Bioactive Supplements Research Articles

Scoping review of primary studies evaluating Bovine in vitro oocyte maturation and embryo development

We conducted a scoping review to 1) map and categorize published studies reporting interventions during the in vitro production of Bovine embryos and 2) qualitatively summarize the effects of treatments based on hormones, growth factors, sera, and reproductive fluids during oocyte maturation and embryo development. We searched electronic databases using keywords ('Bovine', 'embryo', 'blastocyst', 'oocyte', 'in vitro', 'quality') derived from the PIOS approach of the PRISMA statement. We identified 231 studies published during 2000−2021, with 133 being published between 2012 and 2021. The 231 studies were classified into four treatment categories: culture conditions (28), medium composition (45), bioactive supplements (79), and other additives (79), with 19 subcategories within these categories. A total of 77 studies included hormones, growth factors, sera, and reproductive fluids, among which 53 studies reported a positive effect on embryo production. Hormone-based treatments using melatonin, gonadotropins, and steroids were the most effective, followed by interventions assessing growth factors such as EGF, FGF, IGF-1, and BMP. These treatments improved oocyte competence, cytoplasmic/nuclear maturation, oocyte quality, and blastocyst development. Although free-serum media and synthetic/alternative products can partially or totally replace serum, it is sometimes necessary even at low concentrations. At high concentrations, hormones or growth factors may have detrimental effects on oocyte nuclear maturation, impair embryo development, and decrease embryo survival. Further meta-analyses are needed to estimate the intervention-specific effects. Future research should focus on interventions that have a positive effect and can be used extensively for Bovine production.

Coal-Derived Humic Substances: Insight into Chemical Structure Parameters and Biomedical Properties.

An investigation was carried out on humic substances (HSs) isolated from the coal of the Kansk-Achinsk basin (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia). The coal HSs demonstrate the main parameters of molecular structure inherent to this class of natural compounds. An assessment was performed for the chemical, microbiological, and pharmacological safety parameters, as well as the biological efficacy. The HS sample meets the safety requirements in microbiological purity, toxic metals content (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic), and radionuclides. The presence of 11 essential elements was determined. The absence of general, systemic toxicity, cytotoxicity, and allergenic properties was demonstrated. The coal HS sample was classified as a Class V hazard (low danger substances). High antioxidant and antiradical activities and immunotropic and cytoprotective properties were identified. The ability of the HS to inhibit hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion radicals was revealed. Pronounced actoprotective and nootropic activities were also demonstrated in vivo. Intragastric administration of the HS sample resulted in the improvement of physical parameters in mice as assessed by the "swim exhaustion" test. Furthermore, intragastric administration in mice with cholinergic dysfunction led to a higher ability of animals with scopolamine-induced amnesia to form conditioned reflexes. These findings suggest that the studied HS sample is a safe and effective natural substance, making it suitable for use as a dietary bioactive supplement.

Virgin flaxseed oil supplemented or not with tocopherols and phytosterols prevents liver steatosis induced by high‐fat diets in male Wistar rats

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effect of a virgin flaxseed oil (FO) rich in n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, supplemented or not with a bioactive supplement (BS) containing tocopherols and phytosterols on the prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a high‐fat (HF) animal model. Male Wistar rats were fed 60 days with a recommended (SO7, soybean oil 7%) or an HF diet (fat, 30%) containing soybean (SO30), corn (CO30), or FO (FO30) or the same oils supplemented with 1% of BS (SO30BS, CO30BS, or FO30BS, respectively). Hepatic and dietary FA composition, triacylglycerides (TAGs) content in serum and liver, nutritional parameters, in vivo TAG‐secretion rate, liver histology, mRNA levels of β‐oxidation‐related genes, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase‐1a (CPT‐1a) enzyme activity were determined. At HF levels, FO30 and FO30BS groups showed the highest total n − 3 PUFA levels in diets and were associated with lower weight gain, liver TAG content, and microsteatosis degree. The CPT‐1a activity was enhanced in FO30 and FO30BS, showing differences only by the type of dietary oil. The BS supplementation induced an increase in the β‐oxidation‐related gene expression. Virgin FO prevented liver steatosis and hepatomegaly induced by HF diets. The BS supplementation reduced body fat accumulation and enhanced expression of β‐oxidation related genes, without affecting hepatic TAG content.Practical Applications: Scientific knowledge of functional lipids with high oxidative stability and biological activity has great practical application in reducing non‐communicable chronic diseases. This study provides evidence on the potential synergic and complementary effects of virgin FO, TP, and PS to be used for the prevention of the metabolic hepatic disorders involved during the evolution of the different steps of NAFLD. Specifically, based on different biological mechanisms, this stable combination of bioactive lipids could prevent not only the development of exacerbated hepatic TAG accumulation but also the hepatocellular injury seen at different stages from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis.

