Biochemical Composition Of Seeds Research Articles

Biochemical composition of seeds from different pea varieties

Biochemical composition of seeds from different pea varieties

The role of the biochemical composition of soybean seeds in the tolerance to deterioration under natural and artificial aging

The fast decline in the physiological quality of seeds during storage is a serious problem. It is known that the reduction of seed quality may be related to its biochemical constitution. However, the relationship between the composition and the mechanisms linked to the loss of vigor of soybean seeds during aging has not been elucidated yet. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze the role of the biochemical composition of soybean seeds in the physiological quality and in the tolerance to deterioration due to natural and artificial aging. Seeds of six soybean genotypes were analyzed initially and after being submitted to natural aging, storage for eight months, and artificial aging, using the temperature of 41 °C and 100 % relative humidity for 96 h. Moisture content, germination and vigor tests were carried out. Also, there were measured the content of oil, total protein, soluble protein, malonaldehyde, and fatty acids palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic. It was verified that the physiological quality of soybean seeds decreased with both kinds of aging. However, the deterioration process occurs by distinct mechanisms. The biochemical composition of the seeds is associated with the physiological quality and their storage potential is changed by natural and artificial aging. The tolerance of the seed to deterioration is related to soluble protein and fatty acids content. Oleic fatty acid and soluble protein can be used as indicators of physiological quality in soybean seeds.

Genetic variation in four maturity genes and photoperiod insensitivity effects on the yield components and on the growth duration periods of soybean

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a typical short-day and thermophilic crop. Absence of or low sensitivity to photoperiod is necessary for short-day crops to adapt to high latitudes. Photoperiod insensitivity in soybeans is controlled by two genetic systems and involves three important maturity genes: E1, a repressor for two soybean orthologs of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T, and E3 and E4, which are phytochrome A genes. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of four maturity genes (E1 through E4) on the yield components, seed quality and on phasic development of near isogenic by E genes lines of soybean: short-day (SD) lines with genotype e1E2E3E4e5E7, e1E2E3e4e5E7, E1e2e3E4e5E7 and photoperiodic insensitive (PPI) lines with genotype e1e2E3E4e5E7, e1e2e3E4e5E7 under a long photoperiod (the natural day length of 50 latitude) conditions and short day conditions. The results of the study showed that soybean development processes under conditions of different day lengths depend on the dominant/recessive state of the main maturity genes. In addition, the response to the photoperiod depends on certain combinations of genes. SD lines began flowering on average 16.9% later under the conditions of a natural long photoperiod. Dominant alleles of genes E1 and E3 extended the pre- and post-flowering phases under conditions of exposure to long and short photoperiods. The dominant allele of the E1 gene delayed the onset of flowering by an average of 26.9%, and the period of full maturity by 39.8% compared to the recessive e1. The dominant allele of the E3 gene, compared to the recessive e3, lengthened the transition to flowering by an average of 16.1%, and the period of full ripeness by 27.1%. The dominant allele of the E2 gene lengthened the duration of the vegetative phase by 20% under the conditions of a long photoperiod. No significant influence of the dominant E4 allele on the duration of the vegetative and generative phases of soybean development was found in our study. PPI lines begin flowering under the conditions of a long and short photoperiod at the same time, but the phases of flowering and full seed maturity in the line with genotype e1e2e3E4e5E7 occurred earlier, due to the loss of the photoperiod sensitivity of the E3 gene. PPI line with genotype e1e2e3E4e5E7 proved to be the most insensitive line to the effect of different photoperiod durations among the studied lines. It was shown that the dominant alleles of E1–E4 maturity genes reduced the parameters of seed weight per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds under the conditions of a natural long photoperiod in comparison with recessive alleles of these genes. The maximum weight of seeds per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds were recorded in the PPI line with genotype e1e2e3E4e5E7. It should be noted that the dominant alleles E1 and E3 increased yield under conditions of a short photoperiod. Maturity genes had different effects on the biochemical composition of seeds. It was shown that soybean lines with dominant E1, E2 and E4 genes showed a higher content of starch and a lower content of total nitrogen and oil in seeds under natural photoperiod conditions compared to lines with recessive alleles of these genes. The dominant E3 allele reduced the oil content and did not affect the starch and total nitrogen content of seeds under long day conditions compared to the recessive e3 allele. The analysis of the effect of photoperiod on the timing of phenophases, yield structure indicators and biochemical composition of seeds in soybean plants with different sensitivity to photoperiod showed that the PPI line with the genotype e1e2e3E4e5E7 was the most adapted to the natural conditions of 50 degrees latitude. The PPI line with the genotype e1e2e3E4e5E7 was characterized by the shortest phases of days from sowing to flowering and full maturity. As a result, this line had the shortest growing season without reducing the yield and seed quality. Clearly, photoperiod had strong effects on all stages of plant reproduction and often acted indirectly, as shown by delayed responses expressed in later phases of development. The obtained results can be useful for the selection of soybean cultivars adapted to the climatic conditions of cultivation of Kharkiv region.

