Biochemical Parameters In Mice Research Articles

Universal existence of fluorescent carbon dots in beer and assessment of their potential toxicity

Nanosized materials may produce adverse physiological effects or potential health risks due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Herein, the universal presence of fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) in commercial beers was confirmed through a systematic survey. The beer CDs were roughly spherically shaped in appearance and emitted bright blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light with quantum yields (QYs) ranging from 1.42% to 3.92%. Furthermore, digestion, biodistribution, and cytotoxicity assessments of CDs from Snow beer were conducted as an example. The CDs were significantly quenched during in vitro digestion. The dynamic distribution of CDs in mice showed that they easily accumulated in the intestine and liver, and more importantly, the beer CDs were found in the brain, which indicated that they were able to cross the blood–brain barrier. Acute toxicity of the beer CDs was evaluated using BALB/c mice, and the results revealed that the biochemical parameters of mice after administration of a single dose of 2 g kg−1 body weight were almost same as those of the control groups. Histological analysis showed no obvious organ damage in the tested mice. The in vitro results indicated that CDs dispersed onto both the cell membrane and the cytoplasm of MC3T3-E1 cells, alter the cell cycle progression, and caused cell apoptosis at high doses. This work reports the potential risk of CDs in beer and provides valuable information regarding CDs in food.

Assessment of antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of Satureja montana extracts against CCl4 induced liver damage

The influence of Satureja montana extracts on several liver biochemical parameters in mice administered with carbon tetrachloride was estimated. In vivo investigation of antioxidant properties of S. montana extracts encompassed monitoring of biochemical parameters (derived from liver homogenate and blood hydrolyzate) and examination of potential hepatoprotective effect after intoxication with carbon tetrachloride. Biochemical tests included determination of activity of several antioxidant enzymes: xanthine oxidase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, amount of reduced glutathione and intensity of lipid peroxidation. In order to obtain data about the potent hepatoprotective effect of examined extracts, the following parameters were determined: aspartate aminotrans-ferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, hepatic DNA and hydroxyprolin. Results of this study demonstrate that S. montana extracts inhibited the hepatotoxicity produced by carbon tetrachloride administration most probably through activation of physiological common defense mechanisms.

Silk fibroin peptide suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human lung cancer cells.

Silkworm cocoon was recorded to cure carbuncle in the Compendium of Materia Medica. Previous studies have demonstrated that the supplemental silk protein sericin exhibits anticancer activity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of silk fibroin peptide (SFP) extracted from silkworm cocoons against human lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and its possible anticancer mechanisms. SFP that we prepared had high content of glycine (~ 30%) and showed a molecular weight of ~ 10 kDa. Intragastric administration of SFP (30 g/kg/d) for 14 days did not affect the weights, vital signs, routine blood indices, and blood biochemical parameters in mice. MTT assay showed that SFP dose-dependently inhibited the growth of human lung cancer A549 and H460 cells in vitro with IC50 values of 9.921 and 9.083 mg/mL, respectively. SFP also dose-dependently suppressed the clonogenic activity of the two cell lines. In lung cancer H460 xenograft mice, intraperitoneal injection of SFP (200 or 500 mg/kg/d) for 40 days significantly suppressed the tumor growth, but did not induce significant changes in the body weight. We further examined the effects of SFP on cell cycle and apoptosis in H460 cells using flow cytometry, which revealed that SFP-induced cell cycle arrest at the S phase, and then promoted cell apoptosis. We demonstrated that SFP (20-50 mg/mL) dose-dependently downregulates Bcl-2 protein expression and upregulates Bax protein in H460 cells during cell apoptosis. The results suggest that SFP should be studied further as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of lung cancer.