Natural feed additives and bioactive supplements versus chemical additives as a safe and practical approach to combat foodborne mycotoxicoses.

This review highlights the possible hazard of mycotoxins occurrence in foods and feeds in regards to foodborne diseases. The possible management of the risk of contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins by using natural feed additives, protecting against deleterious effects of mycotoxins or inhibiting the growth of fungi and mycotoxin production, is deeply investigated in the available literature and some effective measures for safe utilization of mycotoxin contaminated feed/food are proposed. The biological methods of decontamination, degradation or biotransformation of mycotoxins are deeply analyzed and discussed. Some natural antagonists against target fungi are also reviewed and a comparison is made with conventional fungicides for ensuring a safe prevention of mycotoxin contamination. The most common and useful chemical methods of mycotoxins decontamination of agricultural commodities or raw materials are also investigated, e.g., chemical additives inactivating or destroying and/or adsorbing mycotoxins as well as chemical additives inhibiting the growth of fungi and mycotoxin production. The practical use and safety of various kind of feed/food additives or herbal/biological supplements as possible approach for ameliorating the adverse effects of some dangerous mycotoxins is deeply investigated and some suggestions are given. Various possibilities for decreasing mycotoxins toxicity, e.g., by clarifying the mechanisms of their toxicity and using some target antidotes and vitamins as supplements to the diet, are also studied in the literature and appropriate discussions or suggestions are made in this regard. Some studies on animal diets such as low carbohydrate intake, increased protein content, calorie restriction or the importance of dietary fats are also investigated in the available literature for possible amelioration of the ailments associated with mycotoxins exposure. It could be concluded that natural feed additives and bioactive supplements would be more safe and practical approach to combat foodborne mycotoxicoses as compared to chemical additives.

The Bioactive Substances in Spent Black Tea and Arabic Coffee Could Improve the Nutritional Value and Extend the Shelf Life of Sponge Cake after Fortification.

The study aimed to evaluate the potential use of spent coffee powder (SCP) and spent tea powder (STP) as bioactive supplements for sponge cake. To achieve this aim, we initially compared the chemical properties of spent tea and coffee powders with those of their raw forms. Subsequently, three supplemented cake blends were prepared (1, 2, and 3% of SCP and STP) to test the effect of their addition on the chemophysical characteristics, sensory attributes, and shelf life of the final products. Our results indicated that spent tea and coffee are prospective materials for polyphenols. Spent tea powder could retain up to 72% (theaflavin trigallate), while spent coffee powder could retain up to 63.9% (1-caffeoylquinic acid) of the identified compounds compared to the raw materials. Furthermore, spent tea and coffee powders contained high levels of dietary fiber (18.95 and 31.65 g/100 g dry weight) and the elements potassium (254.6 and 1218.2 mg/100 g of DW), phosphorus (189.8 and 161.3 mg/100 g of DW), calcium (904.1 and 237.8 mg/100 g of DW), and magnesium (158.8 and 199.6 mg/100 g of DW). In addition, the fortified samples with SCP and STP significantly enhanced the nutritional values while retaining good sensory qualities compared to those of the control sample. Moreover, cakes fortified with the highest concentrations of SCP and STP (3%) showed a significant decrease in malondialdehyde content (MDA; 17.7 and 18.0 μg/g) and microbiological counts (2.4 and 2.5 log cfu/g) compared to the control cake after 14 days of storage. These findings suggest that incorporating SCP and STP into cakes not only enhances their nutritional value but also extends their shelf life. By utilizing these waste products, we can contribute to a more sustainable and ecofriendly food industry.

