Biochemical Estimations Research Articles

Evaluation of adaptogenic and antidepressant activity of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Salacia chinensis in mice

Study was carried out to evaluate the Adaptogenic and Antidepressant effect of Salacia chinensis leaf extract in animal model.Salacia chinensis is a plant species belonging to the family Celastraceae. This study was carried out to evaluate the Adaptogenic and Antidepressant effect of Salacia chinensis leaf extract in animal model. Swimming Endurance Test was used to evaluate the Adaptogenic activity in albino mice while Tail Suspension Test and Elevated Plus Maze test was used to evaluate the Antidepressant activity in albino mice. In Swimming Endurance model various biochemical parameters like blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides were estimated, weight of organs like liver, spleen and adrenal gland was measured in stress control and extract treated animals. Immobility as behavioural parameter was assessed in Tail Suspension Test and Elevated Plus Maze model of depression after treatment with hydroalcoholic extract of Salacia chinensis leaf at selected dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Results of the study have showed significant Adaptogenic and Antidepressant activity of Salacia chinensis.Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis (15) Salacia chinensis leaves extract was subjected to chemical tests for the identification of their active constituents. The results have indicated the presence of flavonoid, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, carbohydrates.The biochemical estimation results obtained showed decrease in blood glucose, triglyceride, and slight increase in cholesterol level when compared to control which support the adaptogenic activity of the title plant as shown in table no: 02,03,04 and fig no: 03,04,05,06,07. The duration of immobility was reduced after treated with hydroalcoholic extract of Salacia chinensis and results are significant on both high dose 400 mg/kg, p.o. (P<0.001) and low dose 200 mg/kg, p.o. (P<0.01) with that of standard Imipramine (10 mg/kg, p.o.) indicating that the extract possess significant antidepressant activity. Results depicted in table no: 05 and fig no: 08,09.The hydroalcoholic extract of Salacia chinensis at high dose (400 mg/kg, p.o) (P˂0.05) significantly increased the number of entries in to open arm and total time spent in open arm as compared to control.It shows increase in the mobility of the mice in open arm which suggest the antidepressant activity shown in table no:06 and fig no: 10,11.Based on the results obtained from this study it can be concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract of Salacia chinensis leaves possess Adaptogenic and Antidepressant activity. This beneficial effect of Salacia chinensis leaf might be due to presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and its derivatives.

Haematological and Plasma Biochemical Parameters in Response to Natural Coccidian Infection in Barbari and Jamunapari Goat Breeds in Semi-arid Tropics

Background: Small ruminants like goats are considered the most resourceful and efficient animal all over the world. Eimeria species causes disease in goats associated with poor growth, diarrhoea and decrease in production, high morbidity and mortalities. The present study was conducted to analyse the haematological and biochemical parameters in response to natural coccidian infection in Barbari and Jamunapari goat breeds in semi-arid tropics. Methods: A total of 474 goats were examined; 96 goats were selected (48 Barbari and 48 Jamunapari) and divided on the basis of high (12 males and 12 females) and low (12 males and 12 females) oocyst per gram (OPG) counts of both Barbari and Jamunapari goats. The blood was aseptically collected from the jugular vein, using a 22-gauge needle for each animal separately in 5 ml blood for the haematological and biochemical estimations. Result: In haematological parameters of Barbari goats there were no significant (P greater than 0.05) differences in males and females. Although significantly higher values of RBC were observed in low OPG females, similar results were also observed in Hct, Mcv, Hb, MCH and MCHC. Whereas, in WBC, Lymphocyte, Monocyte and Granulocyte statistically had no significant (P greater than 0.05) differences among all the groups. In haematological parameters of Jamunapari goats no significant (P greater than 0.05) differences was seen in males and females of both the groups. The same group of Barbari goats were also selected for biochemical parameters and high OPG females had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher blood glucose values. The blood potassium concentration was found to be significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in low OPG males compared to high OPG males. The same group of Jamunapari goats were selected for biochemical parameters and ALT, total protein and globulin had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher values in high OPG females than others. A/G ratio had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher value observed in high OPG males.