Biochemical and histological alterations induced by the smoke of allethrin based mosquito coil on mice model

BackgroundMosquito coil (MC) emits insecticide upon burning which provides limited protection against lethal mosquito borne diseases. However, apart from killing the insect, toxicities associated with the inhalation of these insecticides poses severe health hazards. However, the use of MC is increasing day by day in third world countries in particular but, yet to receive enough attention of both policy maker and general public. The current study was aimed to assess the MC smoke induced damage of pulmonary and hepatic tissues along with observing the alterations of several blood biochemical parameters in mice model.MethodsA total of twenty four Swiss albino mice were allowed to inhale the smoke of allethrin based MC at different duration per day for 120 days. By the end of treatment period, blood sample was drawn from each mouse and blood biochemical parameters including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), serum total protein, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) were analyzed. Intact lung and liver were collected for histological analysis using standard protocol.ResultsBiochemical study indicates elevated activity of two hepatic enzymes: ALT (89%), AST (85%), in comparison with the respective control. Increased level of some parameters of lipid profile including cholesterol (36%), LDL (48%) and triglyceride (30%) in smoke inhaled mice is the new finding of this study. On the contrary, the activity of serum total protein and BUN was decreased by 20% and 24%, respectively in inhaled mice. Pulmonary tissue of treated mice shows severe forms of emphysema and hyperplasia, especially in the peripheral region of lung, which is the hallmark of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Histological study of hepatic tissue shows apoptosis mediated damage of hepatocytes along with severe form of necrosis. Infiltration of Inflammatory cells was also observed in both of the organs.ConclusionResults from the present studies suggest that chronic exposure of allethrin based MC is responsible factor for severe health complications such as COPD due to the alterations of the key biochemical parameters of blood and histo-organization of lung and liver.

Antimalarial Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Maesobotrya barteri and Effects on Some Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Mice

Antimalarial Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Maesobotrya barteri and Effects on Some Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Mice

Anthelmintic effects and toxicity of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. in rodent models

Background: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. is a very widely distributed medicinal herb. Different preparations from this herb are extensively used as a folk medicine in the Middle East, including Turkey, besides in India, Italy, etc. In India, the grinded juice of C. dactylon has been commonly used as a folk medicine for the treatment of intestinal-worm infections. Aim: This study was undertaken to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic effects and potential toxicity of whole plant extract of C. dactylon against Hymenolepis diminuta (Hymenolepididae), a zoonotic tapeworm, using two rodent models. Materials and Methods: In in vitro assay, plant extract was tested at 10, 20 and 40 mg/ml concentrations, against adult H. diminuta, and the efficacy was adjudged by physical motility and mortality of parasites. In vivo testing was done in H. diminuta - Wistar rat model, by monitoring the eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) count and worm counts of animals after treatment with 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg doses of extract. Acute toxicity of extract was monitored with 2000 mg/kg oral dose of extract, following the OECD guidelines in Swiss albino mice. In sub-acute toxicity, a low extract dose, i.e. 400 mg/kg and a high extract dose, i.e. 800 mg/kg was tested in mice, as per the guidelines of OECD, for the assessment of some haematological and biochemical parameters of mice. Results: The extract showed a dose-dependent efficacy in both, the in vitro assay as well as in the in vivo assay. In the in vitro test, the 40 mg/ml concentration of extract caused paralysis and mortality of worms in as early as in 4.12 ± 0.55 h and 5.16 ± 0.34 h, respectively. This was comparable with the reference drug praziquantel (PZQ). The in vitro anthelmintic effects were also corroborated by the results of in vivo assay, wherein treatment of rats with 800 mg/kg dose of extract for 5 days revealed up to 77.64% reduction in EPG counts and 79.00% reduction in worm counts at post-treatment period, showing a comparable efficacy with 5 mg/kg dose treatment of PZQ. In the acute toxicity assay, the extract did not reveal any adverse effects or mortality in any animal, during the 14-days observation period. The LD50 of extract was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg. In the sub-acute toxicity study, all the studied parameters of animals were found to be normal at 400 mg/kg dose (low dose), however, treatment with high dose, i.e., 800 mg/kg revealed only a slight elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in animals. Conclusion: C. dactylon possesses significant anthelmintic properties, and its extract appears to be devoid of any major adverse effects in experimental animals. These pharmacological credentials supports the safe folkloristic use of this plant as an anthelmintic remedy.