58. Impact of naked oats and bioactive supplements on growth and intestinal mucosa parameters of weaned piglets

58. Impact of naked oats and bioactive supplements on growth and intestinal mucosa parameters of weaned piglets

INVESTIGATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTAL CONTAMINANTS IN VARIOUS MORPHOLOGICAL PARTS OF THE PUMPKIN BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY

The main purpose of the investigation was to compare by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry the accumulation of elemental contaminants Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, V, Zn in the row roots - stems - leaves - peel - pulp - pumpkin seeds. It was found that Hg and Tl are absent in all objects of research at a level of sensitivity of the method. According to the degree of extraction by pumpkin roots from the soil the elements are arranged in the following order: Cd<Pb<Mn<Sr<Cr<As<Ni<Zn<Co<Cu<Fe<Al<Mo<V. V, Mo, Al, Fe are most vigorously accumulated by the roots, the average value of the bioconcentration factor of these elements is more than 100. It was found that pumpkin can limit entry of toxic and potentially carcinogenic elements into aboveground organs by accumulating them mainly in the roots. Values of the element’s translocation factors Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Pb, V for the stems, peel, pulp and seeds of pumpkin irrespective of the places of collection are less than 1, which means that a barrier type of accumulation is characteristic for the studied elements. It is concluded that pumpkin is an expeller of these elements and possesses protective mechanisms preventing their entry from the root system into the above-ground organs of the plant. The highest transport mobility belongs to Zn, its concentration in the seeds is higher than in other above-ground parts of the pumpkin. On this basis pumpkin seeds are recommended for use as a bioactive supplement. Species of pumpkins influence the distribution of the studied elements in the above-ground parts of this plant.

O-alg-THAM/gel hydrogels functionalized with engineered microspheres based on mesenchymal stem cell secretion recruit endogenous stem cells for cartilage repair

Lacking self-repair abilities, injuries to articular cartilage can lead to cartilage degeneration and ultimately result in osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering based on functional bioactive scaffolds are emerging as promising approaches for articular cartilage regeneration and repair. Although the use of cell-laden scaffolds prior to implantation can regenerate and repair cartilage lesions to some extent, these approaches are still restricted by limited cell sources, excessive costs, risks of disease transmission and complex manufacturing practices. Acellular approaches through the recruitment of endogenous cells offer great promise for in situ articular cartilage regeneration. In this study, we propose an endogenous stem cell recruitment strategy for cartilage repair. Based on an injectable, adhesive and self-healable o-alg-THAM/gel hydrogel system as scaffolds and a biophysio-enhanced bioactive microspheres engineered based on hBMSCs secretion during chondrogenic differentiation as bioactive supplement, the as proposed functional material effectively and specifically recruit endogenous stem cells for cartilage repair, providing new insights into in situ articular cartilage regeneration.

The effect of a multi-carbohydrase enzyme and yeast-derived product on intestinal microbiome structure, activity, and gut function of turkeys

The effect of a multi-carbohydrase (E) and its combination with an enzymatically modified yeast cell wall (Y) on the ileal and cecal microbiota and on gut function of turkeys was studied. The experimental diets, including the control (C), C + E, and C + E + Y, were fed to seven replicate pens of four birds from 22 to 56 days of age. The addition of E + Y resulted in a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and a significant increase of Actinobacteria in ileal digesta. A significant decrease in the abundance of Firmicutes was not followed by the abundance of Ruminococcaceae, one of the butyrate-producing bacteria. This coincided with a significantly increased concentration of butyrate in the ileal digesta and the proportion of butyrate within the total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). As opposed to the ileum, the addition of E or E + Y did not affect the relative abundance of Firmicutes in ceca. The higher content of SCFA in the cecal digesta than in the ileum would reflect differences in microbial activities in both compartments, and possible increased SCFA absorption from the ileum. Overall, the positive effects of enzyme and yeast bioactive supplements on bacterial communities appeared to be more pronounced in the small intestine.