3D Bioprinted Human Skin Model Recapitulating Native-Like Tissue Maturation and Immunocompetence as an Advanced Platform for Skin Sensitization Assessment.

Physiologically-relevant in vitro skin models hold the utmost importance for efficacy assessments of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical formulations, offering valuable alternatives to animal testing. Here, an advanced immunocompetent 3D bioprinted human skin model is presented to assess skin sensitization. Initially, a photopolymerizable bioink is formulated using silk fibroin methacrylate, gelatin methacrylate, and photoactivated human platelet releasate. The developed bioink shows desirable physicochemical and rheological attributes for microextrusion bioprinting. The tunable physical and mechanical properties of bioink are modulated through variable photocuring time for optimization. Thereafter, the bioink is utilized to 3D bioprint "sandwich type" skin construct where an artificial basement membrane supports a biomimetic epidermal layer on one side and a printed pre-vascularized dermal layer on the other side within a transwell system. The printed construct is further cultured in the air-liquid interface for maturation. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated a differentiated keratinocyte layer and dermal extracellular matrix (ECM)-remodeling by fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The biochemical estimations and gene-expression analysis validate the maturation of the printed model. The incorporation of macrophages further enhances the physiological relevance of the model. This model effectively classifies skin irritative and non-irritative substances, thus establishing itself as a suitable pre-clinical screening platform for sensitization tests.

Comparison of phenotypic variability of winter durum wheat varieties and lines according to the color characteristics of grain, cereals and pasta

There have been given the study results of grain color characteristics of winter durum wheat varieties and lines (Triticum durum Desf.). There has been studied the effect of factors (‘variety’, ‘year’ and their correlation) on the expression of the main breeding-valuable traits that affect the quality of the final product. The purpose of the current study was to determine the variability of phenotypic characteristics of grain associated with the number of yellow pigments in grain, the color of semolina and finished pasta, to study the correlation between indicators and to identify the most promising ones for further work. Field trials were carried out in the scientific crop rotation laboratory of breeding and seed production of winter durum wheat of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. Laboratory and analytical study was carried out in the laboratory of biochemical, technological and agrochemical estimation in accordance with generally accepted methods and GOST. As a result of the study, there has been established that the main effect on such characteristics of grain quality of winter durum wheat as ‘general hardiness’, ‘mass fraction of protein in grain’ and ‘grain color index b’ was produced by the factor ‘year of study’ by 67.0 %, 48 .2 % and 65.4 % respectively. The ‘cereal color index b’, ‘dry pasta color index b’ and visual estimation of dry pasta were mainly influenced by the factor ‘genotype’ by 62.3 %, 82.5 % and 48.3 %, respectively. The severity of the trait ‘content of carotenoid pigments’ depended on all factors. Over the years of the study, the winter durum wheat varieties and lines developed by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” according to color characteristics met the international requirements for durum wheat grain. As a result, the varieties ‘Grafit’ and ‘Karotinka’ stood out according to several studied characteristics in connection with which we recommend expanding the production crops of these varieties. There can be recommended to use promising lines 1147/19 and 971/19 and the variety ‘Solntsedar’ in the breeding process as sources with high color characteristics of grain and pasta.

Lactobacillus species modulates TNF-α and Nrf2 expression in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema

BackgroundThe buildup of activated immune cells at injury sites accelerates the production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species which further promotes oxidative stress, leading to an inflammatory response that can in turn intensify oxidative stress. This study evaluates the activity of three Lactobacillus species sourced from Nigerian locally fermented drink products for acute inflammatory regulation potentials in Wistar rats using paw oedema model induced by carrageenan. Material and methodsOedema was induced with 1% iota-carrageenan in experimental groups and thereafter received 5 × 107 CFU/mL of L. fermentum CIP 102980, L. fermentum NBRC 15885 and L. plantarum CIP 103151 treatments while positive control group received diclofenac sodium (150 mg/kg body weight of rats). The occurrence of inflammation, oxidative stress were assessed at intervals (t = 1, 4, 24, and 72 hrs) on rat paw tissues via biochemical estimation of NO, MPO, MDA and GSH. Routine haematoxylin and eosin stain was used to investigate neutrophil infiltration and immunostaining of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) was performed to evaluate inflammation and oxidative stress respectively. ResultsLactobacillus treated groups showed significant control to mitigate the influx of infiltrating neutrophils to rat paws, as well as interacting with non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione) to act as antioxidants by increasing their levels, regulating lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase compared to diclofenac sodium group. LAB treatments also downregulated the production of TNF-α cytokine and upregulated Nrf2 compared to untreated group. ConclusionLactobacillus exert potent therapeutic benefits against oxidative stress damage and influx of neutrophil cells in inflamed rats.

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Plumbago zeylanica Roots in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract Objective: The concurrent usage of oral hypoglycemic agents produces side effects, and the herbal medicine Plumbago zeylanica L. (PZ) is being studied to reduce these effects. The antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of PZ roots on streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats were investigated. Materials and Methods: Triple maceration method was used for the development of PZ extracts. Standardization of the plant extract and in vitro study was carried out by the physicochemical study, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, and α-amylase methods. Animals were divided into seven groups, and the experiment was designed into two parts. Seven groups were taken normal control, diabetic control, hydroalcoholic extract of PZ at different doses (100–200 mg/kg), and metformin (MET, 25 mg/kg) for 21 days. The coadministration of a low dose of PZ (100 mg/kg) and MET (100 mg/kg) was administered orally. Blood glucose level (BGL) was measured continuously for 3 weeks of overnight-fasted animals. Biochemical estimation was assessed by total protein, catalase, nitric oxide, and reduced glutathione content. Histological features of the β-cells were observed through histopathological study. Results: Hydroalcoholic PZ (HAPZ) showed the highest antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, respectively. Oral administration of HAPZ extract (200 mg/ml) for 21 days diminished the BGL significantly from 298 ± 7.05 to 230 ± 5.69 mg/dL, whereas coadministration of HAPZ (100 mg/kg) with MET (10 mg/kg) had also reduced BGL from 286 ± 4.10 to 231 ± 5.75 mg/dL. The best outcomes were obtained when PZ extract (100 mg/kg) was combined with a low dose of MET (10 mg/kg). Conclusions: We can conclude that PZ might be the alternative to synthetic medicines for the management of diabetic disorders.

A study on bisphenol induce renal damage and role of vitamin c as an antioxidant on bisphenol induced renal damage in wistar rats. A case control study.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is considered one of the most common industrial manufactured chemicals and a pollutant. oxidative stress has been induced by bisphenol by dysregulate the cytokines. Oxidative stress induced by BPA is known to affect the brain, liver, and kidneys. Vitamin C is an important dietary antioxidant which is known decreases the oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species. Hence the current study was focused to evaluate the damaging effect of BPA on kidney and the role of ascorbic acid on BPA induced kidney toxicity. There were four groups of rats(6 rats in each); Group 1: Control Group (Olive oil treated) Group 2:(Vitamin C treated), Group 3: (Bispenol treated), Group 4: (Vitamin C + Bispenol treated). One kidney homogenized to measure Melonaldihyde level and glutathione and other kidney was used to study the histopathlogical parmeters. Biochemical estimation of serum electrolyte was done by commercially available kits using spectrophotometer. Animals exposed to Bisphenol showed fall in the level of GSH and increase in MDA level as well as fall in serum sodium and potassium level. Biochemical results were supported by histo-pathalogical changes. Pre-treatment with Vitamin C showed an rise in the level of GSH, sodium and potassium level and fall in MDA. Vitamin C pre-treatment also showed some beneficial changes in histology of kidney also. Our result demonstrated that exposure to Bisphenol induced oxidative stress in rat kidney and vitamin C could act as an antioxidant protecting against BPA induced oxidative stress.

Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator – Siponimod: An Evaluation to Ameliorate Aluminium Chloride Induced Behavioural Change and Biochemical effects

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterised by the gradual loss of hippocampal and cortical neurons, resulting in diminished memory and cognitive function. Siponimod (SPM) a selective modulator of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 and 5(S1P1,S1P5 receptors), was found to have neuroprotective effect in neurological disorders. The present study was conducted to evaluate its beneficial effects in AD. Materials and Methods: In-silico molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies were carried to know its potential interactions with selected target proteins. In-vivo study was conducted inthirty rats divided randomly into five groups with six rats per group: Control group received Carboxy methyl cellulose; disease group were administered aluminium chloride (AlCl3);standard group received rivastigmine (RVST) with AlCl3; and the test groups received SPM (0.05mg/kg and 0.2mg/kg) with AlCl3. Morris water maze test and elevated plus maze was used to evaluate learning and memory. Behavioural changes and biochemical parameters estimation were performed at the end of experiment. Results: The molecular docking study using selected protein and ligands showed higher docking score and stable interactions at acetylcholinesterase (AChE) protein with SPM.Behavioural studies showed: decrease in transfer latency time in elevated plus maze; decrease in time to reach target platform and increase in time spent in target quadrant in Morris water maze test in SPM treated rats. Biochemical evaluation showed marked decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, myeloperoxidase (MPO)levels and increased antioxidant levels in SPM treated groups. SPM exhibited significant inhibitory activity onAChE. Conclusion: SPM was found to be effective in ameliorating AlCl3 induced AD. The observed benefits in restoring learning and memory were attributed to its inhibitory activity on AChE and its ability to suppress free radical mediated oxidative damage.

Nootropic Effect of Celastrus paniculatus on Restraint Stress Induced Behavioral and Biochemical Changes in Wistar Albino Rats

Background: Stress most certainly plays a significant role in everyday life. The natural biological balance is disrupted by stressful events, which has a negative impact on normal physiological and psychological function. In the last 20 years, there hasn't been much advancement in the creation of medications, efficient drug delivery systems, or treatments for Central Nervous System (CNS)-related issues. The ancient Ayurvedic herb Celastrus paniculatus (CP) has been used for millennia as a memory booster, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative, and antiepileptic drug. The neuropharmacological effects of the seed extract have been thoroughly studied in a variety of laboratories, and there are numerous findings that support their nootropic function. Aim: To investigate the effects of Celastrus paniculatus against restraint stress, induced behavioral and biochemical changes in male Wistar albino rats. Methods: The animals were divided into five groups. Each group includes six animals. Group I: Control, Group II: Restraint stress (6hrs for 21 days), Group III: Celastrus paniculatus (400mg/kg, orally) and restraint Stress, Group IV: Celastrus paniculatus alone, Group V: Vehicle. The behavioral changes are assessed by Place Preference test, Elevated plus Maze. Animals were euthanized and the discrete regions of the brain were homogenized for biochemical estimation, such as Catalase, SOD, LPO, GPX, GSH, Vitamin C. Animal’s cognitive and anxiety-related behavior and antioxidants were examined the following day after the stress procedure and treatment. Results: Following a period of 21 days of being subjected to restraint stress, the behavioral changes were reduced in stress group when compared to control group, and also the levels of Lipid peroxidase significant (P<0.05) increased in the restraint stress group as compared to the control group. Enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Vitamin C, Glutathione experienced a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the restraint stress group as opposed to the control group. Conclusion: Chronic restraint stress has adverse effects on the animal’s cognition, memory, and learning abilities as well as anxiety-related behavior. However, Celastrus paniculatus treatment shows enhanced performance in anxiety-related Behavior and antioxidant properties.

Evaluating Motor Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress Induced by Trichloroethylene in Wistar Rats.