Bioenergy component of seeds and green mass of indian pea in various growing conditions

The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of studying cultivars of indian pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) under the conditions of the Nizhnevolzhsky (Saratov) and West Siberian (Omsk) regions of the Russian Federation. Indianpea serves a variety of purposes: compound feed, forage, an alternative source of protein for the population, due to the high protein content in seeds and mature leaves. In the arid conditions of the Russian Federation, the indianpea is able to occupy its own agronomic niche and become an additional source of replenishing cheap protein and improving the quality of the forage base. In this connection, a study of four varieties of the indianpea breeding of the 1Russian Research Institute for Sorghum and Maize "Rossorgo" (Racheika, Zhemchuzhina, Elena, Mramornya) was carried out according to economically valuable parameters, data were obtained on the biochemical composition of seeds and green mass, and an assessment was carried out on bioenergetic parameters. The influence of factors “A”, “B” and their interaction “AB” on the manifestation of signs was noted. According to the results of a two-factor analysis of variance, it follows that the factor of growing conditions (A) has the greatest influence on the seed yield index – 64.2%, and the yield of green mass - the genotype factor (B) - 59.5%. The study revealed a high protein content in seeds (28.3-31.1%) and green mass (21.0-26.3%). Determination of the biochemical composition makes it possible to evaluate varieties in terms of gross energy output with seeds and green mass. According to the parameters of the bioenergetic efficiency of seeds, the best indicators were found in the varieties Elena and Zhemchuzhina. Variety Elena was distinguished by the highest content of total energy in the green mass of 48.0-94.8 GJ/ha. Variety Zhemchuzhina was characterized by the maximum content of total energy in the grown seed crop – 26.0-29.3 GJ/ha, the largest increment in gross energy – 12.6 GJ/ha and the highest energy efficiency coefficient of all four varieties – 1.94.

THE RESULTS OF COMPARING THE PARAMETERS OF BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT SOYBEAN SPECIES SEEDS, GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF CHUI VALLEY

The article reflects the main indicators of the chemical composition of American and Russian soybean species seeds. In 2019 y., field experiments and research have been carried out in the conditions of Chui Valley. Nowadays it is considered that soybean - major source of plant protein and it occupies a leading position in the production of vegetable oil in world production. Its biochemical composition of seeds is rich and varied depending on the species. In the course of the research, we studied the biological and morphological characteristics of the tested soybean species. At the end of its growing season and physiological ripeness, a crop was harvested from these species - Emerge 2t29, Emerge 2282, Slavia, Vilana, Ultra. The number of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, as well as the qualitative composition of these groups of substances in soybean seeds, vary significantly depending on the varietal characteristics and cultivation conditions of the crop. After researching and comparing, we can conclude that American species are superior to others in protein content, and Russian varieties are superior in fat content in seeds. In this connection, it can be recommended to local agronomists to cultivate it in large volumes, considering with the conditions.

