Bioelectrical Impedance Measurements Research Articles

Three-harmonic optimal multisine input power spectrum for bioimpedance identification

Objective: The attention towards optimal signals for measuring electrical bioimpedance (EBI) has increased recently due to the many advantages they offer such as, for example, reduced measuring time. Here, the design of a three-harmonic optimized multisine input power spectrum for measuring bioimpedance is considered. Approach: The approach is based on designing the input power spectrum multisine excitation by optimizing a scalar function of the information matrix using the Fricke–Morse model. Main results: Simple analytical equations are provided that can be adopted by the reader to optimize the multisine input power spectrum to satisfy any specific application-related EBI measurement. Significance: The presented signal may be a good choice of excitation signal in EBI applications where optimal excitation power spectrum is desired.

Classification of Hydration in Clinical Conditions: Indirect and Direct Approaches Using Bioimpedance.

Although the need to assess hydration is well recognized, laboratory tests and clinical impressions are impractical and lack sensitivity, respectively, to be clinically meaningful. Different approaches use bioelectrical impedance measurements to overcome some of these limitations and aid in the classification of hydration status. One indirect approach utilizes single or multiple frequency bioimpedance in regression equations and theoretical models, respectively, with anthropometric measurements to predict fluid volumes (bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy—BIS) and estimate fluid overload based on the deviation of calculated to reference extracellular fluid volume. Alternatively, bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) uses direct phase-sensitive measurements of resistance and reactance, measured at 50 kHz, normalized for standing height, then plotted on a bivariate graph, resulting in a vector with length related to fluid content, and direction with phase angle that indexes hydration status. Comparison with healthy population norms enables BIVA to classify (normal, under-, and over-) and rank (change relative to pre-treatment) hydration independent of body weight. Each approach has wide-ranging uses in evaluation and management of clinical groups with over-hydration with an evolving emphasis on prognosis. This review discusses the advantages and limitations of BIS and BIVA for hydration assessment with comments on future applications.

Design of Muscular Bioimpedance Measurement System

A design scheme of multi-channel muscular bioelectrical impedance measurement system for monitoring muscle fatigue is proposed. The system consists of three major parts: electrode array, switch matrix and bioimpedance measurement unit. The system collects signals on electrode array through the switch matrix, and the integrated impedance measurement IC AD5933 is used for extract the bioelectrical impedance of muscle. The MCU (Microcontroller Unit) controls the system and communicates with the host computer. The system can monitor the bioimpedance changes during human motion in real time and provide early warning of impending muscle damage.

Predicting radiological vertebral fractures with a combined physical function and body composition scoring system.

The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of vertebral fractures (VFx) and the value of physical function (PF) and body composition (BC) for predicting VFx in a Japanese population. This study included 307 subjects (113 men, 194 women) at least 40years of age who were assessed at community health check-ups in 2008 and 2016. PF was assessed by grip strength and by single-leg stance, timed up-and-go, and 30-s chair stand tests, each scored from 0 to 3 for a possible total of 12 points (higher scores reflect lower function). BC was scored on bioelectrical impedance measurements of trunk and appendage muscle volume, with 6 possible points. We diagnosed radiological VFx semiquantitatively on lateral views of the lumbar spine, and measured bone mineral status by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the calcaneus. We conducted logistic regression analysis with VFx as the dependent variable and age, sex, BMI, QUS, PF score, and BC score as independent variables. In 8years, 36 participants (12%) sustained new VFx. After correcting for age, sex, BMI, and QUS, the odds of VFx increased with a PF score ≥ 8 (OR 5.6; 95% CI 1.21-25.90; P = 0.028) and increased further with a PF + BC score ≥ 9 (OR 8.1; 95% CI 1.80-36.00; P < 0.01). Both PF and BC are important for predicting fragility fractures. The scoring system used here may reflect small differences better than categorical (single cutoff) definitions of poor function.

Evaluation of the correlations of FIB4 index for liver fibrosis with bioelectrical impedance measurements and hand grip strength in female patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Evaluation of the correlations of FIB4 index for liver fibrosis with bioelectrical impedance measurements and hand grip strength in female patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

On the Selection of Excitation Signals for the Fast Spectroscopy of Electrical Bioimpedance.

