Biodiesel Combustion Research Articles

Experimental investigation on ignition, combustion and micro-explosion of RP-3, biodiesel and ethanol blended droplets

Based on an infusion set, measuring cylinder and different types of micro needles, a method for measuring the volume of micro-droplet was established. The same volume of aviation fuel (RP-3), biodiesel and ethanol mixed droplets were sent to a heatable experimental device to study the combustion characteristics. Through a movable slide rail with adjustable speed, the mixed droplets suspended on the high-temperature resistant wire were transported to a distance of about 2 mm from the preheating plug for heating. The ingle-lens-reflex (SLR) camera and a high-speed camera were used to capture the ignition characteristics and instantaneous combustion characteristics of mixed droplets during heating, respectively. The burning mixed droplets video captured by the SLR camera was processed into color pictures by Adobe Premiere Pro CC software. Through the processing and analysis of these images, the ignition, combustion and micro-explosion characteristics of mixed droplets during combustion were studied. The equation for calculating the micro-explosion intensity was established, the micro-explosion intensity of binary mixed droplets and ternary mixed droplets was calculated and analyzed.

Combustion, performance and emission analysis of preheated KOME biodiesel as an alternate fuel for a diesel engine

In the present work, karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) biodiesel is used in a compression ignition engine to find an alternative to diesel. The use of biodiesel in a CI engine leads to poor performance and high brake specific fuel consumption due to the higher viscosity and lower calorific value of biodiesel. This problem can be reduced by increasing the injection temperature of biodiesel or its blends to a certain temperature. In this study, working fuel is tested at preheating temperatures of 95 °C for various loading conditions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). Effect of different KOME biodiesel–diesel blends (B0, B30, B50 and B100) on engine performance, combustion and emissions is studied at different loads. At higher temperature, the viscosity of the fuel decreases which leads to better combustion, improves the atomization as well as vaporization of fuel in a diesel engine, resulting in higher engine performance and lower emissions of CO and HC, with slight increment in NOX and CO2 emission compared to unheated neat diesel and biodiesel blends. The result shows that for 100% biodiesel (B100) at full load, BTE is improved by 9.1% compared to unheated case. Preheating of B100 fuel upto 95 °C at full load decreases the BSFC, CO and HC emission by 6.5%, 8.1% and 10.6%, respectively, compared to unheated case.

Oleic acid and derivatives affect human endothelial cell mitochondrial function and vasoactive mediator production

BackgroundInhalation of common air pollutants such as diesel and biodiesel combustion products can induce vascular changes in humans which may contribute to increased mortality and morbidity associated with fine particulate matter exposures. Diesel, biodiesel, and other combustion byproducts contain fatty acid components capable of entering the body through particulate matter inhalation. Fatty acids can also be endogenously released into circulation following a systemic stress response to some inhaled pollutants such as ozone. When in the circulation, bioactive fatty acids may interact with cells lining the blood vessels, potentially inducing endothelial dysfunction. To examine whether fatty acids could potentially be involved in human vascular responses to air pollutants, we determined the effects of fatty acids and derivatives on important vascular cell functions.MethodsHuman umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed in vitro to oleic acid (OA) or OA metabolites for 4-48 h. Cytotoxicity, vasodilator production (by ELISA measurement), mitochondrial function (using Sea Horse assays), and iron metabolism (inferred by ICP-OES measurements) were examined, with standard statistical testing (ANOVA, t-tests) employed.ResultsDose-dependent cytotoxicity was noted at 24 h, with 12-hydroxy OA more potent than OA. Mitochondrial stress testing showed that 12-hydroxy OA and OA induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Analysis of soluble mediator release from HUVEC showed a dose-dependent increase in prostaglandin F2α, a lipid involved in control of vascular tone, at 24 h (85% above controls) after OA-BSA exposure. RT-PCR analysis revealed OA did not induce changes in gene expression at noncytotoxic concentrations in exposed HUVEC, but 12-OH OA did alter ICAM and COX2 gene expression.ConclusionsTogether, these data demonstrate that FA may be capable of inducing cytotoxic effects and altering expression of mediators of vascular function following inhalation exposure, and may be implicated in air pollutant-induced deaths and hospitalizations. (267 of max 350 words).

