodology gives an opportunity to satisfy the needs of the regions and districts which need additional energy resources taken from own biomass. Priority tasks of the bioenergy cluster include: development of the database of agribusiness entities which potentially are the cluster members and corresponding infrastructure, informing members and investors about bioenergy benefits, creation of the regional information database identifying the resources, capacity and the transport system, vocational training, investment attraction in order to implement bioenergy projects. Based on clusters, economic relations build up a competitive and sound investment climate to support the economy, which, in turn, provides high living standards. The authors have defined the procedure for exercising the cluster initiative and determined the structure of marketing support for cluster projects.

Bioenergy and Bioresources Usage in the Context of Circular Economy Promotion

AbstractThe circular economy, which minimises the level of environmental pollution, creates a promising background for sustainable development. The application of bioeconomics principles provides the use of by-products of agriculture, forestry, food waste, and wastewater as raw materials for electricity and heat. The objective is to analyse the prerequisites for bioenergy development as one of the circular economy areas. FGLS estimations are performed over the period of 2007–2018. The leading position in terms of bioenergy sphere growth is occupied by the European Union, followed by the countries of Asia and North America. The division of biomass into “traditional” and “modern” is discussed, where traditional biomass is mostly used for cooking and space heating in developing countries, while the EU is focusing on the development of second-generation (2G) biofuels when the biofuel is produced from non-food raw materials. It is estimated that the annual production of energy from renewable sources is about 225 thousand tons of o. e. in Ukraine. It is found that the legal field and the strategic directions of the bioeconomy in the European Union and Ukraine coincide, but the pace of development of bioenergy in Ukraine can be described as very slow. To increase the bioenergy potential, it is recommended to apply green tariffs, renewable energy certificates, and subsidies to energy producers.

Аналіз напрямків та перспектив використання агробіомаси для виробництва енергії в Україні

Purpose of the study is to assess the current and prospective energy potential of agribiomass (agricultural residues and energy crops) in Ukraine, to determine its main components and the most effective areas of their use. Methods. The assessment of the current potential of agribiomass is performed using official statistics on crop production in Ukraine. Based on these data, the total amount of crop residues formed and their share available for energy needs is determined. When assessing the potential of energy crops, it is assumed that they are grown on 2 million hectares of unused agricultural land, the total area of which is up to 4 million hectares in Ukraine. The study of the prospective potential of biomass is performed for 2050, based on key growth factors, such as increasing yield of crops, especially cereals; doubling the area under energy crops and increasing their yields, etc. Results of the assessment show that according to 2018 data, the total bioenergy potential in Ukraine is more than 23 Mtoe (the economic potential). Its largest components are agricultural residues (44%) and energy crops (32%). Expert estimates suggest that by 2050, the biomass potential could increase to more than 47.5 Mtoe/yr, in other words almost to double. Forecasting the structure and directions of use of biomass potential by 2050 shows that about 20 Mtoe of biomass/biofuels of the following types will be consumed for energy: wood biomass, primary and secondary agricultural residues, energy crops, biogas/biomethane from different types of raw materials, liquid biofuels (biodiesel, bioethanol). Conclusions. Areas of use of biomass/biofuels include the production of heat and electricity from solid biofuels, obtaining of biogas and biomethane, as well as the production of motor biofuels (biomethane, biodiesel, bioethanol). In the near future, it is considered necessary to develop a long-term strategy for the development of bioenergy in Ukraine, taking into account results of the study. In turn, the basic figures of the bioenergy development strategy can be used for the elaboration of the updated Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2050.

Ecological Bio Energy Materials in Ukraine Current State and Prospects of Production Development

The article presents the results of the analysis of the state of bioenergy in Ukraine in recent years, and notes a significant gap between its development indicators and those of other countries in the world. Measures for accelerated rates of biofuel production for the period up to 2025 and its projected indicators are substantiated. In particular, total biofuel production in Ukraine should increase from 2.83 million to 6.2 million tons, including: solid types up to - 3.5 million tons BOE, liquid-up to 0.7 million tons BOE, biogas-up to 2.0 million tons BOE. The list of main types of raw materials for biofuel production is given. The economic, technological, and economic characteristics of the main bioenergy crops, plantations of which are recommended to be laid in the coming years, are given. These performance indicators are obtained in production experiments, especially the ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen, as well as reduce emissions of harmful substances during combustion. It is established that such a crop as Paulownia is the fastest growing plant (5-6 m per year). Another advantage of Paulownia is the high degree of environmental friendliness. One hectare consumes 1200 tons of CO2, significantly improving degraded, marginal land. The recommendations for the creation of industrial plantations of bioenergy crops and the material and technical base for processing are substantiated. Total costs for bioenergy by 2025 in the amount of $ 1,379 million have been determined. Proposal for co-operation of producers and processors of bio-raw materials at the local level is suggested.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ БІОЕНЕРГЕТИКИ В УКРАЇНІ