Different excitation signals are applicable in the wideband impedance spectroscopy in general. However, in electrical bioimpedance (EBI) measurements, there are limitations that set specific demands on the properties of the excitation signals. This paper compares the efficiency of different excitation signals in a graspable presentation and gives recommendations for their use. More exactly, the paper deals with finding the efficient excitation waveforms for the fast spectroscopy of electrical bioimpedance. Nevertheless, the described solutions could be useful also in other implementations of impedance spectroscopy intended for frequency domain characterization of different objects.

Extracting Parasite Effects of Electrical Bioimpedance Measurements.

The objective of this work is to develop a technique for filtering parasitic effects from the impedance spectra (IS) measured in biological material phantoms. IS data are contaminated with unexpected capacitive and inductive effects from cable, input/output amplifiers capacitances, electrode polarization, temperature and contact pressure when collecting data. It is proposed a model which contains an RLC-network in series with the Cole model (RSC), then called RLC-Cole. It was built four circuits composed by resistors, capacitors and inductors. An impedance analyzer (HF2IS) was used to perform the measurements in the frequency range of 1 to 3000 kHz. Data were fitted into the model and comparisons to the nominal values were made. In order to validate the proposed model, a gelatin phantom and a chicken breast muscle impedance spectra were also collected and analyzed. After filtering, Cole fitting was performed. Results showed a maximum root-mean-square error of 1% for the circuits, 2.63% for the gelatin phantom, whereas 2.01% for the chicken breast. The RLC-Cole model could significantly remove parasitic effects out of a tissue impedance spectrum measured by a 4-point electrode probe. This may be highly important in EIS systems whose objective is to discriminate a normal tissue from a cancerous one.

Simultaneous Recording of ICG and ECG Using Z-RPI Device with Minimum Number of Electrodes

Impedance cardiography (ICG) is a noninvasive method for monitoring mechanical function of the heart with the use of electrical bioimpedance measurements. This paper presents the feasibility of recording an ICG signal simultaneously with electrocardiogram signal (ECG) using the same electrodes for both measurements, for a total of five electrodes rather than eight electrodes. The device used is the Z-RPI. The results present good performance and show waveforms presenting high similarity with the different signals reported using different electrodes for acquisition; the heart rate values were calculated and they present accurate evaluation between the ECG and ICG heart rates. The hemodynamics and cardiac parameter results present similitude with the physiological parameters for healthy people reported in the literature. The possibility of reducing number of electrodes used for ICG measurement is an encouraging step to enabling wearable and personal health monitoring solutions.

Nutritional Status of Men with Ulcerative Colitis in Remission in a Pair⁻Matched Case⁻Control Study.

The aim of the presented research was to analyze the nutritional status of male subjects with ulcerative colitis in remission by using body composition that was assessed by bioelectrical impedance measurement against a gender-matched control group. Forty-four male patients in remission with ulcerative colitis were recruited for the case-control study and simultaneously, a matched control group of 44 male individuals without inflammatory bowel diseases was pair-matched (general community individuals). The body composition measurement was conducted by the bioelectrical impedance method using BodyComp MF Plus and Bodygram Pro 3.0 software. Parameters assessed include body cell mass (BCM), total body water (TBW), extracellular body water (EBW), intracellular body water (IBW), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), muscle mass (MM), and the body cell mass (BCM) index. A significant between-group difference was observed only for EBW, where subjects with ulcerative colitis were characterized by a higher mass of extracellular water (p = 0.0405). Individuals with ulcerative colitis were characterized by a lower BCM share than the control group (p = 0.0192). A comparative analysis of the body composition of male patients with ulcerative colitis with those who did not have ulcerative colitis revealed only minor differences. The risk of malnutrition, assessed using both BMI and bioelectrical impedance, in men with ulcerative colitis in remission is the same as in healthy males in the matched general population.