Environment-Friendly Biodiesel/Diesel Blends for Improving the Exhaust Emission and Engine Performance to Reduce the Pollutants Emitted from Transportation Fleets

Biodiesel derived from biomass is a renewable source of fuel, and global application of biodiesel in the transport sector has rapidly expanded over the last decade. However, effort has been made to overcome its main shortcoming, i.e., efficiency and exhaust emission characteristics (NOx emissions) in unmodified diesel engines. Biodiesel combustion generally results in lower unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM) in exhaust emissions compared to fossil diesel. In this study, various biodiesel blends (Chlorella vulgaris, Jatropha curcus, and Calophyllum inophyllum) were investigated for fuel characteristics, and engine performance with exhaust emission compared to diesel. Chlorella vulgaris, Jatropha curcus, and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel were synthesized by the acid–base transesterification approach in a microwave reactor and blended with conventional diesel fuel by volume. The fuel blends were denoted as MB10 (90% diesel + 10% microalgae biodiesel), MB20 (80% diesel + 20% microalgae biodiesel), JB10 (90% diesel + 10% jatropha biodiesel), JB20 (80% diesel + 20% jatropha biodiesel), PB10 (90% diesel + 10% polanga biodiesel) and PB20 (80% diesel + 20% polanga biodiesel). Experiments were performed using these fuel blends with a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine at different loads. It was shown in the results that, at rated load, thermal efficiency of the engine decreased from 34.6% with diesel to 34.1%, 33.7%, 34.1%, 34.0%, 33.9%, and 33.5% with MB10, MB20, JB10, JB20, PB10, and PB20 fuels, respectively. Unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke emissions improved with third-generation fuels (MB10, MB20) in comparison to base diesel fuel and second-generation fuels (JB10, JB20, PB10 and PB20). Oxides of nitrogen emissions were slightly increased with both the third- and second-generation fuels as compared to the base diesel. The combustion behavior of microalgae biodiesel was also very close to diesel fuels. In the context of comparable engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics, along with biofuel production yield (per year per acre), microalgae biodiesel could have a great potential as a next-generation sustainable fuel in compression engine (CI) engines compared to jatropha and polanga biodiesel fuels.

Spray, atomization and combustion characteristics of oxygenated fuels in a constant volume bomb: A review

Biofuels have extensive available resources and have an immense potential as promising alternative fuels for automobile. The application advantages of biofuels are mainly reflected as particulate matter (PM) reduction, carbon neutral, greenhouse gases reduction, waste utilization, energy and economic security, and fuel pluralism. Based on the understanding of molecular structure effects of biofuels on soot formation and particles morphology, the effects of alcohols, ethers, esters and biodiesel on spray and combustion process in constant volume bomb in recent years are retrospectively analyzed in this paper. For the mixture, macromolecular ester fuels and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODE) are conducive to the improvement of liquid spray, while biodiesel, small molecules, dimethyl ether (DME) and alcohols are reversed. Alcohols are advantageous to the extension of mixing time and the increasing of vapor-phase mixture. Through the influence integrated assessment, alcohols show the best performance on the spray, atomization and combustion, while biodiesels show the worst. But in terms of combustion, PODE is the best choice without considering spray and atomization. For binary alternative-diesel fuel blends, methanol or butanol is the best additive based on synthetically considerations on spray, atomization and combustion. To meet the requirements of the fuel application of diesel engine, ternary fuel or even quaternary fuel have been proposed and explored. This review can help to form a systematic understanding on fuel recombining and obtain the guide of clean and efficient fuel formulation for diesel engine. • Spray and combustion in constant volume bomb fueled with oxygenated fuels are reviewed. • Spray and combustion of different oxygen functional group fuels are analyzed. • Spray and combustion of different carbon chain length fuels are analyzed. • Spray and combustion of biodiesel from different sources are analyzed. • Spray and combustion of different functional group position esters are analyzed.

Combustion, performance, and emissions of safflower biodiesel with dimethyl ether addition in a power generator diesel engine

