Bioimpedance Research Articles

Effects of Short-Term Low Energy Availability on Metabolism and Performance-Related Parameters in Physically Active Adults

Background/Objectives: Low energy availability (LEA) can cause impaired reproductive function, bone health issues, and suppressed immune function, and may result in decreased performance and overall health status. The purpose of this study was to investigate adaptions of body composition, blood status, resting metabolic rate, and endurance performance to gain more comprehensive insights into the symptoms of LEA and the adaptive effects in the athlete population (active women (n = 11) and men (n = 11)). Methods: Three treatments were defined as 45 (EA45, control), 30 (EA30), and 10 (EA10) kcal/kg FFM/day and randomly assigned. Pre- and post-intervention measurements were performed through blood sampling, bioelectrical impedance analysis, resting metabolic rate measurement, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and the incremental endurance test to exhaustion. Results: There was a significant reduction in body weight and fat mass in EA10 compared to EA45 (p ≤ 0.05). Blood serum levels were altered in triglyceride, uric acid, and creatinine concentrations in EA10 compared to EA45 (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, blood glucose was still accumulated after 120 min during OGTT in EA10 compared to EA45 (p ≤ 0.05). The respiratory exchange ratio was reduced during submaximal stages of the incremental treadmill test to exhaustion without influencing performance output after treatment EA10 (p ≤ 0.05). However, the resting metabolic rate did not change (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, this short-term study indicates that energy restriction can lead to several metabolic-related adaptations, which suggests that the availability and regulation of glucose and fats are significantly influenced after only five days of LEA in physically active women and men. Future research should focus on longer exposures of LEA and sex-specific comparisons (including the menstrual cycle) on LEA symptoms.

Low trunk muscle mass could predict severe stress urinary incontinence in Asian women.

Adequate pelvic floor support for the urethra is crucial for preventing stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Obesity is an established risk factor for SUI. This study aimed to explore the relationship between SUI and body composition, specifically focusing on muscle and fat mass. This single-center, prospective, cross-sectional study enrolled women who visited the genitourinary clinicof Taipei City Hospital-Zhongxiao Branch between 1 February 2020 and 31 January 2021. SUI severity was classified according to the type of daily activity in which SUI occurred. Potential risk factors for SUI, including age, labor and history of hysterectomy, were also included. All participants underwent a bioelectric impedance analysis of their body composition. Independent t-tests and Pearson's χ2-tests were used to compare the differences in continuous and categorical parameters between groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to characterize the predictive value of body composition for severe SUI. Of the 256 included patients, 37 had severe SUI. The participants with severe SUI were older and were more likely to have undergone a hysterectomy. They also had a considerably higher prevalence of sarcopenia. In the univariate analysis, a sarcopenia diagnosis was associated with severe SUI. Furthermore, a history of hysterectomy correlated with severe SUI, although with borderline significance. In the multivariate analysis, a history of hysterectomy and lower trunk muscle mass index were found to be independent predictors of severe SUI. A history of hysterectomy and a lower trunk muscle mass index are correlated with severe SUI. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2025; ••: ••-••.

Updates on Methods for Body Composition Analysis: Implications for Clinical Practice.

Recent technological advances have introduced novel methods for measuring body composition, each with unique benefits and limitations. The choice of method often depends on the trade-offs between accuracy, cost, participant burden, and the ability to measure specific body composition compartments. To review the considerations of cost, accuracy, portability, and participant burden in reference and emerging body composition assessment methods, and to evaluate their clinical applicability. A narrative review was conducted comparing traditional reference methods like dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) with emerging technologies such as smartphone camera applications, three-dimensional optical imaging scanners, smartwatch bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA), and ultrasound. Reference methods like CT and MRI offer high accuracy and the ability to distinguish between specific body composition compartments (e.g., visceral, subcutaneous, skeletal muscle mass, and adipose tissue within lean mass) but are expensive and non-portable. Conversely, emerging methods, such as smartwatch BIA and smartphone-based technologies, provide greater accessibility and lower participant burden but with reduced accuracy. Methods like three-dimensional optical imaging scanners balance portability and accuracy, presenting promising potential for population-level applications. The selection of a body composition assessment method should be guided by the clinical context and specific application, considering trade-offs in cost, accuracy, and portability. Emerging methods provide valuable options for population-level assessments, while reference methods remain essential for detailed compartmental analysis.