Introduction. World and national experience in using renewable energy sources confirms that at the present stage of development, an independent sector of the agricultural economy is being intensively formed - bioenergy, which assumes the production of solid, liquid, gaseous fuels on the basis of biomass processing, including agricultural wastes; thermal and electrical energy; environmentally friendly biofertilizer. A positive aspect of the use of biomass is its almost annual renewal and availability in the main regions of agricultural production. The importance of waste from the agricultural sector in the energy sector is confirmed by comparing its bioenergy potential with the volume of consumption by the industry of petroleum products, electricity and natural gas. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the directions of efficient use of biomass energy for ensuring the sustainable development of bioenergy in Ukraine. Results. The forecasting of bioenergy production in Ukraine is maintained while maintaining the current trends of its growth compared to the forecasted indicators of the Energy Strategy of Ukraine and the possibilities of achieving the planned indicators are determined. Possibilities and threats of bioenergy development in Ukraine are identified. The threats to the development of bioenergy in Ukraine are significant, which requires measures to eliminate them in the conduct of state policy. The priority should be to accelerate the development and adoption by the state of a transparent legislative framework and relevant by-laws that will promote the development of national renewable energy, including bioenergy, and the non-discriminatory access of RES facilities to centralized grids. Measures should be taken to stimulate the economic development of RES and bioenergy: maintain an effective pricing policy for bioenergy products; introduce a system of tax breaks and preferential credits for producers; develop direct budget support mechanisms for innovative projects in this area. Originality. The advantages and disadvantages, opportunities and threats of the development of the bioeconomy in Ukraine are determined. The forecast of bioenergy production in Ukraine is made and the possibilities of achieving the planned indicators of the Energy Strategy of Ukraine are substantiated. Conclusion. Bioenergy resources should be used efficiently through the use of environmentally sound, technically feasible, economically feasible and socially acceptable measures. This is the scientific concept of energy saving in agroindustrial complex, for the implementation of which the investment and technical policy, the system of government management should be aimed.

ANALYSIS OF POSSIBILITIES FOR THE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF AGROBIOMASS BRIQUETTES IN UKRAINE. PART 1

The purpose of the work is to analyze existing preconditions, driving forces, and barriers for the widespread introduction of the production and use of fuel briquettes from biomass in Ukraine. The task of the work is to determine the advantages and prospects of the process, first of all, for domestic consumers, as well as to develop recommendations for creating a positive environment for the development of this segment of bioenergy in Ukraine. This part of the paper presents the current state of the market for solid biofuels in Ukraine. It is shown that in the biofuel market, the largest segment is solid biofuel in the form of firewood, wood chips, pellets and biomass briquettes, baled straw. Currently, a large amount of pellets and briquettes are exported from Ukraine to Europe due to the insufficient demand in the domestic market. The main features of the solid biofuels production in Ukraine are regional unevenness and relative non-uniformity of production as well as a large number of small-scale enterprises that work with traders. The advantages of the use of biomass briquettes as fuel were analyzed. The main advantages are the conformity of characteristics of briquettes with the requirements of boiler equipment for fuel, better ecological indicators in comparison with the burning of low-quality wood, no needs for specialized energy equipment in contrast with the use of pellets, availability of a significant amount of feedstock especially for briquettes from the biomass of agricultural origin. The current volume of the Ukrainian market for fuel briquettes from biomass for individual heating of the population can be estimated at the level of 500 th. t/year with its growth to over 3 million t/year until 2035. This part of the paper considers possible types of feedstock for the production of fuel briquettes and requirements for it. It is noted that the feedstock for the production of fuel briquettes can be soft and hard wood, straw, reed, sunflower husk, rice and buckwheat husk, flax sheave, and other vegetable residues. Typical requirements for the feedstock: water content – 6...12%, fraction composition – 2...10 mm.

ANALYSIS OF POSSIBILITIES FOR THE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF AGROBIOMASS BRIQUETTES IN UKRAINE. PART 2

The purpose of the work is to analyze existing preconditions, driving forces, and barriers for the widespread introduction of the production and use of fuel briquettes from biomass in Ukraine. The task of the work is to determine the advantages and prospects of the process, first of all, for domestic consumers, as well as to develop recommendations for creating a positive environment for the development of this segment of bioenergy in Ukraine. In this part of the paper, the main types of briquettes from biomass and their fuel characteristics are considered. It is shown that density is the main factor determining the mechanical strength and water resistance of the briquettes. Usually, it is 0.8...1.2 t/m3 with a water content of pressed biomass of 8...14%. The calorific value of the briquettes depends on the type of the initial feedstock and on the moisture content. The typical range ​​of the lower calorific value of briquettes from biomass is 16...17 MJ/kg. The legislative aspects of the production of briquettes from biomass, issues of standardization and certification of the products are analyzed. The legislative basis for the production of fuel briquettes from biomass can be found, mainly, in the Laws of Ukraine “On Alternative Fuels” and “On Licensing Types of Economic Activities”. It was determined that one of the constraining factors for the development of this segment of bioenergy is the lack of a sufficient number of relevant state standards and the reliable certification system. Solutions to these issues will help to improve the quality of briquettes from biomass and, accordingly, improve their fuel characteristics. It is also recommended that experts should develop standard feasibility studies and business plans for the production of fuel briquettes from biomass to demonstrate the economic attractiveness of this type of activity and its practical implementation. Particular emphasis should be put on the use of biomass of agricultural origin as feedstock for the production of briquettes. It is expected that the introduction of the biofuel electronic trading systems in Ukraine, which is already under development, will have a positive impact on the development of production and consumption of briquettes from biomass.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