ABSTRACT In this study, the effect of dimethyl ether (DME) addition to diesel (ultralow sulfur diesel fuel) and biodiesel fuels on the combustion, performance, and emissions of a diesel-powered generator was investigated. For this purpose, fuel samples of the ternary blend that volumetrically composed of 10% safflower biodiesel–10% dimethyl ether–80% ultralow sulfur diesel fuel (B10DME10), the ternary blend that volumetrically composed of 25% safflower biodiesel–25% dimethyl ether–50% ultralow sulfur diesel fuel (B25DME25), the binary blend that volumetrically composed of 25% safflower biodiesel–75% ultralow sulfur diesel fuel (B10DME10) B25, and pure safflower oil biodiesel (B100) and standard ultralow sulfur diesel (D2) were prepared. The test engine was loaded by power drawing from the generator by the usage of equivalent powered electrical heating resistances. Generally, using DME with biodiesel improved the combustion properties of biodiesel blends that can be attributed to the lower viscosity of DME. The maximum cylinder pressure was obtained for B10DME10 in general and sometimes for B25DME25. When test fuels are compared, DME blends showed higher and earlier peaks of heat release compared to diesel and biodiesel blend fuels especially. It was found that combustion is more efficient from mass fuel consumption (MFC) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values in the use of DME than biodiesel. BSEC values of using DME in the blends considerably decreased that it is the proof of improved combustion and energy efficiency. The highest average efficiency values were obtained for B25DME25 as 28.3% although it has a lower calorific value than D2 due to the considerably improved combustion properties of DME, while the average efficiency values were 23.1%, 23.3%, and 20.7% for D2, B25, and B100 fuels, respectively. Highest carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were obtained in the use of pure biodiesel, while the lowest CO emissions were obtained in the use of DME. The addition of DME is seen to increase the nitrogen oxides (NOx) and CO emissions.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Combustion, Performance and Exhaust Emission Parameters of Biodiesel / Diesel Mixture Fuels Used in a Diesel Engine

Bu çalışma, ayçiçek yağı metil ester ve dizel karışımlarının motor karakteristiklerini ve yanma analizlerini içermektedir. Deneysel çalışmalar tek silindirli dizel bir motorda yapılmıştır. Sayısal çalışma ise AVL-FIRE yazılımının ESE-Diesel kısmında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler incelendiğinde, karışımlı yakıtlar içerisinde en yüksek motor torku %10 ayçiçek yağı metil ester-%90 motorin (AYME10) çalışmasında elde edilmiştir. Bütün test yakıtları içerisinde en yüksek silindir içi basınç, %30 ayçiçek yağı metil ester-%70 motorin (AYME30) karışımlı çalışmada elde edilmiştir. Karışım içerisindeki biodizel oranın artmasıyla birlikte NOx emsiyonları artarken, CO ve HC emisyonları ise azalmıştır.

ПЕРЕРОБКА ВУГЛЕКИСЛОТИ ВІДПРАЦЬОВАНИХ ГАЗІВ ЕЛЕКТРОСТАНЦІЙ

Gaseous and diesel fuels are produced on an industrial scale by converting solar energy with genetically modified cyano-bacteria (blue-green algae), which use CO2 for development, resulting in high yields when converting carbon dioxide into hydrocarbons. The disadvantage of using carbon dioxide as a source of CO2 is the content of various toxic compounds that inhibit photosynthesis and will pollute the environment when burning biodiesel. The solution of the problems of reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and creating optimal conditions for its processing is possible only with a comprehensive approach to solving a number of specific technological problems. In this work a method of recycling of carbon dioxide exhaust gases of power plants is described. The purpose of the work is to reduce the activation energy of the combustion process in the presence of a catalyst. Theoretical foundations of the process of electrocatalysis, intensification of combustion of gaseous and solid fuels are elucidated. The main problem, impedimental to the use of smoke gases as raw material for the production of pure carbon dioxide, is the formation at incineration of fuel of such toxic compounds as carbon oxide (II), nitrogen oxides, and benzo(a)pyrene, formaldehyde, vapors of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, toxic metals. Suppressions of formation CO, NOx and other harmful admixtures in smoke gases is possible to attain on the stage of burning with the use of new technology: electronic catalysis of flame in the discharge zone. The method of heterophasic ozo-nation minimizes content CO, NOx and other toxic admixtures in smoke gases. Photosynthesis – by converting pure CO2 into hydrocarbons with the use of solar energy – enables to receive on a com-mercial scale genetically modified cyano-bacteria (blue-green algae). Oils, got from them, a gaseous and diesel fuel during incineration result in the decrease of maintenance of toxic compounds in smoke gases. Thus, the creation of clean energy biocomplex is achieved.