Validity between dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance for segmental fat analysis and a novel low-cost model developed using anthropometry in young adults

BackgroundAccurate body fat distribution assessment is essential for managing cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Although several methods are available for segmental fat analysis, few studies have examined the validity of affordable methods such as Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) against the reference method, Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). This study aimed to assess the validity of BIA as compared to DXA for segmental fat mass assessment, and to develop anthropometric multivariate regression models that offer a cost-effective alternative for health professionals in clinical and public health settings.MethodsCross-sectional study that included 264 young adults (161 males, mean age = 23.04 ± 5.61 years; and 103 females, mean age = 22.29 ± 5.98 years). Segmental fat mass was measured using DXA and BIA, and anthropometric measurements were collected following the ISAK protocol.ResultsSignificant differences were found between DXA and BIA for segmental fat mass (p < 0.001). Sex significantly influenced the results (p < 0.05), while BMI and hydration status had no significant impacts. The Bland-Altman analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.001) between BIA and DXA for fat mass in the upper and lower limbs. Trunk fat mass also differed significantly in males and females (p < 0.001), except for the overall sample (p = 0.088). Anthropometric multivariate regression models showed a high predictive accuracy for both females (R²=0.766–0.910; p < 0.001) and males (R²=0.758–0.887; p < 0.001). Key predictors of segmental fat mass included body mass (r = 0.606–0.867; p < 0.001), skinfold thickness (r = 0.688–0.893; p < 0.001), and waist girth (r = 0.883 − 0.810; p < 0.001). Peripheral skinfolds were highly predictive for upper and lower limbs, while waist girth was relevant for trunk fat mass.ConclusionsDXA and BIA are not interchangeable for segmental fat analysis due to the significant differences observed. However, the anthropometric multivariate regression models developed provide a cost-effective and reliable alternative for predicting segmental fat mass in clinical settings where DXA is unavailable.Trial registrationNot applicable.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a novel predictor of sarcopenia in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study exploring associations across body composition categories

BackgroundSarcopenia is prevalent among hemodialysis patients and is associated with poor outcomes. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an easily obtainable marker of inflammation, may predict sarcopenia risk. This study aimed to investigate the association between NLR and sarcopenia risk in maintenance hemodialysis patients, examining this association in the context of obesity.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 411 maintenance hemodialysis patients. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria-2019 (AWGS 2019). Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Logistic regression models examined associations between NLR and sarcopenia risk, adjusting for potential confounders. Analyses were stratified by obesity status.ResultsThe prevalence of sarcopenia was 51% (95% CI: 45.1-54.9%), with 37.2% classified as sarcopenic non-obese and 13.6% as sarcopenic obese. In fully adjusted models, each unit increase in NLR was associated with 10% higher odds of sarcopenia overall (OR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.00-1.21, p = 0.048). This association remained significant in sarcopenic obese patients (OR 1.15, 95% CI: 1.00-1.32, p = 0.049). Patients in the highest NLR tertile had 1.95 times higher odds of sarcopenia compared to the lowest tertile (95% CI: 1.12–3.40, p = 0.018), with a significant trend across tertiles (p-trend = 0.015).ConclusionsNLR is independently associated with sarcopenia risk in hemodialysis patients, including those with obesity. These findings suggest NLR could serve as a simple, cost-effective tool for identifying hemodialysis patients at high risk of sarcopenia, potentially facilitating early intervention strategies.

Age-specific and sex-specific associations of visceral adipose tissue with metabolic health status and cardiovascular disease risk.

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is known to play a role in the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the age- and sex-specific associations between VAT and these diseases remain unclear. In this cross-sectional study, 1,150 participants (39.5% women; mean age 61.5 years) underwent VAT measurement using dual abdominal bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The four age groups that the participants were divided into were 18-44, 45-59, 60-74, and ≥ 75 years. The relationships between VAT and cardiometabolic outcomes were analyzed by age and sex using multivariable logistic regression. Significant associations between VAT and metabolic health status were observed in middle-aged (45-59 years; OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.04-1.92) and elderly adults (60-74 years; OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.10-1.92). VAT demonstrated age-dependent relationships with cardiovascular risk factors, with the strongest associations found in the 60-74 years group for hypertension (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.22-1.98) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.33-2.08). Notably, the VAT-CVD association was most pronounced in elderly women (60-74 years; OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.14-3.11), while no significant associations were observed in men across all age groups. The impact of VAT on metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk varies by age and sex, with particularly strong associations observed in elderly women. This highlights the need for tailored prevention and treatment strategies.