Effect of Ripening Stage on Biochemical Composition of Seeds from three Species of Canavalia spp Consumed as Protein Substitutes in Côte d’Ivoire

Aims: The present study was aimed at investigating the nutritional properties of legume-seeds from Canavalia genus as a function of their ripening stage.
 Methodology: Seeds of three species of canavalia seeds notably Canavalia gladiata, Canavalia ensiformis and Canavalia rosea were obtained from an experimental plot located in Bouaké area’s (7°41′00″ N, 5°01′59″ W) in Côte d’Ivoire. The seeds of these three species were collected at different ripening stages. The seeds were sun dried and ground to obtain the crude flour. Chemical composition and functional properties were investigated using standard methods while amino acid profiles were performed by using HPLC analytical methods.
 Results: Results reveal that the profiles of nutrients in the three Canavalia species varied as a function of ripening stages. The highest fat (3.27 ± 0.01 %), protein (33.20 ± 0.17), fibre (7.51 ± 0.06 %), ash (6.67 ± 0.01 %) and total sugar (25.40 ± 0.05 %) contents were obtained at the last ripening stage. All the legume-seeds investigated are excellent sources of proteins mainly consisting of high amounts of essential amino acids such as lysine (100.23 ± 0.04 mg/g protein), leucine (103.51 ± 0.04 mg/g protein), valine (83.68 ± 0.04 mg/g protein), methionine (27.36 ± 0.04 mg/g protein), tryptophan (74.32 ± 0.04 mg/g protein), cysteine (44.24 ± 0.04 mg/g protein), isoleucine (63.61 ± 0.04 mg/g protein), threonine (40.22 ± 0.04 mg/g protein) and histidine (17.76 ± 0.04 mg/g protein). As regards mineral contents of these seeds, they were higher at penultimate ripening stage and, they partially meet dietary allowance of infants.
 Conclusion: These seeds could be ranked as protein rich food for human and then, used as valuable substitutes for meat or fish.

Особенности урожайности и посевных качеств семян арахиса

According to the results of the study, it can be said that the change in the sowing qualities of seeds is associated with a change in the complex physiological and biochemical composition of seeds. These physiological and biochemical bases are formed during the filling and maturation of seeds and can be easily changed with the help of the environment and agrotechnical methods. Planting large seeds has a positive effect on all elements of productivity — the density of plants increases and the signs characterizing the structure of crop yield improve. Sowing material grown under different conditions exhibits different biological properties. If the quality of the seed is determined in the laboratory, you can find out its yield under certain conditions. As a result, we can say that a higher groundnuts yield was observed when groundnuts were sown together with early ripening tomatoes.

Features of Profiles of Biologically Active Compounds of Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Lines from VIR Flax Genetic Collection, Contrasting in Size and Color of Seeds.

Flax is one of the oldest oil crops, but only since the end of the twentieth century nutritional use of its whole seeds and flour has been resumed. This crop has been evaluated for its oil fatty acid composition, content of sterols and tocopherols, carbohydrate composition of mucilage, but a comprehensive study has never been carried out, so the aim of the work was to identify differences in the metabolomic profiles of flax lines contrasting in color and size of seeds. The biochemical composition of seeds from 16 lines of the sixth generation of inbreeding was tested using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In total, more than 90 compounds related to sugars (78% of the identified substances), free fatty acids (13%), polyatomic alcohols (5%), heterocyclic compounds, free amino acids, phytosterols and organic acids (no more than 2.5% in total) were identified. Statistical analyses revealed six main factors. The first is a factor of sugar content; the second one affects most of organic acids, as well as some free fatty acids, not related to reserve ones, the third factor is related to compounds that play a certain role in the formation of “storage” substances and resistance to stress, the fourth factor is influencing free polar amino acids, some organic and free fatty acids, the fifth one is a factor of phenolic compounds, the sixth factor combined substances not included in the first five groups. Factor analysis made it possible to differentiate all 16 lines, 10 of which occupied a separate position by one or two factors. Interestingly, the first two factors with the highest loads (20 and 15% of the total variability, respectively) showed a separate position of the gc-432 line, which differed from the others, not only by chemical composition, but also by the phenotype of the seeds, while gc-159 differed from the rest ones by the complex of organic acids and other substances taking about 1% of the extracted substances of the seed. Thus, the analysis of metabolomic profiles is promising for a comprehensive assessment of the VIR flax genetic collection, which has wide biochemical diversity.