Thermal degradation of α-pinene and β-pinene: An experimental study

Thermal degradation plays a very important role in the understanding of pyrolysis and oxidation. Parameters of ignition, flammability and flame propagation depend on it. In this context, the aim of this study is to study experimentally thermal degradation of two terpene-derived biofuels: α-pinene and β-pinene. Thermogravimetric analyses are performed for four heating rates (3, 5, 10, 20 K/min) under two atmospheres: air and nitrogen. Kinetic parameters are extracted using three different methods. Activation energies for these two biodiesels are given for the first time. In addition, GC–MS analyses are performed to study gaseous emissions of these two compounds. Results show that α-pinene is slightly more reactive than β-pinene. Comparisons with literature show that activation energies of these two biofuels are close to diesel and sunflower biofuel ones. Obtained results will be useful for numerical simulations of biodiesel combustion, as an alternative to fossil fuels.

Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of B20 fish biodiesel blended with waste plastic oil on a diesel engine

Depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution are major challenges in the present world. Main pollution sources are the Plastic waste and automotive emissions. The present work deals with usage of the oil obtained from waste plastic blended with Fish Biodiesel. In order to carry out the study on plastic wastes, pyrolysis process was used. Pyrolysis runs without oxygen and in high temperature of about 250-300 °C. Fish Biodiesel was obtained from waste fish leftovers and transesterification was used to obtain Fish Oil Methyl Ester (FOME). B20FOME is obtained by blending 20% FOMEwith 80% Diesel. The 10% of fuel obtained from waste plastic is blended withB20FOME to obtain B20FOME10WPO. For conducting the various experiments,10HP single cylinder 4 stroke direct injection water-cooled diesel engine is employed. The engine is made to run at 1500rpm and the load is varied gradually from 0-100%. The BTE of biodiesel blend and bio diesel blend with plastic oil was increased by 3.82% and 10.02% respectively than that of diesel. UBHC and CO emissions were found to be lower than that of diesel. Whereas NOx emission and smoke opacity were observed to be marginally higher than that of diesel. The performance, emission and combustion characteristics are observed. It reveals that fuel properties are comparable with petroleum products. Converting waste plasticsinto fuel hold great promise for both the environmental and economic scenarios.

A theoretical investigation on Bell-Evans-Polanyi correlations for hydrogen abstraction reactions of large biodiesel molecules by H and OH radicals

High-accuracy prediction of activation energies and enthalpies of reaction is theoretically important while computationally challenging for accurately determining the kinetic parameters of chemical reactions in biodiesel combustion. In practice, the Bell-Evans-Polanyi (BEP) correlations between the activation energy and the enthalpy of reaction play an important role in fast estimation with acceptable accuracy. In the present study, the BEP correlations for hydrogen abstraction reactions of biodiesel surrogates by H and OH radicals were theoretically investigated by using high-level orbital-based and ONIOM-based methods. Reaction classes for these reactions were defined based on distinctive electron interactions due to the complex characteristics of esters. Linear BEP correlations were established for each reaction class and validated by the high-level calculations, with deviations being less than 0.90 kcal/mol. The rate constants of some representative hydrogen abstraction reactions were calculated by using the BEP correlations and other approximate theories. These rate constants validate the BEP assumption of similar pre-exponential factors for the reactions in the same group, and they are found to agree reasonably well with the available data in literature. Furthermore, improved predictions to experimental data were obtained by using an existing kinetic model of methyl decanoate oxidation updated with the calculated rate constants. The present BEP correlations are believed to provide effective solutions to some kinetic issues of real biodiesel combustion.

Experimental research on effects of biodiesel fuel combustion flame temperature on NOX formation based on endoscope high-speed photography

Biodiesel has the potential to be used as an alternative to diesel fuel, while NOX emissions from biodiesel engine are higher than those of diesel engine. According to the Zeldovich mechanism, thermal NO is the main pathway for NOX formation. Therefore, studying the temperature of biodiesel combustion flame is of great significance for understanding the formation mechanism of NOX. Hence, this paper is devoted to the investigation of effects of biodiesel combustion flame temperature on NOX formation by using Endoscope high-speed photography. The experimental work has been carried out on a diesel engine fueled with three different blending-ratios of biodiesel/diesel fuel (B0, B50, B100). The image of the engine combustion process was captured by high-speed endoscopic photography, and the flame temperature field distribution was calculated based on the brightness of the in-cylinder combustion flame image. The parameters of in-cylinder flame temperature and their changing laws with engine speed and blending-ratios were also analyzed by using six indicators, such as NOX formation flame area (SNO), flame area change velocity (VNO), mean flame area change velocity (VNOM), flame area duration (ϕNO), flame appearance efficiency (ηNO) and adiabatic flame temperature (TP). Results showed that with the increase of biodiesel fuel proportion, the positions of SNOappearance and disappearance were advanced, the peak values of SNO,VNOVNOM, ηNObecame greater, andϕNObecame shorter, which indicated that more beneficial environment to NOX formation occurs as biodiesel fuel proportion increases.