Age-related changes in bioelectrical impedance analysis-derived phase angle (PhA) and the association between PhA and sarcopenic obesity in Chinese adults.

There are limited studies on the phase angle (PhA) and sarcopenic obesity (SO) in the Chinese population. This study aimed to establish 50 kHz-PhA reference data for SO population, and to evaluate the correlation between 50 kHz-PhA and SO. A total of 10,312 participants including 5415 men and 4897 women were enrolled in this study, and their resistance and reactance at 50 kHz, and body composition parameters were measured a segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis device (InBody 720). Participants were compared between the SO and non-SO groups. Then, age and fat parameters related changes in PhA were evaluated. Furthermore, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify the optimal PhA cutoff values for detecting SO in males and females. The results showed significant differences in PhA and body composition parameters between the SO group and the non-SO group in both sexes (P < .001), and the prevalence rates of SO increase with age in both sexes (P < .001). The PhA values decrease with age, with a significant decrease beginning at age 65 years for males and 66 years for females. The accumulation of excess adipose tissue was also found to be associated with decrease in 50 kHz-PhA value. Furthermore, PhA was negatively associated with SO, independent of age and sex. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of PhA for SO was 0.790 (95% CI: 0.746-0.833, P < .001) in males and 0.763 (95% CI: 0.702-0.825, P < .001) in females. The optimal cutoff value was ≤ 5.55° (specificity 0.693, sensitivity 0.759) for males and ≤4.79° (specificity 0.687, sensitivity 0.738) for females. In conclusion, 50 kHz-PhA can be used as a predictor of SO, with cutoff values of ≤5.55° for males and ≤4.79° for females. This simple and practical method of using 50 kHz-PhA to predict SO could be valuable in clinical practice.

Evaluation of muscle mass relative to weight/sitting height2 improves the association with physical performance.

To compare relationships of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) with the function of the upper and lower extremities, after the former has been adjusted by five body size variables: height2; weight; body mass index (BMI); sitting height2; and weight/sitting height2. A cross-sectional study of data derived from the baseline phase of the Physical Activity and Health in Older Women Study. ASM was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Grip strength and the time spent on the 5-times chair stand test (5-CST) were the evaluation indexes of upper and lower extremity function respectively. Standardized grip strength and log-transformed 5-CST were used as dependent variables, and standardized ASM adjusted by the five body size variables were used as independent variables. Multiple linear regression models then assessed the relationships of muscle mass with grip strength and 5-CST. 1103 community-dwelling women aged 60-70years were included in this study. After adjustment for covariates, ASM adjusted by height2 or sitting height2 was positively associated with grip strength (β=0.140, 0.164 respectively, all P values <0.001), and only ASM adjusted by sitting height2 was positively associated with the time spent on the 5-CST (β=0.129, P<0.001). Weight-adjusted ASM was associated only with the time spent on the 5-CST (β=-0.158, P<0.001) and BMI-adjusted ASM was associated only with grip strength (β=0.190, P<0.001). ASM adjusted by weight/sitting height2 was positively associated with grip strength (β=0.140, P<0.001) and negatively associated with the time spent on the 5-CST (β=-0.076, P=0.012). Compared to ASM adjusted by the other four body size variables, ASM adjusted by weight/sitting height2 had better associations with upper and lower extremity function, which provides new perspectives for improving muscle mass and predicting adverse outcomes.

Plantar cutaneous sensation is independently associated with postural balance and lower limb motor function in older adults: the Shizuoka study.

