Bioactive Flavonoids Research Articles

Mechanism of Action and Therapeutic Potential of Xanthohumol in Prevention of Selected Neurodegenerative Diseases

Xanthohumol (XN), a bioactive plant flavonoid, is an antioxidant, and as such, it exhibits numerous beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidative effects. The main dietary source of XN is beer, where it is introduced through hops. Although the concentration of XN in beer is low, the large quantities of hop-related post-production waste present an opportunity to extract XN residues for technological or pharmaceutical purposes. The presented study focuses on the role of XN in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, analyzing its effect at a molecular level and including its signal transduction and metabolism. The paper brings up XN’s mechanism of action, potential effects, and experimental and clinical studies on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Additionally, challenges and future research directions on XN, including its bioavailability, safety, and tolerance, have been discussed.

Cooperation mechanism of flavonoid transformation by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei.

Elaeagnus moorcroftii Wall. ex Schlecht (EWS) as a suitable food matrix contains abundant flavonoids for promoting human health, this study aimed to use flavonoid-targeted metabolomics and transcriptome sequencing to investigate the transformation of flavonoids in EWS juice (EWSJ) by mono- and mixed-cultures fermentations of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN-3 (B.an3) and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei YL-29 (L.cp29). A total of 33 flavonoids were identified in mono- and mixed-cultures fermented EWSJ. Among them, fermentation by B.an3 produced specific deglycosylation products (kaempferol (17.6mmol/L) and luteolin (4.5mmol/L)) and methoxylation products (syringaldehyde (59.05mmol/L)), and fermentation by L.cp29 resulted in a specific deglycosylation product (quercetin (9.2mmol/L)). The co-culture fermentation further increased the levels of isorhamnetin (52.3mmol/L), and produced a specific product (homoplantaginin (0.03mmol/L)), which significantly increased the bioactive-form flavonoids. Moreover, we analyzed changes in different flavonoid metabolites and differential genes before and after fermentation. After L.cp29 fermentation the expression of glycoside hydrolases and oxidoreductases were increased compared to other groups. After B.an3 fermentation the expression of isomerases and synthetases were increased compared to other groups. In particular, 6-phosphogluconolactonase (Pgl) and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Pgi) were increased in B.an3 fermentation. Thus, we validated the predicted transformation reactions by the biotransformation of flavonoids by the collected strains and crude enzyme extracts of B.an3 and L.cp29. These findings provided a basis for the development of functional plant-based foods with enhanced bioactive flavonoids.

A Review on Therapeutic Potential of Plumbago zeylanica Extracts and Sustainable Production Methods

Herbal medicines have earned a timeless place in healthcare, valued for their biocompatibility and widespread use in treating cancer and related conditions. Plumbago zeylanica, widely recognized as white leadwort or doctorbush, holds a prominent place in traditional medicine systems worldwide, revered for its diverse therapeutic properties. This widespread use, however, coupled with unsustainable harvesting practices, has raised con-cerns about the plant's long-term survival in its natural habitat. Their enduring presence is particularly evident in countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Australia, where they are deeply rooted in ethnomedical traditions. P. zeylanica stands out as a rich source of bioactive compounds, including naphthoquinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, and ter-penoids, with plumbagin identified as a key driver of its medicinal properties. Plumbagin exhibits a remarkable pharmacological profile, demonstrating significant efficacy as an an-ticancer, antidiabetic, antimalarial, and antimicrobial agent, making it a promising candidate for drug development. The literature reveals that the root and root bark also have a wider claim in traditional medicines against various diseases as a memory enhancer, anti-inflam-matory, wound healing, anti-infertility, blood coagulation, and anti-oxidant activities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of P. zeylanica, encompassing its traditional uses, phytochemical composition, and the pharmacological activities of its key bioactive constituents, with a particular focus on plumbagin. We delve into the scientific evidence supporting its therapeutic applications, highlighting its potential in treating a wide range of diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the progress made in developing sustainable production methods for plumbagin for medicinal purposes from P. zeylanica.

Taxifolin Protects Against 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Mice Through Mitigating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis: Possible Involvement of Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling.