Features of the formation of biochemical composition of seeds of modern soybean varieties

The purpose of the research. The purpose of the research was to study the intensity of protein accumulation in the seeds of modern soybean varieties.Materials and methods. The material for the study was 14 varieties of breeding Plant Production Institute nd. a. V.Ya. Yuryev.The protein content in the seeds was determined by the Kjeldahl method (according to GOST 10846-91) and on the “Infralyum FT-10” instrument, oils - by the gravimetric method according to S.V. Rushkovsky and on the “Infralyum FT-10” instrument. The intensity of protein formation (as well as the oils and the amount of protein and oils) were calculated according to the methods of L.N. Kobyzeva, S.I. Svyatchenko, A.V. Tertyshny. The contribution of individual components in the indicator of the intensity of formation of protein and oil by the method of factor analysis was performed.Results and discussion. Significant differentiation of soybean varieties by the ability to form protein, oil and their total content was revealed.By the yield the Krasunya variety was distinquish (1.6 t / ha), by the protein content in the seeds – the Rayduga variety (38.1%), by the oil content – the Sprytna variety (18.2%), by the total protein content of the oil – the Pearlyna variety (55.6% ). By the intensity of protein formation and the amount of protein and oil in the seeds, the Perlyna variety was separated (6.265 kg / ha per day and 9.176 kg / ha per day, respectively), the oil — Sprytna (2.969 kg / ha) per day.The duration of the vegetation period varied from 93 days in the Rayduga variety up to 120 days in the Podyaka variety. At the same time, the Podyaka variety with the longest period of vegetation period (120 days) showed minimal yield (1.3 t / ha) and mass distribution (16.9%).All studied varieties (except the Podiaka variety) did not significantly differ in the total content of protein and oil in seeds, and represent valuable initial material for breeding varieties with high quality seeds. At the same time, the best interest for breeding is represented by varieties of early-ripening group.Conclusions. The significant differentiation of varieties of soybean by the ability to the formation of protein, oil and their combination was established . The varieties with maximum levels of productivity and quality: yields – Krasunya variety (1.6 t / ha); content of protein in seeds – Rayduga variety (38.1%); the content of oil and the intensity of its formation – Sprytna variety (18.2% and 2.969 (kg / ha per day, respectively); the total content of protein and oil, the intensity of protein formation, the intensity of formation of protein oil – Perlyna variety (55.6%; 6.265, 9.176 kg / ha per day, respectively) were selected.The varieties of the early ripening group showed the ability to form protein oil in seeds at a level higher than that of the varieties of middle and early middle groups, which will improve the quality of the seeds while reducing the length of the growing season.

Study of biochemical composition of seeds and green beans of vegetable cowpea (Vigna Ung. ssp. Sesquipedalis)

The article presents the results of investigation of the variability of biochemical parameters of seeds and green beans of vegetable cowpea accessions (Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.) introduced for use in breeding. Variations of biochemical parameters of seed quality and green beans (such as protein, fat, ash content, fiber, NFES) were established. New data on the fractional composition of proteins (albumins, globulins, prolamins, glutelins) from seeds and green beans were obtained. These data are of great importance for the evaluation of the starting material and the formation of a breeding program and the selection of rational strategies of individual selection from the source populations.

Acorn choice by small mammals in a Mediterranean deciduous oak forest

Several studies regarding acorn choice by granivorous rodents have been conducted in dry Mediterranean oak forests, mainly composed by evergreen oaks. However, a lack of knowledge still persists about this subject in sub-Mediterranean forests dominated by deciduous oaks. We investigated the choice between Quercus cerris and Q. pubescens acorns by terrestrial small mammals in a deciduous oak forest of Central Italy, dominated by Q. cerris. Using a cafeteria-style feeding experiment, we tested 14 Apodemus flavicollis, and 10 Myodes glareolus. Animals were kept in outdoor experimental enclosures and given simultaneously a sample of acorns of the two oak species collected in situ. All seeds were sound and of the same size, shape and weight. Seed consumption was checked regularly, to record the percentage of consumed acorn sample. To evaluate a possible influence of pericarp on choice, acorns were presented both whole and shelled. Biochemical composition of seeds was analysed. Acorns of both oaks were similar in protein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash contents and energetic value, differing only in tannins and fibre content, with Q. pubescens having 51% less tannins and 35% less fibres than Q. cerris. The cafeteria experiments revealed a significant feeding preference by rodents for the less common Q. pubescens acorns, except for M. glareolus when presented with whole acorns. This overall preference, observed also at the individual level, could reflect a general foraging strategy aimed at maximising metabolisable energy and nutrients intake, avoiding anti-nutrients (i.e. tannins). To our knowledge, this is the first study on acorn choice by terrestrial rodents in sub-Mediterranean deciduous oak forests. Our findings not only provide information about the feeding behaviour of these species, but also may help future researchers to evaluate the role of these food resources in small mammal abundance, spatial distribution and population dynamics.