The current state of the development of bioenergy in Ukraine is presented. Prospects for the production of heat from biomass by sectors of consumption until 2050 are estimated. The most important barriers to the development of the sector are analyzed, ways for their complete or partial overcoming are suggested.
 The current state of the development of bioenergy in Ukraine is presented. It is shown that according to Ukraine’s energy balance for 2010-2016, the average annual growth of bioenergy is 45 % by the «production of biofuel and wastes» and 35 % by the «total primary energy supply from biofuels and wastes». Despite quite good dynamics of the development, to reach key figures of the National Renewable Energy Action Plan until 2020 it is necessary to speed up bioenergy growth. Prospects for the production of heat from biomass by sectors of consumption until 2050 are estimated. The obtained results show that the share of renewables in the total heat production may be over 57 % in 2050. At that the consumption of renewable energy sources will be about 13.8 Mtoe/yr (of which biomass accounts for over 90 %), and the respective replacement of natural gas will come to about 17 billion m3/yr. The most important barriers to the development of bioenergy sector are analyzed, and ways for their complete or partial overcoming are suggested. Ukraine has quite good legal basis for the development of renewable energy. In particular, it includes the feed-in tariff for power produced from alternative energy sources and stimulating tariff for heat produced from alternative energy sources for households and public buildings. For the wider involvement of biomass in the fuel and energy balance of Ukraine it is necessary to provide legal basis and implementation of a number of important measures.Among others, they include creating preconditions for increasing harvesting of wood in Ukraine’s forests, introduction of the electronic biofuel trade system, ensuring fair access of independentproducersofbiomassheattoheatnetworksandother.

АНАЛІЗ МОЖЛИВОСТІ ОТРИМАННЯ ДЕРЕВНОГО ПАЛИВА З ДОДАТКОВИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ В УКРАЇНІ

Проаналізовано темпи розвитку біоенергетики в Україні. Розглянуто можливості отримання деревного біопалива з додаткових джерел, таких як полезахисні лісові смуги, лісові насадження вздовж автомобільних доріг та залізниць, а також сухостій. Показано, що за рахунок вказаних додаткових джерел можна збільшити енергетичний потенціал деревної біомаси в Україні у більше ніж 2 рази.

Накопичена енергія в мортмасі березових насаджень Чернігівщини

Rapid industrial development, the growth of the population on the planet and the reduction of fossil energy resources over the past century have led to an unstable supply of energy resources in most countries of the world. Under these conditions, the European Commission plans to increase the share of renewable energy to 30 % over the next half century. Today in Ukraine there are several sources of obtaining energy wood raw materials. First of all, it is fuel wood, chipped residue and wood that has not been removed from the forest. There are two main areas of bioenergy: the energy of the ecosystem and the energy that is concentrated in wood and can be used as fuel. In our research, the forest litter of the bedding refers to the direction of "energy of the ecosystem", and the mortmass snags , logs , and branches to the components that can be used by man as an additional source of energy. Establishing the amount of energy accumulated in the forest ecosystem is possible, first of all, due to the estimation of phytomass and mortmass plantings. It is known that the first attempts of such studies were performed by simple extrapolation of phytomass estimation data on selected test areas to significant forest regions with significant overestimation of results. The most tested at the present stage of the study of the features of the accumulation of living organic matter in forest systems are the methods associated with the evaluation of relevant indicators through the regression modeling of the components of fractions in absolute values or using transfer coefficients. The purpose of the study is to establish quantitative indices of accumulated energy in mortmass of birch forestry. Material and methods of research. In order to determine the components of the above ground mortmass, 30 temporary trial areas were laid in modal birches of in Chernihiv region. On each test area, an estimation of the classical inventory indices of the planting, also the established reserves, the structure of phytomass and mortmass. To calculate the components of mortmass, data from a solid list of trunks on the temporary trial areas and biometric parameters of model trees using the PERTA software were used. To determine the area of birch forestry in the Chernihiv region, data from the production association «Ukrderzhlisproekt» (2011) database was used. Conclusions According to the results of the research, the energy content of the dry mortmass snags of birch trees, which varies from 3,9 GJ·ha -1 to 108 GJ·ha -1 , in dry branches from 17,6 GJ·ha -1 to 12,5 GJ·ha -1 . The energy content of the mortmass logs can vary from 1,1 GJ·ha -1 to 103 GJ·ha -1 , in the mortmass of rough branches it changes from 0,5 GJ·ha -1 in young to 26 GJ·ha -1 in ripe birch forestry. Thus, the obtained results will contribute to the practical implementation of the development of bioenergy in Ukraine as one of the most promising directions for solving energy problems, and the developed reference materials can be used during scientific, ecological, forestry substantiation of the expanded use of forest energy resources of birch laying in Chernihiv region. Key words: snags , logs , branches, forest litter, average diameter, average height, basic density, classes of destruction