Determination of the regulatory properties of Yucca schidigera extracts on the biochemical parameters and plasma hormone levels associated with obesity

Yucca schidigera Ortgies, Asparagaceae, is a herbaceous plant. Due to the high saponin content the powdered branches and leaves are used as natural food additive for human and animal. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Y. schidigera extracts on plasma leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, insulin, thyroid hormones and some biochemical parameters in mice fed a high-fat diet. Male Swiss Albino mice were divided into seven equal groups. Group I (negative control group) was given standard diet; Group II was given high-fat diet; Group III was given high-fat diet with carboxymethylcellulose; Groups IV–VII were given hexane, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of Y. schidigera and high-fat diet via gastric gavage for 60 days. High-fat diet significantly increased plasma leptin, insulin, free T3 hormone, glucose, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triacylglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, and significantly decreased plasma ghrelin, adiponectin and free T4 hormone levels. On the other hand, hormone levels, lipid profile and biochemical parameters were improved by the administration of the PE extract. Y. schidigera extracts could be used as preventive medicine in nutritional disorders via regulating energy metabolism and hormonal functions.

Amelioration of paracetamol hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress on mice liver with silymarin and Nigella sativa extract supplements

ObjectiveTo evaluate the ameliorator property of silymarin or/and Nigella sativa (N. sativa) extract against N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP)-induced injury in male mice at the biochemical, histological and ultrastructural levels. MethodsThe mice were divided into seven groups (10/group). The first group was served as control. While, the second group was treated with dose of APAP. The third and fourth groups were treated with silymarin alone and N. sativa extract alone respectively. The fifth and sixth groups were treated with combination of APAP with silymarin and APAP with N. sativa extract respectively. The seventh group was treated with combination of both ameliorative compounds (silymarin and N. sativa extract) with APAP and all animals were treated for a period of 30 days. ResultsExposure to APAP at the treated dose to mice led to an alteration of liver functions, increased the alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase levels, decreased total protein level as well as increasing the superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde while decreased catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reduced activities. The levels of APAP on the biochemical parameters of mice were dose-dependent. Administration of silymarin or/and N. sativa extract to APAP-treated mice attenuates the toxicity of this compound, objectified by biochemical, histological and ultrastructural improvement of liver. But the alleviation was more pronounced with the both antioxidants. ConclusionsThe synergistic effect of silymarin and N. sativa extract is the most powerful in reducing the toxicity induced by APAP and improving the liver functions and antioxidant capacities of mice.

Ginseng Purified Dry Extract, BST204, Improved Cancer Chemotherapy-Related Fatigue and Toxicity in Mice.

Cancer related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most common side effects of cancer and its treatments. A large proportion of cancer patients experience cancer-related physical and central fatigue so new strategies are needed for treatment and improved survival of these patients. BST204 was prepared by incubating crude ginseng extract with ginsenoside-β-glucosidase. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of BST204, mixture of ginsenosides on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced CRF, the glycogen synthesis, and biochemical parameters in mice. The mice were randomly divided into the following groups: the naïve normal (normal), the HT-29 cell inoculated (xenograft), xenograft and 5-FU treated (control), xenograft + 5-FU + BST204-treated (100 and 200 mg/kg) (BST204), and xenograft + 5-FU + modafinil (13 mg/kg) treated group (modafinil). Running wheel activity and forced swimming test were used for evaluation of CRF. Muscle glycogen, serum inflammatory cytokines, aspartic aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine (CRE), white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (NEUT), red blood cell (RBC), and hemoglobin (HGB) were measured. Treatment with BST204 significantly increased the running wheel activity and forced swimming time compared to the control group. Consistent with the behavioral data, BST204 markedly increased muscle glycogen activity and concentrations of WBC, NEUT, RBC, and HGB. Also, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), AST, ALT, and CRE levels in the serum were significantly reduced in the BST204-treated group compared to the control group. This result suggests that BST204 may improve chemotherapy-related fatigue and adverse toxic side effects.