Trichloroethylene, a chlorinated solvent widely used as a degreasing agent, is a common environmental contaminant. Emerging evidence suggests that chronic exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) contributes to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). TCE induced LRRK2 kinase activity in the rat brain and produced a significant dopaminergic lesion in the nigrostriatal tract with elevated oxidative stress. Here we have utilized TCE-induced PD model for the assessment of test drug. Oral gavage administration of TCE at a dose of 1000mg/kg/day for 6weeks was utilized to induced PD. Muscle grip strength was estimated by rotarod and grid performance test. Motor activity by actophotometer and locomotor stability were assessed by forelimb locomotor scale (FLS) and forelimb step alternation test (FSAT). However, the postural stability was assessed by postural stability test (PST). Biochemical estimation consists of determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), GSH level (reduced glutathione), and nitrite concentration.

Biochemical estimation of nutrients and anti-diabetic compounds of Ivy gourd herb

Most of the herbs have a long history for treating diabetes, and among them Ivy gourd herb is a clean and green form of medicine with no side effects. It is easily accessible, affordable, and its consumption is a cost effective form of therapy to treat diabetes. Ivy gourd is being cultivated in some of the states of India like, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra and Assam. The secondary data reports presence of bioactive compounds- triterpenoids and pectin in Ivy gourd. Triterpenoids prevent development of insulin resistance, whereas, pectin leads to lesser absorption of glucose from the small intestine. In the current study different parts of Ivy gourd herb, fruit, leaf, stem and root were analysed for various biochemical compounds. The analysis showed presence of good amount of triterpenoids and pectin in the fruit in comparison to other parts. Consumption of Ivy gourd fruit thus could be useful in lowering blood glucose level among diabetics.

In silico and in vitro assessment of an optimized QbD-guided myoinositol and metformin-loaded mucus-penetrating particle-based gel for the amelioration of PCOS.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a multi-factorial endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. However, its high prevalence and the unsuccessful translation of conventional modalities have made PCOS a pharmaco-therapeutic challenge. In the present study, we explored bi-formulations (comprising metformin-loaded mucus-penetrating nanoparticles, MTF-MPPs, and myoinositol-loaded mucus-penetrating particles, MI-MPPs) incorporated in a carbomer gel tailored for intravaginal administration. For the development and optimization of the MPPs-gel, a QbD (quality by design) approach was employed, including the initial and final risk assessment, central composite design of experts, and method validation. The optimized MTF-MPPs and MI-MPPs possessed an optimum nanometric particle size (195.0 nm and 178.8 nm, respectively) and a PDI of 0.150 and 0.123, respectively, together with a negligible negative zeta potential (-5.19 mV and -6.19 mV, respectively) through the vaginal mucus. It was observed that the MPPs are small and monodisperse with a neutral surface charge. It was observed that the MPPs-gel formulations released approximately 69.86 ± 4.65% of MTF and 67.14 ± 5.74% of MI within 120 h (5 days), which was observed to be sustained unlike MFT-MI-gel with approximately 94.89 ± 4.17% of MTF and 90.91 ± 15% of MI drugs released within 12 h. The confocal microscopy study of rhodamine-loaded MPPs indicated that they possessed a high fluorescence intensity at a depth of 15 μm, while as the penetration trajectory in the vaginal tissue increased to 35 μm, their intensity was reduced, appearing to be more prominent in the blood vessels. The analyzed data of MPPs-gel suggest that the optimized MPPs-gel formulation has potential to reach the targeted area via the uterovaginal mucosa, which has a wide network of blood vessels. Subsequently, in vivo studies were conducted and the results revealed that the proposed MPPs-gel formulation could regulate the estrous cycle of the reproductive system compared to the conventional formulation. Moreover, the formulation significantly reduced the weight of the ovaries compared to the control and conventional vaginal gel. Biochemical estimation showed improved insulin and sex hormone levels. Thus, the obtained data revealed that the deep penetration and deposition of MTF and MI on the targeted area through intravaginal delivery resulted in better therapeutic effects than the conventional vaginal gel. The obtained results confirmed the amelioration of PCOS upon treatment using the prepared MPPs-gel formulation. According to the relevant evaluation studies, it was concluded that MPPs-gel was retained in the vaginal cavity for systemic effects. Also, the sustained and non-irritating therapeutic effect meets the safety aspects. This work serves as a promising strategy for intravaginal drug delivery.