Combustion characteristics and flame stability of linear esters of palmitic acid based on OH-PLIF technology

Experimental study on combustion characteristics and method for evaluating flame stability was carried out. Methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate, propyl palmitate, butyl palmitate, and amyl palmitate were prepared using pyridine n-butyl bisulfate ionic liquid as catalyst in a self-designed reactor to catalyze esterification reaction of palmitic acid with methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol, respectively. Combustion characteristics including the flame height, flame front area, and flame speed were analyzed; and OH-PLIF time-average total signal strength by the OH-PLIF technique and cold flow properties of linear-chain alkyl esters of palmitic acid were also studied. Image diagnosis was applied to the study of flame stability, and an image segmentation method using three color feature matrices of flame corresponding to the red, green, and blue components was proposed. A color was selected as the evaluation color and the iterative method was used to obtain the optimal threshold for the area where the flame was located. Each pixel in the matrix was compared with an optimal threshold, and the flame stability was evaluated by calculating the ratio variance under continuous conditions. The method is simple in operation, accurate in repeatability, less interfered, and provides some guidance for analysis and optimization of biodiesel combustion process.

Analysis of combustion, emission and performance attributes of hemp biodiesel on a compression ignition engine

Analysis of combustion, emission and performance attributes of hemp biodiesel on a compression ignition engine

Analysis of combustion, emission and performance attributes of hemp biodiesel on a compression ignition engine

The increasing pollution problems caused by conventional fuels and fuel scarcity are forcing the scientists all over the world to look for sustainable fuel alternatives. The suitability of hemp biodiesel derived from non-edible industrial grade hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed as a biofuel in C.I engines is discussed in this paper. The performance, emission and combustion attributes of different hemp biodiesel combinations are tested on a Kirloskar VCR engine at a standard compression ratio 17.5:1 and the outcomes are contrasted with those of standard diesel fuel. Hemp biodiesel blends exhibit an average increment of 7.35% in the mechanical efficiency in comparison to neat diesel. Hemp biofuel blends also results in a moderate decrement in CO and HC emissions by 20.83% and 24.5% accordingly at peak load. The experimental findings show the suitability of hemp biodiesel blends as a nature-friendly alternate fuel.

Comparative Investigations on Mahua Biodiesel-Diesel - Alcohol Low Percentage Blends with a VCR Diesel Engine

In this analysis mahua oil biodiesel isselected as one of the best alternative fuel to diesel.Transesterficiation processisusedforbiodieselproduction.Serious concern on the emissions, in particularthe nitrogen oxides (NOx), PM (particulate matters) and carbondioxide (CO2)led to think about additives to improve the overall performance. In this investigation additives are used to improve the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of Mahua biodiesel (B) and Diesel (D) blends. B20 blend is used as basic blend to compare the performance.Ethanol (E) and Propanol (P) used as additives indiesel-biodiesel blend with 5%,10% and 15%and tested in VCR diesel engine. Ethanol shown better performance in particular as compare to Propanol. The reduction of NOx, CO, CO2, HC emission in diesel engine and also increase performance in addition of 10% ethanol. From this conclude the result ethanol is alternative to improve efficiency of diesel engine by using the blended biodiesel.

CFD analysis of biodiesel blends and combustion using Ansys Fluent

Automobile sector heavily relies on burning of fossil fuels to meet its energy requirements. This continuous burning of fossil fuels generates harmful emissions which are hazardous for both environment and human being. To stare down these emissions levels, appropriate methods of emission reduction or a sustainable replacement to fossil fuels are desiderating of the current situation. An alternate solution to the stated concern is biodiesel, which is non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable by its nature. Another advantage, where little or no modification to present compression ignition (CI) engines is boon for utilizing biodiesel. Biodiesel originates from organic matter, from animals and plants, via — a chemical process called transesterification. During the process, methyl or ethyl ester (biodiesel) are refined from animal fat or vegetable oil with other useful products like glycerin. The pure form of biodiesel, which is abbreviated as ‘BXX’- B100 (pure biodiesel), while blended with petroleum diesel in proportion are B2-2% biodiesel, B5-5% biodiesel, and B20-20% biodiesel. Biodiesel produced from plant origin like non-edible grade oil from Jatropha plant has promising potential as blending fuel. It has an economic aspect too, as blended petroleum products or pure biodiesel reduces the dependency of foreign petroleum imported by countries like India. This article is about CFD based combustion analysis of biodiesel fuel using Ansys Fluent© and matched with the combustion of diesel fuel. Parameters like the temperature of combustion at various blend ratios of B0-B100 varies from 2100 K to 1100 K are recorded through contour plots. Results are compared with diesel fuel, and an appropriate blend ratio is given for biodiesel for having for maximum efficiency and the least emission in applications.

