Method For Biodiesel Production Research Articles

Comparative study of ultrasonic and conventional method for biodiesel production using different heterogeneous catalyst

Comparative study of ultrasonic and conventional method for biodiesel production using different heterogeneous catalyst

Comparative study of ultrasonic and conventional method for biodiesel production using different heterogeneous catalyst

Comparative study of ultrasonic and conventional method for biodiesel production using different heterogeneous catalyst

Effect of nanocatalysts on the transesterification reaction of first, second and third generation biodiesel sources- A mini-review

Biodiesel is a fuel that has numerous benefits over traditional petrodiesel. The transesterification process is the most popular method for biodiesel production from various sources, categorized as first, second and third generation biodiesel depending on the source. The transesterification process is subject to a variety of factors that can be taken into account to improve biodiesel yield. One of the factors is catalyst type and concentration, which plays a significant role in the transesterification of biodiesel sources. At present, chemical and biological catalysts are being investigated and each catalyst has its advantages and disadvantages. Recently, nanocatalysts have drawn researchers’ attention to the efficient production of biodiesel. This article discusses recent work on the role of several nanocatalysts in the transesterification reaction of various sources in the development of biodiesel. A large number of literature from highly rated journals in scientific indexes is reviewed, including the most recent publications. Most of the authors reported that nanocatalysts show an important influence regarding activity and selectivity. This study highlights that in contrast to conventional catalysts, the highly variable surface area of nanostructure materials favours interaction between catalysts and substrates that efficiently boost the performance of products. Finally, this analysis provides useful information to researchers in developing and processing cost-effective biodiesel.

Different water removal methods for facilitating biodiesel production from low-cost waste cooking oil containing high water content in hybridized reactive distillation

Abstract Waste cooking oil (WCO) as feedstocks for biodiesel production contains high free fatty acid and water, causing negative impacts on the biodiesel yield and its purity. In this work, three alternative methods for handling water content in WCO feedstocks using the earlier hybridization of esterification and transesterification in a single reactive distillation column (hybridized RD) were investigated. Our simulation results revealed that using two heat exchangers combined with the hybridized RD is a simple method to remove water from WCO. However, it requires the highest energy as well as biodiesel production cost (1.63 USD/kg biodiesel). The extended spacing stage modification of the hybridized RD was proposed to remove water content. It requires a new hybridized RD construction by spacing stages addition which can handle WCO with 10 wt% of water content and require less energy, resulting in lower biodiesel production cost (1.07 USD/kg biodiesel). The integration of pervaporation unit was found to be the best option. It offers the highest performance in terms of water removal and methanol recovery, resulting in the lowest biodiesel production cost (1.04 USD/kg biodiesel). This study shows that using pervaporation or extended spacing stages with hybridized RD are promising methods for biodiesel production from WCO.

A Comprehensive Review of Biodiesel Production Method and Characterization from Microalgae

In India, the road transportation sector mostly depends only on petro-diesel. Progressively increasing prices at the same time fast diminishing rate plays a vital role in pursuit of alternative to petroleum diesel. Lots of research been carried out to explore economical as well as technical viable alternative source to petro-diesel. The sources broadly divided in to edible and non-edible category among which conversion of edible oil into biodiesel was not at all feasible in India. So most of the research been focused on nonedible oil sources for example Jatropha, Jojoba, Polanga, Karanja, Cottonseed, Neem, and Kusum. The oil per acre yield, growth rate and oil content percentage for these sources was not pretty good. In this scenario biodiesel from microalgae may be the better alternative source for petro-diesel for the developing country like India. This article is an attempt, to explain the biodiesel production method from algae along with its characterization. In addition, the comparative analysis of an important characteristic in tabular form between algae and other sources given for better understanding.