Intrauterine Metformin Exposure and Offspring Cardiometabolic Risk Factors at 5-10 Year Follow-Up: The PedMet Study

Background: Metformin is increasingly used in pregnancy. It passes the placenta with possible long-term consequences for the offspring. We explored potential effects of intrauterine metformin exposure on cardiometabolic risk factors, in 5-10 year old children of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: Follow-up of children from the PregMet-study - a randomized controlled trial comparing metformin (2000 mg) to placebo in PCOS pregnancies. The primary endpoint was Body Mass Index (BMI) standard deviation score (z-score). Secondary endpoints included weight-related anthropometric measurement z-scores, bioelectrical impedance measurements, biochemical analyses (adiponectin, alanine transaminase (ALT), lipids, fasting glucose, insulin C-peptide, HbA1c), HOMA2-IR, blood pressure, and heart rate. Findings: From 2014 to 2016, we included 141 (55%) of 255 invited children. Maternal baseline characteristics in first trimester were comparable between groups. The BMI z-score was higher in the metformin group than in the placebo group (difference in means (d)=0·41, 95% CI 0·03-0·78, p=0·03). Metformin-exposed children had higher waist-to-height ratio z-score (d=0·36, 95% CI 0·06-0·67, p=0·02), waist circumference zscore (d=0·40, 95% CI 0·08-0·71, p=0·01), weight z-score (d=0·43, 95% CI 0·04-0·82, p=0·03), and borderline significantly higher body-fat (kg) (d= 1·8, 95% CI 0·0-3·6, p=0·05). Height z-score, head circumference z-score, muscle-mass (kg), biochemical analyses, blood pressure, and heart rate were comparable between groups. Interpretation: The increased BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio in metformin-exposed children may indicate potential risk of inferior cardiometabolic health. Implications for adult health cannot be excluded. Clinical Trial Number: ClinicalTrials.gov-number:NCT00159536 Funding Statement: The Research Council of Norway, Novo Nordisk Foundation, St. Olavs University Hospital and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Declaration of Interests: The authors report no financial or personal conflicts of interest in this work. Ethics Approval Statement: The PregMet-study (project number 145.04) and the PedMet-study (project number 2014/96) were approved by the Committee for Medical Research Ethics of Health Region IV, Norway. Written, informed consent was obtained from each child’s parent or guardian before inclusion in the PedMet-study. The declaration of Helsinki and the Good Clinical Practice guidelines were followed throughout the studies.

Vaginal bioelectrical impedance determines uterine receptivity in mice.

Can vaginal bioelectrical impedance (VZ) electrophysiologically determine alterations of the endometrium in preparation for implantation? VZ can electrophysiologically detect the sulfation and sialylation changes in the uterine glycocalyx in preparation for implantation. Uterine receptivity is associated with various glycosylation changes that affect negative charge density at the luminal epithelial cell surface. VZ has been used to monitor the oestrous cycle. Pathogen-free Jcl:ICR mice, aged 8-10 weeks, were used in this study. We conducted the following three steps to test our hypothesis that VZ may be used to determine uterine receptivity. First, to investigate whether VZ could determine alteration of sulfation and sialylation in the uterine glycocalyx, VZ was measured in mice with induced artificial sulfation and sialylation changes in the uterine glycocalyx (galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase 2 (GP3ST) + α(1,3/1,4) fucosyltransferase gene (FucT-III)-transferred group (n = 15) and in LacZ (encoding for β-galactosidase)-transferred mice as a control group (n = 12)). Second, to investigate whether VZ could determine alterations of the endometrium in preparation for implantation, we measured VZ during the early stage of pregnancy (n = 12 each). Third, to investigate whether VZ could be used to evaluate uterine receptivity prospectively, VZ was measured in an implantation failure model mice. In 21 mice, local and transient suppression of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) in the uterus were evaluated 1 day before implantation began, and 23 scramble decoy-transferred mice were used as a control group. The VZ was measured at a frequency of 1 kHz in Jcl:ICR mice. Data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparisons, or the Student's t-test or Wilcoxon's rank-sum test with the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The values of VZ were analysed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to identify the optimal cut-off point to determine if this parameter predicted non-pregnancy. Sulfation and sialylation changes induced in the luminal epithelial glycocalyx decreased the value of VZ. VZ showed a significant daily decrease during the early stage of pregnancy (Day 1.5 versus 2.5 p.c.: P < 0.005; Student's t-test, Day 2.5 versus 3.5 p.c.: P < 0.001; Wilcoxon's rank-sum test, Day 3.5 versus 4.5 p.c.: P < 0.005; Student's t-test, Day 4.5 versus 5.5 p.c.: P < 0.05; Student's t-test). One day before implantation began, VZ in the implantation failure model mice was significantly higher than in the control mice (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon's rank-sum test). The ROC curve analysis of VZ as a predictor of non-conception showed areas under the ROC curve of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.83-0.99). Although it is influenced by surface charge in the uterine epithelium, the mechanism whereby VZ changes during early pregnancy is still unexplained. Local bioelectrical impedance may help to prospectively evaluate uterine receptivity in women. Including the measurement of local bioelectrical impedance as part of a frozen-thawed embryo transfer strategy may improve the efficiency of ART. This work was supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science JSPS KAKENHI Grant (Nos. 19390429, 21390453, 16K11086 and 16K11087) from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan (Tokyo, Japan) and Suzuken Memorial Foundation (Nagoya, Japan). The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Fatness and fitness in relation to functional movement quality in overweight and obese children