Effect of vitamin E and selenium separately and in combination on biochemical, immunological and histological changes induced by sodium azide in male mice

Sodium azide (SA) is used as an active ingredient to control a broad spectrum of soil borne pathogens including insects, weeds, nematodes, fungi, and bacteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ameliorator property of vitamin E (Vit E) or/and selenium (Se) against SA-induced injury in male mice at the biochemical, immunological and histological levels. The mice were divided into nine groups (10/group). The first three groups were served as control, Vit E and Se while, the second three groups were treated with three different doses of SA. The last three groups were treated with high dose of SA with Vit E or Se or Vit E and Se and all animals were treated for a period of 30 days. Exposure to SA at the three doses to mice led to an alternation of liver and kidney functions, decrease the testosterone concentration, decreased IgG and IgM levels as well as the increasing the TNF-α. The effects of SA on the biochemical parameters of mice were dose-dependent. Administration of Se or/and Vit E to SA-treated mice attenuates the toxicity of this compound, objectified by biochemical and histological improvement of liver, kidney and testis. But, the alleviation is more pronounced with the both antioxidants. Thus, the synergistic effect of Se and Vit E is most powerful in reducing the toxicity induced by SA and improving the humoral immune response of mice.

Chemical Composition of Salmon Ovary Outer Membrane and Its Protein Increases Fecal Mucins Content in C57BL/6J and Type 2 Diabetic/Obese KK-Ay Mice

Salmon ovary outer membrane (SOM) is a byproduct of the salmon industry; however, the effective utilization of SOM for food materials and supplements is anticipated as the demand for fish and seafood increases worldwide. The purposes of the present study were to assess the chemical composition of SOM, the characteristics of SOM protein (SOMP), and its effects on serum and fecal biochemical parameters in mice. SOM contained high levels of crude protein (61.9 g/100 g) and crude lipid (18.9 g/100 g). The protein pattern of SOMP was different from those of fish muscle protein and roe; it was abundant in collagen, as calculated from the hydroxyproline content. In addition, SOMP exhibited lower protein digestibility during in vitro digestion analyses compared with casein. Male C57BL/6J and KK-Ay mice were fed a casein-based semi-purified diet or a diet with replacement of part of the dietary protein (50%) by SOMP for four weeks. Mice fed the diet containing SOMP showed elevated fecal nitrogen and mucins contents and reduced levels of serum liver injury markers and fecal ammonia. These results show for the first time that chemical composition of SOM, and SOMP, contain a resistant protein fraction and a large amount of collagen. Therefore, SOM is a potential source of marine collagen and functional food material for promoting the health of the liver and colon.

Are you real? Visual simulation of social housing by mirror image stimulation in single housed mice

Individual housing of social species is a common phenomenon in laboratory animal facilities. Single housing, however, is known to inflict social deprivation with a number of detrimental consequences. Aiming to improve housing conditions of single housed rodents, we investigated the simulation of social housing by mirrors in a series of behavioural experiments and biochemical parameters in mice. We found that chronic mirror-image stimulation increased exploratory behaviours in the holeboard and novel cage tests, but did not alter anxiety, locomotor, or depression-like behaviours. Moreover, no influence on visual recognition memory was observed. Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, a biomarker for enrichment effects, were unaltered. In line, mirror-image stimulation did not alter home cage behaviour in mice housed with and without mirrors when left undisturbed. Thus, though we found subtle behavioural effects after long-term mirror exposure, we conclude that the simulation of social housing by mirrors is not sufficient to gain the presumably beneficial outcomes induced by social housing.