Although 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely utilized in cancer treatment, its side effects, including cardiotoxicity, limit its use. Taxifolin (TAX) is a bioactive anti-inflammatory and antioxidant flavonoid. This study aimed to elucidate the protective effect of TAX against 5-FU-induced cardiac injury in male mice. Mice were treated with TAX (25 and 50mg/kg, orally) for 10days and a single dose of 150mg/kg 5-FU at day 8. Mice intoxicated with 5-FU showed increased creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase activities and troponin I levels, with multiple cardiac histopathological changes. They also showed a significant increase in cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) and decreases in myocardial reduced glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities (P < 0.001). Pretreatment of 5-FU-injected mice with TAX suppressed cardiac injury, decreased MDA and NO contents (P < 0.001), and boosted antioxidant defenses in the myocardium. Moreover, TAX attenuated cardiac inflammatory response, as evidenced by the decreased expression levels of cardiac NF-κB p65,inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.001). Largely, TAX ameliorated the decrease in Bcl-2 expression and the increase in BAX and caspase-3 in the heart. It also restored the cardiac Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, TAX showed significant cardioprotective effects on 5-FU-induced cardiac injury and might represent a promising adjuvant in preventing cardiac injury associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.

Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Test and Antimicrobial Test of Streptococcus Mutans and Candida Albicans from Extracts of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Red Betel Leaves (Piper Ornatum N. E. Br)

Red betel (Piper ornatum) is an ornamental plant with potential antibacterial and antioxidant properties due to its bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, and tannins. This study aimed to determine the relationship between flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity in red betel leaves. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) was employed using three solvents of varying polarity: n-hexane (non-polar), ethyl acetate (semi-polar), and ethanol (polar). Total flavonoid content was determined spectrophotometrically based on flavonoids' ability to form complexes with AlCl3. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated through Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) tests. MIC was determined using the agar dilution method, while ZOI was measured using the disc diffusion method. Results showed that the 96% ethanol extract yielded the highest flavonoid content (4.748%) and the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 47.185 ppm, classified as very strong). The n-hexane extract at 25% concentration exhibited the best antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans (ZOI = 17.43 mm), while the 96% ethanol extract at 25% concentration demonstrated the highest antifungal activity against Candida albicans (ZOI = 17.02 mm). In conclusion, red betel leaf extracts show promising potential as strong antioxidants and antimicrobial agents against C. albicans and S. mutans.

Flavonoids in Cucurbitaceae herbs: targeted HPLC–PDA–mS profiling of wild and cultivated Cucumis, Echinocystis, and Melothria species and their pancreatic lipase inhibitory potential

Green waste from Cucurbitaceae agriculture is a common but underutilised resource. In this study, we performed targeted HPLC–PDA–MS profiling to analyse the flavonoid composition of Cucumis africanus L.f., Cucumis anguria L., Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. ex Spach, Cucumis melo L., Cucumis sagittatus Wawra & Peyr., Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A.Gray, Melothria pendula L., and Melothria scabra Naudin herbs. Fifty-seven compounds were identified, including derivatives of apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin, as acylated and non-acylated C-, O-, and C,O-glycosides, many of which were identified for the first time in these genera. Cultivated samples exhibited higher flavonoid content than wild plants, with E. lobata showing the highest values (72.25–120.42 mg/g) and Melothria species the lowest (1.02–6.33 mg/g). Cucurbitaceae extracts demonstrated inhibitory potential against human pancreatic lipase, with IC50 values of 31.16–1000 μg/mL, correlating with flavonoid levels. These findings suggest a new way to utilise agricultural byproducts as a source of bioactive flavonoids with antilipase potential.

Enhancing the Solubility and Dissolution of Apigenin: Solid Dispersions Approach.

Apigenin (APG), a bioactive flavonoid with promising therapeutic potential, suffers from poor water solubility, which limits its bioavailability. To address this, solid dispersions of APG were prepared using ball milling with sodium alginate (SA), Pluronic® F-68 (PLU68), Pluronic® F-127 (PLU127), PVP K30, and PVP VA64 as polymeric excipients. These dispersions were screened for apparent solubility in water and buffers with pH 1.2, 5.5, and 6.8. Based on improved solubility after 60 min, APG-PLU68 and APG-PLU127 dispersions were selected for further study. DSC and FT-IR analysis confirmed molecular interactions between APG and the polymer matrices, contributing to enhanced solubility and dissolution rates. Dissolution rate studies showed that APG-PLU127 achieved 100% solubility at pH 6.8, suggesting its potential use in environments such as the small intestine. Additionally, APG-PLU127 exhibited 84.3% solubility at pH 1.2, indicating potential for solid oral dosage forms, where APG could be absorbed in the acidic conditions of the stomach. The stability study confirmed that storage for one year under ambient conditions does not cause chemical degradation but affects the physical state and solubility of the dispersion. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the ABTS assay. Freshly obtained APG-PLU127 showed 68.1% ± 1.94% activity, whereas APG-PLU127 stored for one year under ambient conditions exhibited 66.2% ± 1.62% (significant difference, p < 0.05). The difference was related to a slight decrease in the solubility of APG in the solid dispersion (T0 = 252 ± 1 μg∙mL-1, T1 = 246 ± 1 μg∙mL-1). The findings demonstrate the superior performance of PLU127 as a carrier for enhancing the solubility, release, and antioxidant activity of APG.