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate the independent and combined associations between several fatness indicators and fitness components with functional movement quality in overweight/obese children. A total of 56 children (33 girls, aged 8–12) classified as overweight/obese according to the World Obesity Federation standard cut points, participated in this study. Participants underwent assessments of fatness [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and bioelectrical impedance measures], fitness [1 repetition maximum bench and leg press, and ALPHA test battery], and functional movement quality [4 tests from Functional Movement Screen TM (FMS)]. All fatness outcomes, except waist circumference, were negatively associated with total FMS score, after controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness. Cardiorespiratory fitness, lower limbs muscle strength, and speed-agility were positively associated with the total FMS score, regardless of BMI. Our results suggest that children with greater fatness indicators demonstrate lower functional movement quality independently of their fitness level, whereas children with better fitness level (i.e. cardiorespiratory fitness, lower limbs muscular strength, and speed-agility) demonstrate greater functional movement quality independently of their fatness level. However, children´s weight status seems to be more determinant than their fitness level in terms of functional movement quality, whereas being fit seems to moderately attenuate the negative influence of fatness.

Effects of Increased Pharyngeal Tissue Mass Due to Fluid Accumulation in the Neck on the Acoustic Features of Snoring Sounds in Men.

Snoring sounds are generated by the vibration of pharyngeal tissue due to the upper airway narrowing. While recorded by a microphone placed over the neck, snoring can pass through the pharyngeal tissue surrounding the upper airway. Thus, changes in the pharyngeal tissue content may change the acoustic properties of the snoring sounds. Rostral fluid shift and the consequent increases in neck fluid volume (NFV) and neck circumference (NC) can increase pharyngeal tissue mass. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between increases in pharyngeal tissue mass, as assessed by increased NFV and NC, and snoring sounds features. We obtained data from a previous study where 20 males who were not obese participated in a daytime polysomnography and their NC and NFV were measured before and after sleep. During sleep, snoring sounds were recorded with a microphone placed over the neck. Spectral centroid of the snoring sounds was estimated. Then, the first five snoring segments were selected from the first and last 30 minutes of stage N2 sleep. We found a significant decrease in the snoring spectral centroid from the beginning to end of sleep. We also found that spectral centroid from the end of sleep in frequency ranges below 200 Hz was inversely correlated with the increases in NFV and NC from before to after sleep. These results suggest that snoring spectral centroid can be used as a noninvasive and convenient method to assess variations in the pharyngeal tissue mass.

Dietary sodium intake and its relationship to adiposity in young black and white adults: The African-PREDICT study.

Obesity and salt intake are both established factors contributing to cardiovascular disease development. Recently, studies found a controversial positive relationship between dietary salt and obesity. Therefore, the authors investigated whether obesity-related measures are associated with 24-hour urinary sodium in a healthy biethnic population. The study included 761 adults (20-30years) with complete 24-hour urinary sodium, anthropometry, and bioelectrical impedance measurements. In single regression analyses all obesity-related measures related positively with 24-hour urinary sodium (P≤.008). However, with multivariate adjustments for energy intake, accelerometery, age, sex, black and white ethnicity, and other covariates, only body surface area (BSA) remained independently associated with 24-hour urinary sodium (R2 =0.72, β=.05, P=.039). To conclude, we found a consistent and robust positive relationship between BSA and estimated salt intake - but not with traditional obesity measures such as body mass index (BMI). Further studies are needed to investigate body surface area and potentially, skin area, in salt handling.