Formulation Development and Characterization of Acitretin Proniosomal gel: In-vivo Exploration against Imiquimod-induced Psoriasis in Experimental Animals

he main purpose of this study was to prepare and evaluate acitretin proniosomal gel (APG) and find out if the antipsoriatic formulation could prevent Imiquimod (IMQ) induced psoriasis in experimental animals. APG was developed and by coacervation phase separation method. Cholesterol and soya lecithin was used as membrane modifiers and tween 80 and span 60 as non-ionic surfactants. Characterization of the prepared proniosomal gel revealed that the optimized batch APG3 presented excellent formulation characteristics like the viscosity of 9710 ± 1.24 cps, rate of spontaneity as 13 ± 0.86, %entrapment efficiency of 94.91 ± 0.51, average hydrodynamic diameter of niosomes as 345.7 nm, polydispersibility index as 0.159 and ZP of -2.3 mV. In-vivo animal study of the optimized batch APG3 was performed along with biochemical estimations of oxidative parameters as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase; also, TNF-α, IL-6 were estimated using ELISA sandwiched. Histopathological estimation along with psoriasis area severity index (PASI) scores in the IMQ-induced psoriatic model presented a significant fall in the scoring after treatment with APG3 compared with a psoriatic group. Primary dermal irritation scoring was also evaluated on Sprague Dawley rats. The results presented a considerable decline in skin irritation score compared with a psoriatic group. Also, the levels of GSH, SOD and catalase were increased in APG3 treated group as compared with a psoriatic group. While MDA level is decreased after topical treatment with APG3 compared with a psoriatic group. In conclusion, the optimized APG3 showed promising pharmacological effects in the treatment of psoriasis.

Design and Characterization of Calcipotriol Proniosomal Gel: In-vivo Exploration against Imiquimod-induced Psoriasis in Experimental Animals

The present work focuses on the preparation and evaluation of calcipotriol proniosomal gel (CPG) and find out if the antipsoriatic formulation could prevent imiquimod (IMQ) induced psoriasis in experimental animals. CPG was designed and developed by the coacervation phase separation method. Cholesterol and soya lecithin was used as membrane modifiers and tween 80 and span 60 as non-ionic surfactants. The developed proniosomal gels were characterized which revealed that the optimized batch CPG3 presented excellent formulation characteristics like viscosity of 9690 ± 1.43 cps, rate of spontaneity as 14 ± 1.37, %entrapment efficiency of 82.71 ± 0.48, the average hydrodynamic diameter of niosomes as 739.1 nm, polydispersibility index as 0.360 and ZP of -2.8 mV. In-vivo animal study of the optimized batch CPG3 was performed along with biochemical estimations of oxidative parameters such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase; also, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) were estimated using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) sandwiched. Histopathological estimation along with psoriasis area severity index (PASI) scores in the IMQ-induced psoriatic model revealed a significant decline in the scoring after treatment with CPG3 compared with a psoriatic group. Primary dermal irritation scoring was also evaluated on Sprague Dawley rats. The results revealed a considerable decrease in skin irritation score compared with a psoriatic group. Also, the levels of GSH, SOD and catalase were raised in CPG3 treated group as compared with a psoriatic group. While MDA level was declined after topical treatment with CPG3 compared with a psoriatic group. In conclusion, the optimized CPG3 showed promising pharmacological effects in the treatment of psoriasis