Cedrin Mitigates Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rats

Background Cedrin is a major bioactive flavonoid compound present in the Cedrus deodara plant and has been reported to have several biological activities. Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine and metabolic disease marked by high blood sugar levels leading to reduced insulin production and/or decreased insulin efficacy. Hyperglycemia leads to chronic health complications and organ dysfunction, specifically affecting the nerves, blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, liver, and heart. Purpose The aim of this work is to study the effect of cedrin on glycemic control, hyperlipidemia, liver function markers, and biochemical markers of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. Methods The STZ was utilized to initiate diabetes in experimental rats, and after the onset of diabetes, the rats were treated with cedrin for 30 days. After the treatment periods, the experimental rats’ glucose levels, food and water uptake, and body and organ weights were assessed. The biochemical markers, including insulin, hexokinase, glycated hemoglobin, and so on, were investigated using diagnostic kits. The concentrations of oxidative marker levels, inflammatory cytokines, and lipid marker levels were assessed using diagnostic kits. Results Cedrin treatment effectively mitigated the glucose level, food and water consumption, organ weights, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) while increasing the body weight and hexokinase levels of the STZ-induced rats. In the STZ-induced rats, the cedrin treatment remarkably elevated the antioxidant levels, reduced oxidative stress biomarkers, and decreased the inflammatory cytokine levels in their serum. Conclusion The current study demonstrates that cedrin treatment effectively regulated dyslipidemia, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in rats with STZ-induced diabetes. Therefore, it can be a potential salutary agent to treat diabetes in the future.

Flavonoids for gastrointestinal tract local and associated systemic effects: A review of clinical trials and future perspectives.

Flavonoids are naturally occurring dietary phytochemicals with significant antioxidant effects aside from several health benefits. People often consume them in combination with other food components. Compiling data establishes a link between bioactive flavonoids and prevention of several diseases in animal models, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the ineffectiveness of flavonoids contradicting rodent models, thereby challenging the validity of using flavonoids as dietary supplements. This review provides a clinical perspective to emphasize the effective roles of dietary flavonoids as well as to summarize their specific mechanisms in animals briefly. First, this review offers an in-depth elucidation of the metabolic processes of flavonoids within human, encompassing the small, large intestine, and the liver. Furthermore, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the various functions of flavonoids in the gastrointestinal tract, including hindering the breakdown and assimilation of macronutrients, such as polysaccharides and lipids, regulating gut hormone secretion as well as inhibition of mineral iron absorption. In the large intestine, an unabsorbed major portion of flavonoids interact with the gut flora leading to their biotransformation. Once absorbed and circulated in the bloodstream, bioactive flavonoids or their metabolites exert numerous beneficial systemic effects. Lastly, we examine the protective effects of flavonoids in several metabolic disorders, including endothelial dysfunction, MASLD, cardiovascular disease, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. In conclusion, this review outlines the safety and future prospects of flavonoids in the field of health, especially in the prevention of metabolic syndrome (MetS).

Bergenin, a bioactive flavonoid: advancements in the prospects of anticancer mechanism, pharmacokinetics and nanoformulations.