Effects of Pimpinella anisum oil Extract on Some Biochemical Parameters in Mice experimentally induced for human Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

n this study, the effect of Pimpinella anisum oil (Anise oil) extract is evaluated on some biochemical parameters in PCOS mice as a model for human PCOS. Estrous cyclicity of 24 adult cycling mice was monitored by vaginal smears. After about 4 days, 18 mice received an intramuscular (I.M.) injection of a single dose of estradiol valerate (EV), one mg in 0.1 ml of corn oil to induce (PCOS), corn oil was injected to the six mice in the control group. After 60 days from injection, mice with (PCOS) were orally administered multiple doses (200, 400) mg/kg Body weight of anise oil extract for 15 days. The histological (ovary) and hormonal (FSH, LH, estradiol and progesterone) results showed that anise oil can decrease signs of PCOS in the ovarian tissue and altered concentrations of luteinizing hormone.

Evaluation of biochemical findings in mice exposed to thiamphenicol treatment

The aim of the study was to investigate the acute and subacute dose and the dose regime of thiamphenicol-induced changes in serum biochemical parameters in mice. Thiamphenicol was given to the trial groups at a dosage of 100 mg/kg bw (group 2) and 200 mg/kg bw (group 3) in drinking water for 7 days. Blood samples were collected from all animals on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 of the study. Serum concentrations of urea, creatinin, triglyceride and total protein as well as serum activities of hepatotoxicity markers as ALT, AST, LDH and ALP were measured spectrophotometrically. The results obtained in this study show that oral administration of thiamphenicol in mice do not show biochemical alterations. Key words: Antibiotic, biochemical parameters, hepatotoxicity, mice, thiamphenicol.

THE EFFECTS OF TARAXACUM OFFICINALE EXTRACTS (TOE) SUPPLEMENTATION ON PHYSICAL FATIGUE IN MICE

The study is to investigate the effect of Taraxacum officinale extracts (TOE) supplementation on physical fatigue based on the forced swimming capacity in mice. Forty Kunming male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, i.e., normal control (NC) and three doses of TOE treated group (High-dose, Middle-dose and Low-dose). Three TOE treated groups were treated by oral TOE with 10, 30 and 100mg/kg b.w respectively for a period of 42 days. The normal control group was given a corresponding volume of sterile distilled water. After 6 weeks, the forced swimming capacity and blood biochemical parameters in mice were measured, and the result showed that TOE had an anti- physical fatigue effect. It enhanced the maximum swimming capacity of mice, effectively delayed the lowering of glucose in the blood, and prevented the increase in lactate and triglyceride concentrations.

Apoptogenic activity and toxicity studies of a cytotoxic protein (BMP1) from the aqueous extract of common Indian toad (Bufo melanostictus Schneider) skin

A protein (BMP1) was purified from common Indian toad (Bufo melanostictus, Schneider) skin through DEAE cellulose ion exchange chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The molecular weight of the BMP1 was found to be 79kDa. BMP1 (0.5 and 1mg/kg/day, i.p.) significantly decreased the number of viable Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells, thereby increased the lifespan of EAC bearing mice (p<0.001). MTT values reduced significantly with the treatment of BMP1 (0.5 and 1.0mg/kg/day, i.p. for 3 days) on EAC cells indicated its antiproliferative activity. This was also supported by flow-cytometric data on the cell cycle arrest at G1 in EAC cells. BMP1 (1mg/kg) reduced the solid tumor weight and volume of about three times further support the antiproliferative nature. Fluorescence and confocal microscopic study on EAC cells after BMP1 (0.5mg/kg/day, i.p. for 3 days) treatment indicated certain features of apoptosis, like nuclear fragmentation, membrane blebbing, and vacuolization of cells. DNA fragmentation was clearly observed in alkaline comet assay. Apoptosis induced by BMP1 was further confirmed through flow-cytometric analysis of annexin-V binding study, sub-G1 arrest in the cell cycle and found to be mediated through caspase 3 dependent pathway. LD50 of BMP1 was found to be 12.2mg/kg, i.p. in male Swiss albino mice. BMP1 treatment at 0.5mg/kg and 1.0mg/kg for 10 days did not alter any hematological and biochemical parameters in mice, but after 30 days of treatment produce significant rise in total leucocyte count, neutrophil percentage, serum urea, creatinine, GOT, LDH and decrease in lymphocyte percentage as compared to respective control. In conclusion, BMP1, a protein molecule isolated from Indian toad (B. melanostictus, Schneider) skin, showed antiproliferative and apoptogenic activity on EAC cancer cell with limited toxicity.