Effect of Bacille-Calmette-Guerin vaccine against rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease: Role of neuroinflammation and neurotransmitters.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an extrapyramidal movement disorder associated with a hypokinetic condition generated by impairment in dopaminergic neuronal viability in the nigrostriatal region of the brain. Current medications can only provide symptomatic management; to date, no permanent cure is available. To compensate for this lacuna, researchers are gaining interest in antigen-based therapy, and Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is one of the vaccineswith a high safety margin that acts by stimulating immunoreactive T-cells in the CNS and reducing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrotic factor (TNF-α) to produce neuroprotection. A previous study reported that BCG exerts a neuroprotective effect against several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. The objective of this study is to explore the neuroprotective effect of the BCG vaccine against the rotenone model of PD. Rotenone (1.5 mg/kg, s.c) for 28 days, and BCG vaccine (2 × 107 cfu, i.p) single dose was injected to rats, and behavioral assessments were performed on the 21st and 28th day. On the 29th day, rats were sacrificed, and brains were isolated for biochemical and neurochemical estimation. BCG vaccine significantly restored rotenone-induced motor deficits (open field test, narrow beam walk, and rotarod), biochemical levels (GSH, SOD, catalase, MDA, and nitrite), neurotransmitters (dopamine, 5-hydroxy tryptamine, norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, hemovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid), and levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in the striatum. It also prevents histopathological changes by reducing eosinophilic lesions in the striatum. From the results, we conclude that BCG vaccine showed neuroprotection through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, in the future, it can be used as a neuroprotective agent for other neurological disorders, including PD.

Prevalence, Cultural And Morphological Characterization Of Fusarium Verticillioides Associated With Ear Rot Of Maize

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata (Rondani) is an important pest of sorghum distributed in almost all sorghum growing areas of India, attacking the crop at the seedling stage wherein the absence of appropriate management measures may result in heavy yield loss and host plant resistance is a major component in managing this pest. Utilization of resistance as a control strategy has very much practical relevance and hence identification of resistant sources for shootfly through morphological and physicochemical characteristics was carried out in pre-release sorghum genotypes of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Leaf glossiness, trichome density, trichome length, trichome width, and seedling vigor were associated with resistance and had a major bearing on the expression of resistance to shoot fly. Among the genotypes tested, TNS 671 and TNS 665 showed better performance in terms of dead heart, percentage of plants with eggs, and recovery resistance compared to others which were then subjected to biochemical estimation and GCMS analysis. Leaf biochemical characters viz., total phenol, cellulose, total amino acids, silica, tannin, and lignin were found to be negatively correlated and total sugar positively correlated with resistance. GC-MSanalysis of the sorghum genotypes revealedthe presence of compounds, viz., carboxylic acids, heptadecene, and hentriacontane only in the resistant entry, IS18551. An interesting finding of this study was the presence of hentriacontanein resistant cultivar, IS18551 which is reported to have kairomonal activity. The characters associated with resistance or susceptibility can be used in further resistant breeding programmes.

Morphological And Biochemical Resistance In Sorghum Genotypes Against Sorghum Shoot Fly, Atherigona Soccata (Rondani) (Muscidae: Diptera)

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata (Rondani) is an important pest of sorghum distributed in almost all sorghum growing areas of India, attacking the crop at the seedling stage wherein the absence of appropriate management measures may result in heavy yield loss and host plant resistance is a major component in managing this pest. Utilization of resistance as a control strategy has very much practical relevance and hence identification of resistant sources for shootfly through morphological and physicochemical characteristics was carried out in pre-release sorghum genotypes of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Leaf glossiness, trichome density, trichome length, trichome width, and seedling vigor were associated with resistance and had a major bearing on the expression of resistance to shoot fly. Among the genotypes tested, TNS 671 and TNS 665 showed better performance in terms of dead heart, percentage of plants with eggs, and recovery resistance compared to others which were then subjected to biochemical estimation and GCMS analysis. Leaf biochemical characters viz., total phenol, cellulose, total amino acids, silica, tannin, and lignin were found to be negatively correlated and total sugar positively correlated with resistance. GC-MSanalysis of the sorghum genotypes revealedthe presence of compounds, viz., carboxylic acids, heptadecene, and hentriacontane only in the resistant entry, IS18551. An interesting finding of this study was the presence of hentriacontanein resistant cultivar, IS18551 which is reported to have kairomonal activity. The characters associated with resistance or susceptibility can be used in further resistant breeding programmes.

