БІОЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ УКРАЇНИ: ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

Abstract

To date, the urgent issue is the improvement and implementation of strategic directions of the energy sector of Ukraine in wartime conditions. By 2030, it is planned to increase the specific share of bioenergy energy in the country's balance to the European Union countries' appropriate level and create all the conditions for developing this type of fuel. In order to create an effective mechanism for the functioning of the bioenergy complex, it is necessary to form several normative documents, which in turn will keep a course based on world experience, the proper improvement of the biomaterials market, the creation and implementation of global norms, models, and projects in particular. It is worth noting that bioenergy is a branch of energy that uses biofuel extracted from biomass. Biomass, in turn, is a renewable substance of organic origin (forestry and agricultural waste, as well as part of household and industrial waste). Energy crops are also used for bioenergy, specially grown to create solid biofuel. There are three categories: perennial grasses (miscanthus), trees that can proliferate, and annual grasses. An essential part of bioenergy resources is also occupied by liquid materials for biofuels – biodiesel and bioethanol. Bioenergy is one of the main strategic sectors for developing alternative energy sources for our country. However, the speed of development and improvement of the processes of production and application of bioenergy in Ukraine is significantly behind the European countries. Today, our country has excellent potential for producing liquid bio-raw materials. Ukraine's biomass potential can produce profitable liquid biomaterials, emphasizing the prospects and trends of developing this type of green energy. Production of liquid bioethanol is carried out at distilleries that were previously converted and reconstructed. The effective use of biomass energy in our country can be divided into two areas: 1) use biomass as a raw material for the production of liquid fuel, namely for transport; 2) the second direction, more creative and alternative (was first voiced at the Institute of Technological Thermophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine), to use biomass as a raw material for fuel gas and charcoal for existing energy carriers. The second way is especially relevant today when our country is under martial law due to aggression from russia. In recent years, one can observe the positive dynamics of the bioenergy complex in European countries, namely, 7-10 percent of the fuel for transport infrastructure in France, Sweden, Spain, Italy, and Germany uses biofuel itself. The reasons for such an intensive transition to alternative energy sources are not only the change in price policy on the oil market but also the actions of the Russian Federation, which caused a war in the center of Europe by attacking Ukraine. In addition, it can also be noted that the reduction of the necessary volumes of oil fields in most countries of the European Union also played a role in the direction of the transition to biofuels. However, it should be noted that bioenergy, built on traditional manufacturing methods and technologies, has low energy efficiency. The efficiency of biomass energy transformation into liquid biofuel is 90 percent (the most favorable result), and the efficiency of transformation of finished biofuel directly in the vehicle, the engine, is only 40 percent. As a result, the efficiency of using biofuel will be only 36 percent.