A Review on Biodiesel Synthesis using Iron Doped Catalyst

This paper summarized on the history of biodiesel synthesis, biodiesel synthesis using iron doped catalyst. Biodiesel are gaining enormous attention from researches and manufacturers considering its advantages of non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable, and environment-friendly in order to improve the air quality over the atmosphere followed by reducing the global warming problems effectively. Regarding the conventional biodiesel production method, manufacturers generally utilize vegetable oil and alcohols to pass through the transesterification process with the presence of homogeneous base catalyst. The utilization of this types of catalyst lead to another environmental issues that most of the researches are concerning about since the homogeneous catalysts are not reusable and causing separation problems between oil products and the catalyst itself. Therefore, it is highly necessary for the researches and manufacturers to further explore and investigate some catalyst types that are truly feasible for high-scale or industrial usage. Heterogeneous catalysts are known to consists of an identical phase with the reacting medium where the liquid phase contains the feedstock and reaction medium whereas the catalyst retain within the solid phase, hence resolving the separation problems that the homogeneous catalyst would lead to. Recently, researches have introduced the novel method of magnetic properties impregnation of catalytic active component onto the carbonaceous compound. This proposed action tends to provide the advantages of high surface area, separation ease, and preventing the leaching of catalytic active components from the catalyst. Both the potential iron doped carbon catalyst have been extensively researched and studied within this report. Besides, the catalyst properties have discussed further for analyzing the effects of the biodiesel yield that introduced by the chemical and physical properties of various types of catalysts.

Novel Solar Parabolic Trough Collector cum Reactor for the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil using Calcium Oxide catalyst derived from seashells waste

Waste cooking oil was converted to biodiesel using a parabolic trough collector using solar radiations as a heating source and a parabolic trough collector as an intensifier. Calcium oxide (CaO) derived from seashells was used as a catalyst in order to boost the rate of the reaction. Temperatures of almost 95 °C were reached using this collector although the temperature was limited to below 78.4 °C in order to prevent the vaporization of ethanol. The influence of different parameters on the reaction was analyzed. The maximum yield was found to be 95.84%, obtained under conditions of 180 LPH reactant flow rate, 300 rpm stirring speed, 60 minutes reaction time, 9:1 ethanol to oil ratio and 90 cm catalyst bed height. The composition and properties of the biodiesel were found to be in accordance with literature and ASTM and BIS norms. The energy efficiency of the process was analyzed by net energy ratio (NER). The net energy efficiency index (NEEI) was obtained from the ratio of NER of the solar method to the conventional method. NEEI of the process was found to be 4.16, thereby making the process a highly promising method of biodiesel production.

An overview on advancements in biobased transesterification methods for biodiesel production: Oil resources, extraction, biocatalysts, and process intensification technologies

Biodiesel is a non-toxic renewable energy source that is gaining attention globally owing to its direct applicability in preexisting engines without any modification. Various technologies from laboratory scale to industrial scale have been developed, and many plants have been established for biodiesel production using various feedstocks. Using biobased technology in biodiesel production is advantageous as these methods generate less waste and are considered ecofriendly. This article mainly discusses the availability of various oil resources (edible, non-edible, waste cooking oils (WCO)) and the advancements in technology related to oil extraction. Specifically, biobased methods, such as immobilized enzymes (matrix) and heterogeneous catalysts (derived from biomass), reported to catalyze the transesterification reaction for biodiesel production are discussed in detail. Biodiesel production using conventional technologies results in low yield and purity and is time-consuming. Newly introduced process intensification technologies (microreactor, membrane reactor, microwave, reactive distillation, and centrifugal contractor) to overcome these issues are also discussed. The need to develop integrated process technologies for biodiesel production to make the process more economical is emphasized.

Role of microbial lipases in transesterification process for biodiesel production

Bio-diesel is a fuel produced by transesterification reaction of oil or fat in the presence of a catalyst. It is an alternate renewable source for petrol and diesel, which helps in reducing greenhouse gases emissions. Chemical catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid are used in the conventional methods of biodiesel production. This review focusses on application of lipase enzyme in transesterification of different types of oils such as: soybean, sunflower, rapeseed, palm oil, and waste cooking oil. Worldwide production of biodiesel via lipase enzyme and its economic as well as future aspects are also discussed. Various researchers have used free lipase in biodiesel production however, some lipases are also utilized as immobilized form. There are number of fungal and bacterial species that have been used to synthesize lipases, some of the microbial species are as follows: Aspergillus niger, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis etc. Solid-state fermentation and broth culture of fungus is suitable for crude lipase production. Immobilized lipase plays very significant role in transesterification process. Lipases enzymes act as a good catalyst therefore, its production and utilization may be a better alternative of chemical catalysts.