A comparative analysis of phytochemical and biochemical activities of two varieties of mango seed kernels

The present research work embraces the study of moisture content, yield percentage, organoleptic properties, and phytochemical and biochemical estimation of two varieties of mango seed kernel using different solvents with various polarity such as n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and aqueous. Moisture content and percentage of yield were also calculated which were more in Banganpalle variety. The qualitative phytochemical and biochemical screening indicated the presence and amount of phenol, flavonoid, tannin, quinone, oxalate, saponin, sterol, triterpene, carbohydrate, protein, and lipid. The quantitative analysis result showed that phytochemicals like phenol, flavonoids, and tannin were present in higher content in the seed kernel of Neelam as compared to Banganpalle. The results from biochemical tests showed a high content of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in Neelam. The present study therefore conclusively points out that the mango seed kernel is a good source of various pharmacologically active substances that make a potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other therapeutic uses.

Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Epicatechin on Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Mice

Background: Nowadays, the use of over-the-counter drugs such as acetaminophen (APAP) may cause severe liver injury, which can occur not only in high doses but also in therapeutic doses due to nutritional deficiency, alcoholism, or using cytochrome p450 inducers. Objectives: In this study, the protective effect of epicatechin (EPC) was evaluated against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity to find an effective and inexpensive therapy. Methods: The animals were divided into preventive and therapeutic groups. In the preventive study, the animals received EPC (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day) for five days, and the last dose was administered 1 hour before APAP (400 mg/kg). In the therapeutic groups, the animals received EPC just before and 2 hours after the APAP injection. All the animals were killed, and blood and liver samples were taken for further analysis. The liver pathology, enzymes, and oxidant, antioxidant, inflammatory, and anti-inflammatory factors were evaluated. Results: EPC significantly decreased the serum activity level of the liver biomarkers ALT and AST in the APAP-treated mice. Furthermore, the hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were noticeably lowered, and the levels of total thiol and catalase activity increased significantly with EPC. Histopathological results were strongly consistent with those of the biochemical estimations. The most effective dose was observed at EPC 100 mg/kg, and the therapeutic groups showed better results than the preventive groups. Conclusions: EPC attenuated the liver toxicity in the mice by suppressing oxidative stress and can be considered a preventive and therapeutic agent for inhibiting and resolving the liver damage induced by APAP.

Synthesis, crystal structure and screening for anticonvulsant and antianxiety activities of three new Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) dithiocarbamate complexes

A potassium N-(4-fluorobenzyl) N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl) dithiocarbamate ligand (fbnm) has been isolated in a basic medium and its Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes 1–3 were synthesized. All new compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility, IR, NMR, and UV–Vis techniques. Complexes 2 and 3 have been further characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Zn(II) complex adopts tetrahedral geometry whereas Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes adopt square planar geometry around the metal ions. In addition, the bite angles found around the metal chelate rings in complexes 2 and 3 suggest that these geometries are slightly distorted from regular geometry. Complexes 2 and 3 are stabilized by intermolecular CH···S, CH···π and CH···F interactions. The thermal degradations of metal complexes 1–3 have been examined by TG-DTA data which designates that metal sulfide is formed as the final entity. The anticonvulsant activity of ligand fbnm and its Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes have been tested through MES test and PTZ induced convulsion test and found that complex 2 may be used as an anticonvulsant compound in the future by further biochemical or neurotransmitter estimations to control the onset of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The antianxiety activity has also been performed via Elevated plus maze and Open field test and observed that all synthesized compounds are non-significant for anti-anxiety effect.