Polyisocyanides as a substrate to trigger vaginal fibroblast functioning in an in vitro model for prolapse repair.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is the descent of the bladder, uterus, and/or rectum into the vagina. POP is associated with altered vaginal fibroblast functionality and connective tissue composition in the vaginal wall. The results of surgical intervention are poor, which may be related to the lack of true restoration of the connective tissue. An innovative treatment addresses tissue repair after surgery by the introduction of a bioactive supplement that enhances the healing process through collagen and elastin deposition. As a novel strategy, we first studied the effects in an in vitro model. Here, we investigate how the presence of cell binding GRGDS (RGD) peptides on the highly biomimetic polyisocyanide (PIC) gel facilitates and promotes the function of primary vaginal fibroblasts isolated from a POP patient. Fibroblast function was analyzed in terms of morphology, proliferation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and remodeling. RGD modification of the gel facilitated cell spread and proliferation. Quantitative outcomes of the ECM content indicated increased production of collagen and elastin by fibroblasts on gels with the highest RGD density. The in vitro results suggest that PIC-RGD hydrogel application may translate into improved connective tissue healing in the pelvic floor, which is essential for its use as a regeneration promoting additive in surgery.

Bioactive supplements influencing bovine in vitro embryo development.

Ovum pickup and in vitro production (IVP) of bovine embryos are replacing traditional multiple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET) as the primary means for generating transferable embryos from genetically elite sires and dams. However, inefficiencies in the IVP process limit the opportunities to produce large numbers of transferable embryos. Also, the post-transfer competency of IVP embryos is inferior to embryos produced by artificial insemination or MOET. Numerous maternal, paternal, embryonic, and culture-related factors can have adverse effects on IVP success. This review will explore the various efforts made on describing how IVP embryo development and post-transfer competency may be improved by supplementing hormones, growth factors, cytokines, steroids and other bioactive factors found in the oviduct and uterus during early pregnancy. More than 40 of these factors, collectively termed as embryokines, are reviewed here. Several embryokines contain abilities to promote embryo development, including improving embryo survivability, improving blastomere cell numbers, and altering the distribution of blastomere cell types in blastocysts. A select few embryokines also can benefit pregnancy retention after IVP embryo transfer and improve neonatal calf health and performance, although very few embryokine-supplemented embryo transfer studies have been completed. Also, supplementing several embryokines at the same time holds promise for improving IVP embryo development and competency. However, more work is needed to explore the post-transfer consequences of adding these putative embryokines for any adverse outcomes, such as large offspring syndrome and poor postnatal health, and to specify the specific embryokine combinations that will best represent the ideal conditions found in the oviduct and uterus.

Ameliorative role of Syzygium aromaticum aqueous extract on synaptosomal tyrosine hydroxylase activity, oxidative stress parameters, and behavioral changes in lead-induced neurotoxicity in mice.

This study reports the protective role of the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum (ESA) against lead (Pb)-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Thirty male mice weighing between 18g and 25g were randomly divided into five groups. (1) Group 1 (control group), (2) group 2 (Pb-test group): was administered with a solution containing 0.1% (w/v) of lead acetate (PbAc), (3) group 3 (ESA+Pb100 group): was administered with 0.1% (w/v) of PbAc followed by 100mg/kg of S. aromaticum extract by gavage, (4) group 4 (ESA+Pb200): was administered with 0.1% (w/v) of PbAc followed by 200mg/kg of S. aromaticum extract, and (5) group 5 (ESA-group): was administered with 100mg/kg of S. aromaticum. Level of lead was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cerebral cortex synaptosomes prepared from mice administered orally with lead-acetate shown a significantly increased (p<.05) in tyrosine hydroxylase and protein carbonyl level and significantly decreased (p<.05) superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione transferase activities. Also, there was a significant increase in brain lead concentration level, however, it was observed that S. aromaticum significantly reduced (p<.05) the level of lead at all tested doses. S. aromaticum rescued cerebral cortex synaptosomes from lead-induced neurotoxicity by relieving oxidative stress and abating elevated tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Moreover, S. aromaticum at the different dose grade (100mg and 200mg) abrogated the loss of motor performance in mice groups induced with lead. Altogether, our findings showed that S. aromaticum possesses antioxidant and neuro-modulatory potential against lead-induced neuronal damage. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Environmental pollution with heavy metals is a known public health concern and their incremental concentrations in soil and water have risen to an unprecedented degree. Lead is one of the top 10 contaminants on the WHO's list of substances of greatest public health concern that impact the brain. However, exogenous natural bioactive supplements molecules could be one of the remedies to reduce Pb-induced toxicity. Our findings indicate therefore that, S. aromaticum could be a good fit for lowering Pb neurotoxicity and could be suggested as a neuroprotective molecule against neurodegenerative diseases involving catecholaminergic dysfunction induced by metallic elements.

Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-stabilized Pickering emulsion for improved curcumin storage stability

Curcumin is a bioactive supplement known to have many medical benefits. However, it has low bioavailability due to its insolubility in aqueous solution and rapid degradation profile. In this paper, an oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion (PE) was fabricated ultrasonically with different cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) concentrations to investigate its effect on the physicochemical properties of PE and the storage stability of curcumin. The CNC-PE produced remained stable for at least one month. The highest encapsulation efficiency of curcumin in CNC-PE was found to exceed 99%. For storage of curcumin containing CNC-PE under dark conditions, good stability of curcumin was observed with a half-life of 98.47 d, reflecting a nearly 20-fold improvement as compared to other existing PE systems. On the other hand, storage under visible light, UV light, and at elevated temperature (50 °C) increased the degradation rate of encapsulated curcumin following the order: 50 °C > UV light > visible light > dark. Our findings elucidated the promising potential of CNC-PE as a food-safe delivery system for sensitive lipophilic bioactive compounds.

FOOD PATTERN LINK TO COVID19: THE ROLE OF DIET AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT DURING A WORLD WIDE HEALTH CATASTROPHE

Nutritional diet and essential bioactive supplements can shape out to be a vital technique to attain healthy and well-balanced body functioning. Unhealthy dietary habits can result into various physical ailment and one becomes prone to various disease because of the same. COVID-19 infection depends on a two-phase immune response and the risk of infection or overcoming the infection is higher for stronger immune system. In this piece of writing we have correlated the properties of certain immunity strengthening food against the risk of various viral infections. We had also conducted a survey with people living all across India to study the change in food pattern and preferences during this pandemic lockdown situation and have presented them in graphical format. A healthy diet consisting of various components like minerals, zinc, iron, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E has been seen to improve immune system and strengthens it.

Research of Juice-Containing Products with Collagen Additive

One of the most important tasks for food enterprises is the development of food rations and products with high biological value, enriched with essential substances. To expand the range of such products, non-traditional plant and animal raw materials are widely used. Protein raw materials are of particular interest, since they have structural and physiological significance for the human body. Collagen is one of the most popular and multifunctional bioactive supplements. Collagen is a major protein in human connective tissue: cartilage, cornea, arteries and skin. It affects their strength and energy, structure and elasticity, strengthens not only muscle fibers, but also smooth muscles, such as the heart. Collagen is constantly reproduced in the human body on its own, but after a person reaches 25 years of age, this process slows down and progressively weakens in old age. Collagen storage disorders can also be the body at levels over 90%, which is unattainable when collagen is taken in pill triggered in situations of constant overload (for example, in strength sports or in cases of intense physical activity). The liquid form of collagen for drinking is absorbed by or capsule form. We have developed recipes for a new range of juice products based on fruit and vegetable raw materials, enriched with vegetable and animal collagen, tomato, beef, pork and fish. The optimal amount of this biological additive in beverages has been determined, while ensuring the required quality of products, the preservation of its active properties has been studied. Also, studies have been carried out on juice products with a collagen supplement "in vivo".

Complex Bioactive Supplements for Aquaculture-Evolutionary Development of Probiotic Concepts.

The use of novel and effective probiotic-based immunostimulating preparations, prebiotics, metabiotics, and phytobiotics is considered as a promising direction for the creation of new complex feed additives for aquaculture enterprises to increase the health and productivity of the cultivated hydrobionts. The information on the products of anaerobic solid-phase fermentation of plant substrates is presented as the basis for new probiotic-based additives for aquacultures. Biologically active feed additives ProStor and GerbaStor containing probiotics and medicinal herbs and their effects on aquaculture are discussed. Specific features of their application in aquatic environments with targeted action on hydrobionts are analyzed.