The natural world is a vast reservoir of exceptionally varied and inventive chemical compositions. Natural products are used as initial compounds to create combinatorial libraries by targeted modifications and then by analyzing their structure-activity connections. This stage is regarded as a crucial milestone in drug discovery and development. Bergenin, a naturally occurring secondary metabolite, has been extracted from several plant components. It is a constituent found in herbal and Ayurvedic preparations. It demonstrates antiviral, antifungal, antitussive, antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antiarrhythmic, antitumor, antiulcerogenic, antidiabetic, and wound healing activities. Bergenin efficiently inhibited the proliferation of human cancer cells by stimulating the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing DNA damage and leading to cell cycle arrest in the G1/G2 phases by blocking cell signaling pathways. More comprehensive reviews are needed on the anticancer properties of bergenin. Therefore, our review aimed to update the multifaceted benefits of bergenin to the future scientists and researchers, which can be leveraged to formulate safer and novel cancer therapies, while also establishing a robust framework for future investigations into bergenin in cancer treatment. More preclinical and clinical investigations are needed to validate the candidature of bergenin as a potent anticancer agent.

Exploring the health benefits of food bioactive compounds from a perspective of NLRP3 inflammasome activation: an insight review.

The food industry has been focusing on food bioactive compounds with multiple physiological and immunological properties that benefit human health. These bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids, have great potential to limit inflammatory responses especially NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which is a key innate immune platform for inflammation. Current studies have revealed numerous food bioactive compounds with promising activities for unraveling immune metabolic disorders and excessive inflammatory responses by directly and indirectly regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This review explores the food hazards, including microbial and abiotic factors, that may trigger NLRP3-mediated illnesses and inflammation. It also highlights bioactive compounds in food that can suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation through various mechanisms, linking its activation and inhibition to different pathways. Especially, this review provided further insight into NLRP3-related targets where food bioactive compounds can interact to block the NLRP3 inflammasome activation process, as well as mechanisms on how these compounds facilitate inactivation processes.

Bioactive flavonoids from Leucosceptrum canum with nematicidal efficacy and mechanistic insights through acetylcholinesterase inhibition and docking study

Bioactive flavonoids from Leucosceptrum canum with nematicidal efficacy and mechanistic insights through acetylcholinesterase inhibition and docking study

Unlocking the Potential of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Seeds: How Gamma Radiation Affects Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, and Lipid Peroxidation

Objectives: This study aims to enhance the potential health benefits and culinary applications of celery seeds ( Apium graveolens L.) by investigating the effects of gamma radiation on their bioactive compound contents, antioxidant properties, and lipid oxidation. Methods: Celery seeds was exposed to gamma irradiation at doses 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 kGy at a rate of 1.9 kGy/hour. The evaluation included measuring the levels of bioactive compounds, phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, as well as assessing antioxidant activity, (radical inhibition % - DPPH), lipid peroxidation and lower power activity. Data was evaluated statistically to find changes at a significance level of P &lt; .05. Results: The data illustrated the impact of Gamma irradiation on the phenol content, total flavonoids, and tannins in celery seeds powder at different dosage levels. Irradiation increased phenolic content from 8.43 mg/g in non-irradiated sample to 14.19 mg/g at (8 kGy), then decreased to 9.01 mg/g at (16 kGy). Also, the flavonoid content showed significant increase from 4.52 mg/g in non-irradiated sample to 6.26 mg/g at (8 kGy), while decreased to 5.89 mg/g at (16 kGy). Conversely, tannin content decreased continuously from 2.30 mg/g in non-irradiated sample to 1.58 mg/g when irradiated at (16 kGy). The DPPH activity was enhanced by irradiation at doses of 2, 4, 8, and 16 kGy, resulting in percentages of 75.81, 78.48, 84.14, and 86.84% respectively. The amount of lipid peroxidation was significantly affected by irradiation when compared to non-irradiated seeds (4.74 µmol/g). There was a statistically significant increase ( P ≤ .05) with observed values of 5.72, 6.51, 8.73, and 11.03 µmol/g respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the significant impact of gamma radiation to enhance the bioactive compound contents in celery seeds, leading to improved antioxidant properties. It also emphasizes the attentive consideration of the irradiation levels to optimize health benefits while minimizing adverse effects.

Advanced Amperometric Microsensors for the Electrochemical Quantification of Quercetin in Ginkgo biloba Essential Oil from Regenerative Farming Practices.