A relationship between decreased plantar cutaneous sensation and impaired balance function has been reported in patients with peripheral neuropathy and diabetes. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between plantar sensation and postural balance, as well as the association between plantar sensation and sarcopenia-related motor function in community-dwelling older adults. The participants included 1659 community-dwelling older adults with a mean age of 74 ± 5years, of which 43% were male patients. Plantar cutaneous sensation thresholds were assessed using an automatic plantar sensation testing device. Postural balance was measured using one-leg standing (OLS) time. Grip strength, five-time sit-to-stand (STS) time, and normal gait speed were measured as components of muscle strength and physical function related to sarcopenia. The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and leg phase angle were obtained using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Age, sex, body mass index, and leg phase angle, but not SMI and grip strength, were independently associated with the plantar sensation threshold. Plantar sensation threshold was independently associated with the OLS time (P = 0.001) and STS time (P = 0.001) after adjusting for potential confounders. No significant association was found between plantar sensation threshold and normal gait speed (P = 0.741). Plantar sensation was independently associated with postural balance and lower limb function in community-dwelling older adults. The assessment of plantar sensation could be useful for identifying factors contributing to poor postural balance and lower limb motor function.

Predictive Value of Complete Blood Count (CBC)-Derived Indices-C-Reactive-Protein-Albumin-Lymphocyteindex (CALLY), Glucose-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (GLR), Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte, Platelet (HALP), and Controlling Nutritional Status (COUNT)-on Body Composition Changes After Bariatric Surgery.

Obesity is linked to increased risks of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. Bariatric surgery (BS) aids in weight management, significantly altering body composition. This study evaluates the predictive value of five complete blood count (CBC)-derived indices[C-reactive-protein-albumin-lymphocyte (CALLY), glucose-to-lymphocyte ratio (GLR), prognostic nutritional index (PNI), hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, platelet (HALP), and controlling nutritional status (COUNT)]on body composition changes post-BS. A retrospective study was conducted on 240 patients undergoing BS atSina Hospital,Tehran, Iran. Indices were calculated using routine laboratory tests, and body composition changes were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis at 3 and 6months post-surgery. RESULTS: Higher pre-surgical GLR values positively correlated with increased fat-free mass (FFM) (p = 0.005 1, p = 0.003 2), muscle mass (MM) (p = 0.011 1, p = 0.008 2), and total body water (TBW) (p = 0.005 1, p = 0.005 2) post-surgery.In contrast, higher PNI was negatively associated with changes in FM (p = 0.029 1, p = 0.015 2), FFM (p = 0.002 1, p = 0.018 2), TBW (p = 0.002 1, p = 0.015 2) and MM (p = 0.003 2), particularly after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between pre-surgical HALP score and changes in FFM (p = 0.002 1, p = 0.042 2), TBW (p = 0.002 1) and MM (p = 0.011 1, p = 0.041 2). In addition, the modified HALP score showed a more significant correlation compared to the HALP score to predict the changes FM (p = 0.002 1, p = 0.002 2), FFM (p = 0.001 1, p = 0.006 2), TBW (p = 0.001 1, p = 0.003 2) and MM (p = 0.001 1, p = 0.023 2) particularly, after 6months. Our findings suggest that pre-surgical assessment of GLR, PNI, and HALP indices may provide valuable insights into predicting changes in body composition after bariatric surgery. Specifically, these indices could serve as tools for tailoring preoperative nutritional strategies and post-surgical interventions. However, as this study is retrospective, further prospective research with longer follow-ups is required to validate these findings and evaluate their utility in clinical practice. 1 3months after metabolic bariatric surgery. 2 6months after metabolic bariatric surgery.

Minimum Wrestling Weight for High School Girls Wrestling: Time to Revisit Minimal Body Fat Percent.