ß-glycosidase and peroxidase activity in yellow lupin seedling infected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini

Lupine diseases caused by pathogenic fungi constitute a serious problem in agriculture. They lead to partial yield loss and deterioration of crop quality through the changes in biochemical composition of seeds or their contamination with mycotoxins. Some of common lupine diseases are fusarioses caused by <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>lupini</i>. Morphometric and metabolic changes were investigated in yellow lupine seedlings infected with <i>F. oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>lupini</i>. It was found that infection caused temporary inhibition of seedling growth, overcome at later development, and activation of <i>ß</i>-glycosidase and peroxidases. The changes in enzymes activity indicate the induction of defense mechanism against <i>F. oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>lupini</i> and inhibition of pathogen spread.

NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF BEACH PEA (LATHYRUS MARITIMUS L.) SEEDS AND POD SHELLS AT VARIOUS STAGES OF MATURITY

The biochemical composition of seeds and pod shells of beach pea was determined during growth and maturation. The content of crude and soluble protein, soluble sugars and phenolics was high in the fresh green seeds and pod shells, but these decreased rapidly during seed maturation. Meanwhile, the corresponding content of starch increased in seeds and decreased in pod shells. Glutamic acid was the predominant amino acid in seeds and aspartic acid was dominant in pod shells. Levels of arginine, alanine and threonine were highest in fresh green seeds. Methionine and cysteine content increased during seed maturation, but declined in pod shells. Free amino acid content decreased rapidly during latter stages of seed maturation. Potassium, calcium, sodium and phosphorus were the predominant minerals in fresh green seeds and pod shells, but iron content was highest in mature pod shells relative to that of other stages of maturation. Major changes in color (pigment interchanges) also occurred during maturation. Based on its biochemical composition, beach pea may become of special importance for widespread cultivation.

Investigation of the fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) genotypes for fresh weight, seed productivity, symbiotic activity, callus formation and aceumulation of steroids

As a result of the analysis of 31 fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) genotypes we demonstrated that subsp. indica surpass significantly subsp. foenum-graecum in fresh weight, seed yield, nodulation ability, resistance to coot rot and the duration of the interstage and growing periods. There was no difference between the subspecies for leafiness and biochemical composition of seeds (concentrations of diosgenin and steroid glucosides, nitrogen, fat, inhibitors of tripsin and hemotripsin). The most promising genotypes (as compared with the standard cv. Nakhichevanskaya Shambala) yield 1650–1938 g/m2 of fresh weight, 98.2–116.1 g/m2 of seeds and accumulate 1.45–1.64% of diosgenin in seeds. High positive correlations (r=+0.53 ... +0.84; Po<0.01) were found between fresh weight, seed yield, plant leafiness and height. Inoculation of the cv. Nakhichevanskaya Shambala with Rhizobium meliloti strains 851 and 852 increased its fresh weight by 94.5% and 93.6% and seed yield by 83.1% and 60.5%, respectively. Significant correlations of the nodule number with the fresh weight and seed yield (r=+0.70 and +0.77; Po<0.01) allow us to assume that selection for increased symbiotic activity may be useful for improving the fenugreek productivity. The intersubspecies hybrids (four genotypes) surpass the subsp. indica (six genotypes) for the sizes of calli formed in presence of 2.4-D and kinetin. The sizes of calli formed by ten analysed genotypes in presence of BAP and kinetin (or 2.4-D) were negatively correlated with the nodule number (or fresh weight).