In this study, we present a novel approach using amperometric microsensors to detect quercetin in cosmetic formulations and track its metabolic behavior after topical application. This method offers a sensitive, real-time alternative to conventional techniques, enabling the detection of quercetin's bioavailability, its transformation into active metabolites, and its potential therapeutic effects when applied to the skin. Quercetin (Q) is a bioactive flavonoid known for its potent antioxidant properties, naturally present in numerous plants, particularly those with applications in cosmetic formulations. In response to the growing interest in developing novel plant-based dermo-cosmetic solutions, this study investigates the electrochemical detection of quercetin, a ketone-type flavonoid, extracted from Gingko biloba essential oil. Three newly designed amperometric microsensors were developed to assess their efficacy in detecting quercetin in botanical samples. The sensor configurations utilized two forms of carbon material as a foundation: graphite (G) and carbon nanoparticles (CNs). These base materials were modified with paraffin oil, chitosan (CHIT), and cobalt(II) tetraphenylporphyrin (Co(II)TPP) to enhance sensitivity. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) served as the analytical method for this investigation. Among the sensors, the CHIT/G-CN microsensor exhibited the highest sensitivity, with a detection limit of 1.22 × 10-7 mol L-1, followed by the G-CN (5.64 × 10-8 mol L-1) and Co(II)TPP/G-CN (9.80 × 10-8 mol L-1) microsensors. The minimum detectable concentration was observed with the G-CN and CoP/G-CN microsensors, achieving a threshold as low as 0.0001 μmol L-1. Recovery rates and relative standard deviation (RSD) values averaged 97.4% ± 0.43, underscoring the sensors' reliability for quercetin detection in botanical matrices.

Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activities of Nigella sativa Vinegar Extract: An Insight Into Hypoglycemic Potential Using In Vivo and In Silico Studies.

The current study was conducted to characterize the vinegar extract of Nigella sativa and evaluate its biological activities using in vitro and in vivo studies. The N. sativa extract (NSE) was prepared by macerating seeds in a mixture of water and synthetic vinegar(1:10). The antioxidant potential of NSE was assessed, revealing high total phenolic contents (431.66mg/100g), total flavonoid contents (73.45mg/100g), total antioxidant capacity (118.55mg/100g), and strong radical scavenging potential (89.67%). The anticancer activity of NSE showed insignificant cytotoxic effects on HepG2 liver cell lines (96.61±3.00). An in vivo animal trial was performed, and NSE significantly (p<0.05) lowered the blood glucose (-47.71%), total cholesterol (-37.86%), total glycerides (39.42%), low-density lipoproteins (-29.36%), and very low-density lipoproteins (-30.60%), while increasing the high-density lipoproteins (26.92%) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. GC-MS analysis of NSE revealed a diverse range of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, phenolics, and flavonoids. In silico studies using molecular docking simulations showed that pyrrolo[1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl) demonstrated a strong inhibitory action (6.6kcal/mol) against alpha-amylase enzyme. These findings suggest that NSE is a promising natural remedy for managing diabetes and related metabolic disorders, and its potential as a nutraceutical ingredient in functional food applications is significant.

An overview of the nutritional quality and health benefits linked to the world diversity of citrus fruits/juices.

Citrus juices represent a nutrient-dense beverage due to the remarkable balance in their bioactive compounds (vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers, and phytochemicals such as flavonoids and carotenoids). This review aims to examine the nutritional quality and the health benefits of citrus juice consumption linked to the world diversity of citrus fruits. This work provides heterogenous data found on the main citrus bioactive compounds, especially carotenoids and flavonoids, which are difficult to correlate to particular geographic areas. Through an example of study, this work addresses the question of how and to what extent the content of citrus bioactive compounds is linked to the health benefits observed in humans. We explore through the more recent human clinical trials, the health effects of consuming citrus fruit or taking dietary supplements of bioactive compounds to prevent the exponential increase of world chronic diseases (type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity) and discuss the effects of dose. Finally, even if the data highlight the importance of geographical origin in accumulation of carotenoids or flavonoids from different Citrus species, the difference of content in front of the complex human metabolism of their absorption has lesser consequences for health than the fact of consuming citrus or not. The citrus health effect results in a synergistic action of numerous phytochemicals whose targeted health benefits vary depending more on the diversity of Citrus species than their geographic origin. Therefore, the use of the diversity of Citrus species could be an interesting approach to providing functional food.