EFFECTS OF ENDURANCE AND RESISTANCE TRAINING ON BODY COMPOSITION

Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare the endurance and resistance training effects on body composition. Material and Methods: Forty healthy male and female participants, aged 20 to 35, were equally assigned to 12 weeks of Endurance (n=20) and Resistance training (n=20) groups. Both trainings comprised 3 sessions per week of 45-60 minutes each with progression induced with the passage of time. Body mass, body mass index, %body fat, %muscle mass, %body water, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to- hip ratio were calculated with bioelectrical impedance analysis and measurement tape. Data collection was repeated after 12 weeks of training. Between-group analyses were done by independent-samples t test while paired-samples t test was used to analyze within-group changes. Results: After endurance training, all parameters improved significantly (p&lt;0.001) except for the waist-to-hip ratio (p=0.054). Conversely, there was no significant change after resistance training in any parameter except for a significant reduction in hip circumference (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Results suggested that 12 weeks of Endurance training had positive effects on body composition and other variables while resistance training did not affect body composition. Keywords: Body composition, Endurance training and Resistance training

Single‐frequency and multi‐frequency bioimpedance analysis: What is the difference?

Bioelectrical impedance analysis is a promising method in determining the body compartments in haemodialysis patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate the agreement between two widely used methods: the single-frequency and multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyses. Maintenance haemodialysis patients were enrolled in the study. Single-frequency and multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyses were performed consecutively before haemodialysis. A second bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed right after the haemodialysis session. A third bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed one hour after haemodialysis. We used weight change as a measure of fluid removal during haemodialysis session. Bioelectrical impedance analysis estimates from both devices had significant differences. Best agreement was observed between single frequency and multifrequency devices' extracellular water estimates immediately after haemodialysis (mean difference 0.076 L). We found the best agreement between weight change and extracellular water change using single-frequency bioimpedance analysis. Moreover, one hour waiting time did not improve the agreement between weight and extracellular water changes for both devices. Different estimates seem to be caused by different raw impedance data measured by both devices and device-specific equations. There are significant differences among bioelectrical impedance measurements performed with different bioelectrical impedance analyzers. Using open source software might be an important step forward in the development of standardized measurements.

Towards a continuous non-invasive assessment of intra-abdominal pressure based on bioimpedance and microwave reflectometry: A pilot run on a porcine model

Abstract In this work we describe two novel indirect intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) assessment techniques, based on electrical bioimpedance and microwave reflectometry measurements. A pilot run was performed on a female Sus scrofa domesticus (domestic pig). IAP was induced by inflation of the abdominal cavity using a trocar placed near the umbilicus over the linea alba at a depth of 1 cm. The abdominal cavity was inflated to different IAP values. The whole run was done within one hour since the subject was sacrificed. An exponential trend linking between the bioimpedance values at 99.8 kHz and the IAP was found, with drastically reduced sensitivity for IAP above 7 mmHg. Also, a linear relationship between IAP and the microwave reflectometry measurements at 4.25 GHz was established. Although further research is needed to optimize the sensitivity of the bioimpedance system, we draw the conclusion that the use of electromagnetic spectrometry methods might be developed into novel techniques for performing a continuous non-invasive assessment of changes in IAP.

RELATION OF COVERT VISCERAL ADIPOSITY AND SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS PRESENTATION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MALE PATIENTS

Aim. To evaluate the prevalence of covert visceral adiposity (CVA) in males with type 2 diabetes (DM2) and to assess its relation with subclinical atherosclerosis and food-related behavior. Material and methods. To the study, 72 middle age males included (54,1±0,7 y.o.). Mean duration of DM25,1±1,1 years. In 28 patients DM2 had been diagnosed first time in the study. Those with body mass index (BMI) &gt;30 kg/m 2 and waist circumference &gt;102 cm were excluded. All patients underwent standard clinical investigations and additionally, leptin levels measurement in blood serum, with bioelectrical impedance measurement of adipous tissue amount, duplex scan of carotid and femoral arteries; the EAT-26 questionnaire was applied. Results. In the group of participants, CVA prevalence was 31%. In this group of patients there were significantly higher BMI, waist circumference low density lipoproteides levels and leptin. At atherosclerosis assessment in carotid and femoral arteries, CVA associated with more significant and multifocal lesion. In regression analysis, the sum of plaques number correlated with the age, BMI, systolic blood pressure, low density lipoproteides levels. Conclusion. CVA might have significance in the increase of cardiovascular risk in middle aged males with normal BMI and with no obesity.