Jagim, AR, Horswill, CA, Dobbs, WC, Twohey, EE, Tinsley, GM, Fields, JB, and Jones, MT. Minimum wrestling weight for high school girls wrestling: Time to revisit minimal body fat percent. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The purpose of this study was to determine whether an alternative body fat percentage (BF%) could be established as a safer margin for minimal wrestling weight (MWW) determination by evaluating the distribution of BF% and MWW values naturally occurring for high school girls wrestling. Data from the 2022-2023 high school season were retrospectively analyzed. In total, 33,321 female wrestlers completed skinfold (SKF) assessments or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in accordance with sport governing body mandates for weight certification. Frequency statistics and descriptive analysis were performed to compute normative MWW and BF% profiles. Body fat percentage thresholds of 12% (12MWW) and the BF% value defining the lowest fifth percentile were used to determine the resulting MWW and minimum weight class for each method. The median ± interquartile range for BF% was 28.3 ± 9.2%. There was a difference (p < 0.001) in BF% values between BIA (28.4 ± 6.8%) and SKF (29.4 ± 7.6%), but a trivial effect size (ES = 0.14). The fifth percentile for BF% was 19%, which was used for alternative MWW determination (19MWW). 12MWW and 19MWW were 11.2 ± 6.4 kg (p < 0.001; ES = 1.8) and 8.6 ± 7.7 kg (p < 0.001; ES = 1.1) lower than the body mass of the wrestlers at the time of weight certification. Nearly all BF% values were above the 12% threshold currently used to determine MWW. Current body weights were more than 9.1 kg above MWW values for both 12MWW and 19MWW. Increasing the minimum BF% threshold from 12 to 19% would affect a small percentage of wrestlers and improve the margin of safety for those intent on achieving a lower weight class.

The Influence of Body Composition, Lifestyle, and Dietary Components on Adiponectin and Resistin Levels and AR Index in Obese Individuals.

Adipose tissue of obese people secretes a number of adipokines, including adiponectin and resistin, which have an antagonistic effect on the human metabolism, influencing the pathogenesis of many diseases based on low-grade inflammation. Body composition analysis using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed in 84 adults with obesity, i.e., body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2. Serum was collected to analyze the concentration of adiponectin (ApN) and resistin. The subjects additionally completed a food frequency questionnaire FFQ-6 and a three-day food diary. Adiponectin-resistin index (AR index) was calculated. The results show a positive correlation between resistin levels and BMI and subcutaneous fat content. AR index value was also positively associated with the amount of adipose tissue and body mass. Adiponectin level in the serum of the studied individuals decreased with the content of lean tissue. Adiponectin level also decreased with the amount of carbohydrates, amount of starch, and glycemic load of the diet. Resistin decreased in patients who frequently consumed white pasta and red meat, while AR index was positively associated with the amount of white rice and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) consumed but negatively associated with the frequent consumption of carbohydrates, including starch. Physical activity was negatively correlated with adiponectin levels and AR index. We concluded that body composition significantly influenced serum resistin and adiponectin concentrations the AR index. Dietary components also had a significant effect.

Association between Bioelectrical Impedance Parameters, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Muscle Parameters, and Fatty Liver Severity in Children and Adolescents.

To evaluate the associations between pediatric fatty liver severity, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and magnetic resonance imaging parameters, including total psoas muscle surface area (tPMSA) and paraspinal muscle fat (PMF). Children and adolescents who underwent BIA and liver magnetic resonance imaging between September 2022 and November 2023 were included. Linear regression analyses identified predictors of liver proton density fat fraction (PDFF) including BIA parameters, tPMSA, and PMF. Ordinal logistic regression analysis identified the association between these parameters and fatty liver grades. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the relationships between tPMSA and muscle-related BIA parameters, and between PMF and fat-related BIA parameters. Overall, 74 participants aged 8 to 16 years were included in the study. In the linear regression analyses, the percentage of body fat was positively associated with PDFF in all participants, whereas muscle-related BIA parameters were negatively associated with PDFF in participants with obesity. PMF and the PMF index were positively associated with PDFF in normalweight and overweight participants. In the ordinal logistic regression, percentage of body fat was positively associated with fatty liver grade in normal-weight and overweight participants and those with obesity, whereas muscle-related BIA parameters were negatively associated with fatty liver grade in participants with obesity. The PMF index was positively associated with fatty liver grade in normal/overweight participants. In the Pearson correlation analysis, muscle-related BIA parameters were correlated with tPMSA, and the fat-related BIA parameters were correlated with PMF. BIA parameters and PMF are potential screening tools for assessing fatty liver in children.

Exploring the Impact of Extended Amino Acid Supplementation on Body Composition and Psychopathology in Patients with Eating Disorders Undergoing Psycho-Nutritional Rehabilitation.