Phytochemical profiling of Mango ginger (Curcuma amada): A comprehensive review of bioactive compounds and health implications

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada) is a rhizomatous plant of the Zingiberaceae family and has gained considerable attention because of its unique flavor and potential health benefits. The plant was widespread throughout the tropical regions of South and Southeast Asia in both wild and cultivated environments for its cure for respiratory, skin, and digestive diseases. Traditionally, mango ginger has been utilized in various ethnic medicinal practices and documented in classical medical texts such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha for its therapeutic properties, including the treatment of respiratory disorders, digestive issues, and skin ailments. Phytochemical analyses have shown various bioactive compounds, including curcuminoids, terpenoids, and flavonoids, which possess various biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity. This review presents an in-depth review of the prevalence, distribution, traditional uses, and phytochemical characteristics of mango ginger while emphasizing its pharmacological potential. It also highlights the requirement for future research to uncover the molecular mechanisms involved in producing therapeutic effects to improve delivery methods, and to explore possible synergies with other bioactive compounds. Its findings provide evidence supportive of the development into a functional food, dietary supplement, and medicinal agent. This review synthesizes existing research on the phytochemical profiling of mango ginger, focusing on its bioactive compounds and applications in various industries.

Phytochemical properties and antibacterial activity of green tea leaf extract from gunung gambir jember: an experimental study

Introduction: Green tea leaves are abundant in bioactive components, including catechins, flavonoids, and polyphenols. These compounds are known for tehir antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In addition, green tea also contains minerals, such as Calcium, Phosphor, Potassium, Magnesium, and Sulphur. However, the precise mineral content and anti-bacterial properties of green tea from Gunung (Mount) Gambir in Jember Regency are currently unknown. This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of green tea leaf extract from Gunung Gambir, Jember. Methods: The bioactive constituents of green tea leaf extract were identified using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to measure its total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic compounds (TPC). Mineral identification was performed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The disc diffusion method was used to assess antibacterial activity by quantifying the diameter of the inhibition zone in cultures of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans treated with green tea leaf extract at concentrations of 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%. Anaerobic conditions were created by incubating the Petri dishes in a desiccator for 24 hours at 37°C. One-Way Anova test was used to analyze the data, and differences were considered statistically significant at p&lt;0.05. Subsequently, a LSD test was carried out (p&lt;0,05). Results: The TPC value was 1.607±0.742 mg GAE/g, while the TFC value was 99.146 ± 0.307 mg GAE/g. Calcium appeared to be the most abundant mineral in the tea extract, measured at 31.65 ppm. The inhibitory power of green tea leaves extract against both bacteria was not significantly different (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Green tea leaves extract from Gunung Gambir Jember Regency in Indonesia is rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and certain minerals, such us Phosphor, Calium, Magnesium, Sulphur and Calcium. These constituents are known to possess biological and antibacterial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

Phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the Philippine copperleaf (Acalypha wilkesiana) ethanolic extract

The Philippine copper leaf (Acalypha wilkesiana) is a relatively untapped plant with notable ethnopharmacological properties. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the leaf ethanolic extract of A. wilkesiana collected at Central Philippine University Gardens in Iloilo City, Philippines. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, tannins, saponins, proteins, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, and terpenoids. Quantitatively, the total phenolics and flavonoid contents of the extract were 1,203.7±0.33 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 235.36±2.0 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE)/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity, assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, demonstrated a concentration-dependent radical scavenging capacity. The ethanolic extract exhibited strong antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi, with significant inhibition observed at 100 mg/mL. Resolute results from this first study on the phytochemicals, antioxidants, and antimicrobial activity of the Philippine copperleaf clearly demonstrate that it contains potent bioactive compounds with notable antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This underscores its potential for developing new therapeutic agents.

A comprehensive review on neurotrophic receptors and their implications in brain health: Exploring the neuroprotective potential of berries

Neurotrophic receptors are specialized proteins on the surface of neurons that regulate the growth, development, and survival of nerve cells, interacting with specific neurotrophic factors to support neuronal function and overall brain health. Key examples include the tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) family and the p75 neurotrophin receptor. This review highlights the neuroprotective potential of berries such as blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries known for their rich content of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. These phytochemicals possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may play a critical role in neuroprotection. Emerging evidence from clinical trials suggests that berry consumption can enhance cognitive function and provide protection against age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, the modulation of signaling pathways related to neurotransmission, cell survival, inflammation, and neuroplasticity underscores the significance of these fruits in neuroprotection. This review uniquely synthesizes recent findings on the specific neurotrophic factors influenced by berry-derived phytochemicals, providing insights into their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, we explore the implications of these compounds in developing functional foods aimed at preventing neurodegeneration and promoting cognitive health, thereby contributing to the growing body of research on dietary interventions for brain health.