Effects of drinking diesel-contaminated water on the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of mice

Pollution of the environment by petroleum products is a common feature in oil producing nations, especially in the developing countries where the incidence of pipe line leakage and valdalization is very common. This study investigated the effects of exposure to water contaminated with very low concentration of diesel on some hematological and serum biochemical parameters of mice. A total of 20 albino mice were used for the study. The mice were allowed to drink from water contaminated with diesel 1 %, v/v for 6 weeks. Hematological and serum biochemical parameters of the mice that were exposed to the contaminated water were compared to control mice. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of mice that were allowed to drink from the diesel-contaminated water. The mean corpuscular volume also increased significantly (p<0.05) in these mice. The activities of these serum enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly (p<0.05). Serum concentrations of total bilirubin and creatinine also increased significantly (p<0.05). The results indicate that diesel-contaminated water or products even at the lowest concentration is a threat to the environment. The health of humans and other species exposed to this environmental pollutant is adversely affected.

Adaptogenic effect of black and fermented leaves of Bergenia crassifolia L. in mice

The adaptogenic effect of Bergenia crassifolia black and fermented leaves was examined based on the forced swimming capacity and the change of biochemical parameters in mice. The treatment groups were orally administered infusions of black and fermented leaves of 3 populations of B. crassifolia, while the control group received distilled water for 7 days. Infusions from black leaves of B. crassifolia insignificantly enhanced the maximum swimming capacity of mice by increasing fat utilization, and by delaying the accumulation of plasma lactate while infusions from fermented leaves of B. crassifolia significantly enhanced the maximum swimming capacity of mice without change of the body weight by increasing glucose utilization and decreasing lactate level compared to the control group.

Effects of Athamanta turbith fruit essential oils on CCl4‐induced hepatic failure in mice and their antioxidant properties

The effects of essential oils isolated from mature fruits of Athamanta turbith ssp. hungarica (Borbás) Tutin and A. turbith ssp. haynaldii (Borbás & Uechtr.) Tutin (Umbelliferae) on some liver biochemical parameters in mice intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride were investigated. Pretreatment with both essential oils extenuated the effects caused by carbon tetrachloride. In order to investigate in vitro antioxidant properties of the oils, three methods were applied: scavenging of both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and OH radicals, as well as a test of inhibition of Fe(2+)/ascorbic-induced lipid peroxidation. Investigated essential oils exhibited modest antioxidant capacity. Therefore, their influence on biochemical parameters in intoxicated animals might be linked to the inhibition of enzymes (cytochrome P450 2E1) involved in metabolic activation of halomethanes.

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Erabu Sea Snake (Laticauda semifasciata) Lipids, Green Tea Extract and Conjugated Linoleic Acid on the Swimming Endurance of Mice

The aim of this study was to assess the interaction between physical and biochemical parameters in mice fed 1 % sea snake lipids (SSL) and compare these with animals fed diets containing 0.2 % green tea extract (GTE) or 0.5 % conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The swimming times of the SSL group were significantly increased at Weeks 12 and 16 (p<0.001), and those of the GTE group, at Week 12 (p<0.005), but not those of the control or CLA group, compared with those at Week 0. The increase tended to be significant in the SSL group compared with the control group at Week 12 (p=0.09). Both the SSL and GTE groups had significantly longer swimming times than the CLA group at Weeks 12 and 16 (p<0.001). After 5 minutes of swimming exercise, the SSL group exhibited significantly lower levels of plasma and muscle lactates (p<0.01), and plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) (p<0.001) than the control group. There were no significant differences in any of plasma glucose, muscle and liver glycogens, muscle lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT), or monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) between SSL and control groups. The results suggest that the intake of 1 % SSL improved endurance more than the intake of 0.2 % GTE or 0.5 % CLA in mice. This action may involve the promotion of lactate oxidation for utilization.