Experiments and modeling of octanoic acid pyrolysis in a plug flow reactor

Pyrolysis of carboxylic acids plays a key role in various industrial applications (production of bio-energy vectors from waste cooking oil reforming or of biosourced chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis, or even combustion of ethyl biodiesel). In this work, pyrolysis of octanoic acid selected as departure model compound was carried out in a plug flow reactor. Profiles of the reactant, stable intermediates, and final products, identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, were measured by non-dispersive infrared absorption and gas chromatography equipped with thermal conductivity detector or flame ionization detector. Within the operating conditions of the plug flow reactor (mean pressure/kPa: 112; oven set point temperature/K: 923–1073, mean residence times/s: 0.42-0.83; reactant mole fraction in nitrogen selected as inert diluent: 3 and 5%), the major products formed are 1-olefins and carboxylic acids (saturated and monounsaturated) together with small species like hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and ethylene. These experimental data were used to further develop a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for octanoic acid pyrolysis, mainly generated from EXGAS software with kinetic and thermodynamic properties of key reactions specific to carboxylic acids revisited. Satisfactory repeatability and material balances were obtained for the generated kinetic data, which also showed a satisfactory agreement with the proposed mechanism. Rate of production and sensitivity analyses were carried out for selected experimental conditions (high temperature and various residence times), highlighting the significant contribution of H-abstractions (particularly the α-hydrogens) and the sensitive key role of the unimolecular decomposition in octanoic acid consumption.

Effect of nanoparticles and hydrogen on combustion performance and exhaust emission of corn blended biodiesel in compression ignition engine with advanced timing

In this study, we have evaluated the influence of Zinc oxide and Titanium dioxide nanoparticles addition in hydrogen-corn blended biodiesel combustion performance and exhaust emission using a dual direct-injection compression-ignition engine. 5% of Zinc oxide and Titanium dioxide were mixed with corn-vegetable oil methyl ester under ultrasonication. Results revealed that the addition of nanoparticles improved the Brake power by 22% (Titanium dioxide) and 4% (Zinc oxide). Consequently, 18% and 15% reduction in brake specific fuel consumption indeed at 50% load compared to neat diesel. Furthermore, the addition of nanoparticles also resulted in a reduction of emission values of 37% and 26% in hydrocarbon, 26% and 36% for carbon monoxide, 19% and 15% in nitrogen oxide and followed by 13% and 8% of smoke opacity. Therefore, the results proved that hydrogen-corn biodiesel blended with nanoparticles additive reports a positive effect on compression-ignition diesel engines without major modifications in engine.

Experimental Demonstration of Deterministic Chaos in a Waste Oil Biodiesel Semi-Industrial Furnace Combustion System

In this paper, the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the oxygen-enriched combustion of waste oil biodiesel in semi-industrial furnaces were tested by the power spectrum, phase space reconstruction, the largest Lyapunov exponents, and the 0-1 test method. To express the influences of the system parameters, experiments were carried out under different oxygen content conditions (21%, 25%, 28%, 31%, and 33%). Higher oxygen enrichment degrees contribute to finer combustion sufficiency, which produces flames with high luminance. Flame luminance and temperature can be represented by different gray scale values of flame images. The chaotic characteristics of gray scale time series under different oxygen enrichment degrees were studied. With increased oxygen content, the chaotic characteristics of flame gradually developed from weak chaos to strong chaos. Furthermore, the flame maintained a stable combustion process in a high-temperature region. The stronger the chaotic characteristics of the flame, the better the combustion effect. It can be seen that the change of initial combustion conditions has a great influence on the whole combustion process. The results of several chaotic test methods were consistent. Using chaotic characteristics to analyze the waste oil biodiesel combustion process can digitize the combustion process, find the best combustion state, optimize, and precisely control it.