Eating disorders are frequently linked to protein-energy malnutrition, resulting from chronic energy intake reduction, and leading to reduced body weight and altered body composition. A nutritional approach based on the supplementation with a mixture of essential amino acids has proven effective in conditions characterized by reduced dietary intake and increased degradation of endogenous proteins and might also contribute to correct the amino acid deficiency possibly involved in the pathogenesis of eating disorders. This study aimed to explore the effects of amino acid supplementation in conjunction with a standard psycho-nutritional rehabilitation program on body composition, symptoms and psychopathology status in 30 female patients with eating disorders hospitalized at the Residenza Palazzo Francisci in Todi, Italy. Enrolled patients were divided in two groups receiving amino acid supplementation for 45 and 90 days, respectively. Each patient underwent bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline, after 45 days and after 90 days. Validated psychometric tests were administered at study entry and study end to all enrolled patients. Results from bioelectrical impedance analysis suggest that amino acid supplementation contributes to restoring nutritional and metabolic balance, with effects proportional to the duration of administration. Conversely, interpreting the effects on psychopathologic state and symptoms was challenging, probably due to the small sample size and short observation period. Prolonged amino acid supplementation may play a role in the management of patients with eating disorders, favoring the correction of the catabolic state and possibly contributing to improvement of the psychopathologic state.

The Role of Diaphragmatic Ultrasound in Identifying Sarcopenia in COPD Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often complicated by sarcopenia, a condition of reduced muscle mass and function that adversely affects quality of life, lung function, and exacerbation rates. Ultrasonography could be an effective tool for detecting sarcopenia, notably by assessing diaphragmatic function, which may indicate muscle health in COPD patients. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of diaphragmatic ultrasound in detecting sarcopenia among COPD patients. Thirty-five patients with COPD, with a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) between 30% and 80%, were consecutively enrolled in this cross-sectional and double-blind study. Sarcopenia was defined using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) criteria. Muscle mass was assessed with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), muscle strength was assessed using the handgrip test and physical performance was assessed using a 4-meter gait speed test. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) (including maximum inspiratory pressure-MIP and maximum expiratory pressure-MEP) were performed. Diaphragm excursion and thickness at residual volume, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity were measured using ultrasound. The diaphragm thickening fraction was calculated during normal (TF) and deep breathing (TLC-TF). Seventeen of 35 patients (48.6%) were found to be sarcopenic. Diaphragm thickness did not show significant variation between the groups. Both TF (27.43%) and TLC-TF (39.7%) were found to be lower in the sarcopenic group (p<0.05). The diaphragmatic excursion in the sarcopenic group was found to be 1.38 cm (p=0.078). There was no difference in median MIP and MEP values between the groups. Diaphragmatic TF may be a valuable tool for detecting sarcopenia in COPD patients, which may vary independently of PFTs. This study highlights TF as a potential auxiliary measure, but further research with larger sample sizes and additional parameters is needed to confirm its clinical utility.

Assessment of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, Malnutrition Prevalence in Female Endurance Runners by Energy Availability Questionnaire, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Relationship with Ovulation status

Assessment of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, Malnutrition Prevalence in Female Endurance Runners by Energy Availability Questionnaire, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Relationship with Ovulation status

Clinical significance of cachexia index determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.

Cancer cachexia is a complex disorder characterized by skeletal muscle loss, which may influence the prognosis of patients with cancer. The cachexia index (CXI) is a new index for cachexia. The present study aimed to assess whether the CXI determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is valuable for predicting survival in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. A total of 54 patients with gastrointestinal cancer undergoing BIA at the time of diagnosis at Fukuchiyama City Hospital (Kyoto, Japan) were retrospectively recruited. CXI values were calculated as follows: CXI=skeletal muscle index (SMI) × serum albumin concentration/neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. The SMI was measured using BIA values. The patients were classified into low- and high-CXI groups. The median patient age was 72 years and 63.0% of patients were male. A total of 20 patients with colorectal cancer were enrolled, 12 with pancreatic cancer, 11 with gastric cancer, 6 with esophageal cancer, 4 with biliary tract cancer and 1 with liver cancer. The cumulative one-year overall survival (OS) rate was significantly worse in the low-CXI group compared with that in the high-CXI group (58.3 vs. 88.5%; P=0.012). By contrast, the SMI had no significant effect on OS. Thus, CXI values using BIA may predict survival in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.