MODERN METHODS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION: A REVIEW

MODERN METHODS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION: A REVIEW

PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL A PARTIR DA REAÇÃO DE HIDROESTERIFICAÇÃO

Fatty acid esters (Biodiesel) are commonly produced by homogeneous basic catalytic transesterification reaction, whose sensitivity to the presence of water and free fatty acids (FFAs) in the raw material is one of the main drawbacks. The search for production processes that allow the use of vegetable oils with less added value is of interest to the biofuel industry. A promising alternative is hydroesterification, whose first stage is the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols, producing FFAs and glycerol products. Therefore, instead of decreasing acidity of the raw material through refining, the hydrolysis stage purposely increases its acidity. Then, glycerol is removed and the FFAs are subjected to an esterification reaction to produce fatty acid esters and water as a by-product. Therefore, this work presents a literature review, which has as main focus the production of biodiesel from hydroesterification. Alternative raw materials with potential in the current market are also presented. It was possible to verify that hydroesterification offers advantages when compared to conventional reactions. When carried out under conditions of high temperature and pressure, it can reduce the difficulties associated with the use of catalysts, becoming a promising alternative to be used as a method of biodiesel production.

Microwave‐Assisted Esterification of Oleic Acid Using an Ionic Liquid Catalyst

AbstractThe combination of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([Bmim]HSO4) ionic liquid (IL) and microwave heating was used to esterify oleic acid as a green approach in biodiesel synthesis. To compare the heating systems, conventional heating and the ultrasonic method were employed but the microwave method was found to be more effective. H2SO4 and 1‐methyl imidazole hydrogen sulfate ([Hmim]HSO4) were also used in the esterification of oleic acid and their catalytic activities were compared to that of [Bmim]HSO4. ILs provided some advantages such as reusability, easy recyclability, and very stable activity. There was only a small decrease in the catalytic activity of [Bmim]HSO4 after four successive applications, which means that ILs can be reused, contrary to homogeneous catalysts. The combination of IL catalysts and microwave irradiation proved to be a potential alternative method for biodiesel production.

Esterification and transesterification over SrO–ZnO/Al2O3 as a novel bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production

Abstract A series of novel bifunctional catalysts (SrO–ZnO/Al2O3) have been synthesised via the wet impregnation method for biodiesel production. The basic and acidic activities of the prepared catalysts were investigated using corn oil and oleic acid, respectively. Physio-chemical characteristics of the synthesised catalysts were analysed by XRD, SEM-EDS, TGA-DSC, and FT-IR. 1H NMR was used for analysing the fatty acid ethyl ester and the free fatty acid. The catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity in transesterification reaction, with 95.1% reaction conversion at operating conditions of 10:1 ethanol to corn oil molar ratio, 10 wt% catalyst loading, and 180 min at 70 °C. However, the conversion for esterification reaction was 71.4% at operating conditions 5:1 ethanol to corn oil molar ratio, 10 wt% catalyst loading, 6 h reaction time at 70 °C reaction temperature. The kinetic studies revealed that the transesterification and esterification reactions have good agreement with the first-order model.

Biodiesel Production using Lewis Catalysts under Ultrasonic Activation

AbstractBiodiesel can be produced by transesterification of oil triglycerides, as well as by esterification of fatty acids using feedstock materials rich in free fatty acids)FFAs). Utilization of such feedstocks can gain substantial economical profit and solve a problem of disposal of residual raw materials. To find an effective method of biodiesel production from FFA, we developed esterification of FFAs under ultrasonic activation using Lewis acids as catalysts. Homologous catalyst BF3 and heterogeneous AlCl3 were highly effective in reactions of model FFAs methylation under ultrasonic activation, when the reaction yield reached 100 %. Ethylation at the same conditions was less successful.

Investigation of fermentation conditions of biodiesel by-products for high production of β-farnesene by an engineered Escherichia coli.