Effectiveness of a Functional Rehabilitation Program After Bariatric Surgery: a Pilot Study.

Beyond obesity-related comorbidities, overweight patients have a high risk of developing osteoarticular pathologies. Moreover, weight loss following bariatric surgery induces a decrease in fat mass but also in muscle mass, thus affecting the physical capacities of these patients. Functional rehabilitation is a solution to correct these imbalances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a functional rehabilitation program after bariatric surgery. Twenty-three patients with severe obesity (BMI = 37.9 ± 5.7kg/m2; 41.1 ± 12.9years) participated in a functional rehabilitation protocol, 2months after sleeve gastrectomy. Rehabilitation program consisted of 20 sessions of 1h30 (two sessions per week), based on endurance training, muscle strengthening, and proprioception work. An initial and final assessment included bioelectrical impedance measurements, questionnaires, and physical function tests. All impedance parameters were significantly improved in 20 sessions: % excess weight loss (%EWL) from 27.6 ± 9.1 to 51.1 ± 13.4% and % fat-free mass from 52.7 ± 5.6 to 57.6 ± 6.7%. Waist and hip circumferences were significantly reduced in 20 sessions: from 107.4 ± 13.7 to 94.5 ± 12.6cm and from 120.5 ± 12.4 to 108.7 ± 11.7cm, respectively (p < 0.001). Physical function tests were significantly improved between the 1st and the 20th sessions (p < 0.001). The cycloergometer stress test progressed from 77.7 ± 24.1 to 93.6 ± 27.2W, and the sit-to-stand test from 20 ± 5.2 to 24.8 ± 7.6 flexions in 30s. The Quality Of Life, Obesity and Dietetics (QOLOD) scale increased by 12.6%. The functional rehabilitation protocol of 20 sessions significantly improved patients' body composition, functional tests, and quality of life. The standardization of tests and sessions allowed to objectively assess progress.

Body fat distribution and risk of incident ischemic stroke in men and women aged 50 to 74 years from the general population. The KORA Augsburg cohort study.

BackgroundIt remains controversial whether measures of general or abdominal adiposity are better risk predictors for ischemic stroke. Furthermore, so far it is unclear whether body fat mass index (BFMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI) are risk predictors for ischemic stroke. This study examined the sex-specific relevance of body mass index (BMI), BROCA Index, waist circumference (WC), waist-height ratio (WHtR), BFMI and FFMI for the development of ischemic stroke in a Caucasian population.Material and methodsThe prospective population-based cohort study was based on 1917 men and 1832 women (aged 50 to 74 years) who participated in the third (1994/95) or fourth (1999/2001) MONICA/KORA Augsburg survey. Subjects were free of stroke at baseline. Standardized anthropometric and bioelectric impedance measurements were obtained at baseline. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated from Cox proportional hazard models.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 9.3 years 128 ischemic strokes occurred in men and 81 in women, respectively. Coded as quartiles WC and WHtR were significantly associated with incident stroke in multivariable analyses in women (comparing the 4th vs. the bottom quartile), but none of the adiposity measures was significantly associated with incident stroke in multivariable adjusted analyses in men. When anthropometric measures were used as continuous variables, these findings were confirmed. After multivariable adjustment the associations between obesity measures and incident ischemic stroke were statistically significant only for WC (HR 1.39, 95%CI 1.12-1.72) and WHtR in women (HR 1.39, 95%CI 1.12-1.73) per increase of 1 standard deviation. In both sexes the measures BFMI and FFMI were no independent predictors for incident ischemic stroke.ConclusionsAbdominal obesity measures are independent predictors of incident ischemic stroke in women but not in men from the general adult population. Thus, it may be of particular importance for women to prevent central obesity in order to reduce their risk of ischemic stroke.