Eight Weeks of Resistance Training Is Not a Sufficient Stimulus to Improve Body Composition in Post-COVID-19 Elderly Adults

Background: This study sought to assess how body mass (BM) and body composition in post-COVID-19 elderly adults were affected by 8 weeks of resistance training. An additional goal was to determine the agreement between Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) in elderly people. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention Group, which engaged in 8 weeks of resistance training, and a Control Group, which was advised to maintain their usual activity levels. Before and after the intervention, the body composition was analyzed via the BIA and DXA methods. Results: We found no statistically significant changes in BM or body composition following resistance training. BIA was found to overestimate the participants’ baseline BM and fat-free mass (FFM) and to underestimate the fat mass (FM), compared to the DXA method. There were no significant differences in intervention-induced changes in FM and FFM measured by BIA and DXA. Conclusions: Moderate intensity resistance training lasting 8 weeks was not found to be a sufficient stimulus to improve BM and body composition in post-COVID-19 elderly adults. We also conclude that BIA may serve as a viable alternative to DXA for measuring longitudinal changes in body composition in elderly people.

Differences in non-high density lipoprotein levels, blood pressure and waist circumference between normal-weight obesity, lean, and obese women

Background: Normal Weight Obesity (NWO) is a condition characterized by an average Body Mass Index (BMI) with high body fat percentage (BFP≥30%), distinct from individuals with normal BMI and normal body fat (BFP &lt;30%), known as Normal Weight Lean (NWL). NWO is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia, and central obesity. Objectives: Investigate differences in non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) levels, blood pressure, and waist circumference among respondents with NWO, NWL, and obesity.Materials and Methods: The research adopts an observational design with a cross-sectional approach. The respondents, 96 adult women aged 30-45 from Padang City, were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Measurements included BMI, body fat using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), waist circumference, and blood pressure. Nutritional status determination was employed to differentiate between NWL, NWO, and obesity. Subsequently, blood samples were taken for non-HDL analysis. Analysis of customarily distributed data used one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni, while non-normally distributed data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Mann-Whitney.Results: The study revealed that 20 women (20.8%) were classified as having NWO. The study results indicate a significant difference in non-HDL levels among NWL, NWO, and obesity (p-value = 0.015). There were differences in non-HDL levels between NWO and NWL women, as well as between NWL women and those with obesity. Blood pressure analysis showed no significant difference in blood pressure among NWO, NWL, and obesity. There was a difference in waist circumference, with a significant difference between NWL and obesity (p-value &lt;0.05) and NWO and obesity (p-value &lt;0.05). However, there was no significant difference between NWO and NWL (p-value = 1.00).Conclusion: There were differences in non-HDL levels and waist circumference among NWO, NWL, and obese women, but no significant difference in blood pressure was observed among the three groups.Keywords: Normal weight obesity; non-HDL; blood pressure; Waist circumference

The Relationship Between Upper Extremity Anthropometric Measurements and Bioimpedance Analysis With Grip Strength in Female Elite Handball Players

Handball players need to have upper extremity power and sufficient grip strength to be successful. In this context, it was aimed to determine the relationship between upper extremity anthropometric measurements and bioelectrical impedance analysis with grip strength in elite handball players. The study was conducted on 95 female elite handball players aged 18-24. Athletes with any trauma, musculoskeletal system problems, metabolic or systemic diseases that could affect the upper extremity were not included in the study. Stadiometer, electronic scale, digital caliper, inflexible tape measure, hand dynamometer, pinchmeter and skinfold caliper were used for anthropometric measurements, while Tanita MC-780 was used for bioelectrical impedance analysis. Upper extremity length, arm circumference, arm span, forearm length, forearm circumference, hand length, hand width, hand span, wrist medio-lateral diameter, wrist dorso-volar diameter, wrist circumference, tip pinch, key pinch, palmar pinch were found to be statistically significantly positively correlated with grip strength. A positive significant correlation was identified between grip strength and weight, body mass index, basal metabolic rate, waist/hip ratio from bioelectrical impedance analysis. The positive correlation between grip strength and athletes' anthropometric variables demonstrated the effect of hand anthropometry on grip strength in athletes who use their hands to grip a ball or an opponent. The results of this study can be useful for optimizing training programs as well as providing practical applications for talent selection of handball players.