Recently, the research on conversion of biodiesel by-products to high value-added products has received much attention, due to the adverse effects of large accumulations of biodiesel by-products caused by the rapid increase in biodiesel production. Herein, this study investigated the utilization of by-products crude glycerol (CG-1 and CG-2) from two different industrial methods of biodiesel production and the favorable fermentation conditions for the high yield of β-farnesene by an engineered Escherichia coli F4, which harbored an optimized mevalonate pathway. Through analyzing by-products' components and fermentation performance, we found that CG-2 did not contain harmful impurities such as methanol and black solid impurities, and the β-farnesene production was up to 2.7g/L from CG-2, which was similar to that from pure glycerol (2.5g/L) and higher than that (2.21g/L) from CG-1. Therefore, CG-2 was more suitable for β-farnesene production than CG-1, which might provide a reference for choosing a more suitable method on practical biodiesel production. Afterward, a variety of important fermentation conditions were explored using CG-2 as a substrate in shaken flasks. Under the optimal conditions (including induced cell density 1.0, initial cell density 0.25, temperature after induction 33°C, initial medium pH6.5), the yield of β-farnesene from CG-2 reached 10.31g/L in a 5-L bioreactor, which was 2.8-fold higher than initial conditions in shake flasks and was the highest yield of β-farnesene produced from biodiesel by-products by fermentation as well. The recommended fermentation conditions in this work will provide a valuable reference for the industrial production of β-farnesene utilizing biodiesel by-products.

Evaluation of an alternative method for production of biodiesel from processed fats derived from Category 1, 2 and 3 animal by-products (submitted by College Proteins).

An alternative method for the production of biodiesel from processed fats derived from Category 1, 2 and 3 animal by‐products was assessed. The method is based on a pre‐cleaning process, acidic esterification/transesterification of tallow using 1.5% methanesulfonic acid w/w; 140°C; 5.5 bar absolute pressure (bara); 4 h, followed by fractional distillation. The application focuses on the capacity of the alternative method to inactivate prions. Given the limitations that biodiesel presents for direct measurement of prion infectivity, the BIOHAZ Panel considered, based on the outcome of previous EFSA Opinions and current expert evaluation, that a reduction of 6 log10 in detectable PrPS c signal would be necessary to consider the process at least equivalent to previously approved methods for Category 1 animal by‐products. This is in addition to the inactivation achieved by the pressure sterilisation method applied before the application of any biodiesel production method. Experimental data were provided via ad hoc studies commissioned to quantify the reduction in detectable PrPS c in material spiked with scrapie hamster strain 263K, as measured by western blot, for the first two steps, with distillation assumed to provide at least an additional 3 log10 reduction, based on published data. Despite the intrinsic methodological caveats of the detection of PrPS c in laboratory studies, the BIOHAZ Panel considers that the alternative method, including the final fractional distillation, is capable of achieving the required 6 log10 reduction of the strain 263K PrPS c signal. Therefore, the method under assessment can be considered at least equivalent to the processing methods previously approved for the production of biodiesel from all categories of animal by‐product raw materials. It is recommended to check the feasibility of the proposed HACCP plan by recording the main processing parameters for a certain time period under real industrial conditions.

Conversion of waste frying palm oil into biodiesel using free lipase A from Candida antarctica as a novel catalyst

Biodiesel, also known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), is usually prepared using edible vegetable oils by transesterification. In this work, a clean method for biodiesel production was developed using frying palm oil (FPO) and free Candida antarctica lipase A (CALA) as feedstock and catalyst, respectively. The effect of transesterification conditions (water content, lipase load, substrate ratio, time and temperature) on FAME yield was evaluated and optimized by response surface methodology. Results showed that free lipase CALA had the excellent methanol resistance. And lipase CALA can simultaneously catalyze the transesterification of FPO and the esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) in the presence of excess water. Low mass transfer limitation of the system using lipase CALA as catalyst was found. The effect of reaction conditions on FAME yield decreased in order of water content > reaction time > enzyme load. The optimal reaction conditions were 16.6 wt% water content and 5.5 wt% enzyme load with 7:1 molar ratio of methanol to FPO at 30 °C for 22 h. The maximum FAME yield (94.6 ± 1.4%) was achieved under the optimal conditions. Arrhenius equation and Ea of the transesterification were lnV0 = 9.45–3964.4/T and 32.96 kJ/mol, respectively. K’m and Vmax were 6.75 × 10−1 mol/L and 2.38 × 10−2 mol/(L·min), respectively. This work supplied a clean method to produce biodiesel using waste frying oil with high water and FFA contents as feedstock and a green method using cheap free liquid lipase as catalyst.

Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with methanol via single-step pervaporation membrane reactor: A novel biodiesel production method

In this study, the feasibility of a single-step reaction and separation of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to biodiesel via integrated pervaporation membrane reactor was investigated. An integrated pervaporation membrane reactor system that combined both reactor and membrane separator into one unit was developed. The catalyst and membrane involved in this study were sulfonated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (s-MWCNTs) synthesized via thermal decomposition of ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and copoly(1,5-naphthalene/3,5-benzoicacid-2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropanedimide (6FDA-NDA/DABA). Esterification of PFAD with methanol was performed in both batch reactor and integrated pervaporation membrane reactor under the same reaction conditions: reaction temperature of 135 °C, methanol-to-PFAD ratio of 20, s-MWCNTs loading of 3 wt% and reaction period of 3, 5 and 10 h. At 10 h of reaction time, the thermally cross-linked 6FDA-NDA/DABA polyimide membrane was able to remove 94.8% of the generated water from the reaction mixture. The thermally cross-linked polyimide membrane was found to be a hydrophilic membrane and demonstrated negligible swelling in the reaction solvent, high thermal stability even at high reaction temperature and pressure. The high removal percentage of water by the thermally cross-linked polyimide membrane has triggered an increment of 17.9% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield in pervaporation membrane reactor as compared to the batch reactor.

Performance and stability assessment of Mg-Al-Fe nanocatalyst in the transesterification of sunflower oil: Effect of Al/Fe molar ratio

Heterogeneously biodiesel production from vegetable oils is recently concerned for reduction the environmental problems of its homogeneous production process. Therefore, synthesis an active and stable catalyst via simple, cost-effective and industrialization method must be proposed. For this purpose, a series of MgO impregnated on MgAlFe mixed metal catalysts with different Al/Fe molar ratio was prepared via solution combustion method for production of biodiesel from sunflower oil. The results of characterization presented that spinel type of MgFe2O4 was successfully synthesized by combustion method. Moreover, present of Al cation into mixture of precursors caused to the combustion reaction transfer from smoldering to flam reaction that is related to lower heat formation of MgAl2O4. This phenomenon prevents the insufficient growth of crystal and particles. Moreover, due to releasing huge amount of gases during combustion reaction, high reaction temperature and well bonding of active phases with the samples containing Al cations, they showed highly porous structure, high surface area, appropriate pore shape and high thermal stability. These advantages clearly increased their activity in the transesterification reaction. According the results, the MgO/MgAl0.4Fe1.6O4 nanocatalyst was selected as optimum sample that converted 93.2% of sunflower oil to biodiesel at the conditions of 110 °C, 12 M ratio of methanol/oil, 3 wt.% of catalyst and 3 h of reaction time. The sample also exhibited high stability for several uses such that preserved its activity at least for five times (conversion > 85%).

Synthesis and characterization of carbon-based MgO catalysts for biodiesel production from castor oil

The main purpose of this work was to develop a highly efficient and stable solid base catalyst for the preparation of biodiesel to meet the needs for green and clean production. To this end, a series of carbon-based magnesium oxide (MgO) solid base catalysts with high specific surface area were prepared by a sol-gel method and calcination for biodiesel production from castor oil. The effects of different organic additives and calcination temperatures on the physicochemical properties of catalysts were analyzed and evaluated by XRD, SEM, EDX, BET, FTIR and TGA. SEM and BET results indicated that the carbon-based MgO catalysts have a proper particle size distribution and a higher specific surface area. Meanwhile, EDX and TG analysis evidenced the presence of residual carbon in the MgO samples, which was confirmed to have a positive effect on the performance of the catalysts. The transesterification reaction was carried out in a batch reactor with condensed reflux to assess the performance of the catalysts. The MgO-UREA-800 catalyst exhibited impressive catalytic performance and an optimum biodiesel yield of 96.5% was obtained at the molar ratio of ethanol to oil of 12:1, catalyst loading of 6 wt%, reaction temperature of 75 °C and reaction time of 60 min. The catalyst durability tests showed that the catalysts could be reused in five cycles of operation without significant losses in activity.