Magnetic molecularly imprinting polymers and reduced graphene oxide modified electrochemical sensor for the selective and sensitive determination of luteolin in natural extract

The rapid and sensitive determination of luteolin was important since it was an effective antioxidant and bioactive supplement in food. For this purpose, magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (Fe3O4@MIP) using luteolin as template was prepared, and then modified on the surface of glassy carbon electrode together with reduced graphene oxide (Fe3O4@MIP/rGO/GCE) for the sensitive electrochemical detection of luteolin. Through characterizations and adsorption experiments, Fe3O4@MIP demonstrated sphere structure with rough surface, well magnetic response in solution and better selectivity for luteolin than molecularly imprinted polymer (SiO2@MIP). After optimization of fabrication and electrochemical conditions, the Fe3O4@MIP/rGO/GCE exhibited satisfied anti-interference ability, linearity, detection limit, reproducibility and stability in detection. The linear detection range of luteolin using Fe3O4@MIP/rGO/GCE was from 2.5 pM to 0.1 μM, and the sensor could keep stable in six days. It was also successfully utilized in the determination of luteolin in lotus leaves extract with well recovery. Based on these results, the proposed electrochemical sensor Fe3O4@MIP/rGO/GCE had good prospects in evaluation of natural antioxidants.

Natural Food Supplements Reduce Oxidative Stress in Primary Neurons and in the Mouse Brain, Suggesting Applications in the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases pose a major health problem for developed countries, and stress has been identified as one of the main risk factors in the development of these disorders. Here, we have examined the protective properties against oxidative stress of several bioactive natural food supplements. We found that MecobalActive®, Olews®, and red and white grape seed polyphenol extracts may have a neuroprotective effect in vitro, both in the SH-SY 5Y cell line and in hippocampal neuron cultures, mainly by reducing reactive oxygen species levels and decreasing caspase-3 activity. In vivo, we demonstrated that oral administration of the supplements reduces the expression of genes involved in inflammation and oxidation mechanisms, whereas it increments the expression of genes related to protection against oxidative stress. Furthermore, we found that preventive treatment with these natural extracts increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and prevents lipid peroxidation in the brain of stressed mice. Thus, our results indicate that some natural bioactive supplements may have important protective properties against oxidative stress processes occurring in the brain.

Screening tea hybrid with abundant anthocyanins and investigating the effect of tea processing on foliar anthocyanins in tea

Abstract Anthocyanins are important bioactive supplements that are consumed from multiple foods and beverage products. Screening tea cultivars producing a high level of anthocyanins can help to enrich the edible bioactive supplements. ‘Zijuan’ (ZJ) is a tea cultivar growing purple shoots rich in anthocyanins, but it is susceptible to freezing winter and sprouts late in spring. Hybridisation using ‘ZJ’ as the female parent and an early sprouting cultivar ‘Wuniuzao’ as the male parent was carried out, and four hybrids with purple leaves were obtained. The quality of anthocyanins, catechins, caffeine and amino acids in shoots with three leaves and a bud of the purple leaf hybrids obtained were determined based on the field investigation on sprouting time in spring, winter resistance and leaf yield. It showed that hybrid ‘B-2’ sprouted earlier in the spring, contained a higher level of anthocyanins and also showed good performance in winter resistance than its female parent ‘ZJ’. It also showed that black tea processing induced a marked decrease in foliar anthocyanins, but green tea processing had little effect on the foliar anthocyanins. Purple tea leaves should be prepared into unfermented green tea instead of fermented black tea to preserve the high level of anthocyanins in the final tea products.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening, Lipoidal Matter and Proximate Analysis of Codiaeum variegatum cv. Gold Dust Leaves and Stems Cultivated in Egypt

Objectives: The current study aimed at the qualitative phytochemical screening, lipoidal matter investigation and proximate analysis of Codiaeum variegatum cv. Gold Dust (family Euphorbiaceae) leaves and stems for the first time.Methods:Phytochemical screening was accomplished using the standard adopted procedures as per constituent. Saponifiable and unsaponifiable components were analyzed using gas liquid chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (GLC/FID). Finally, the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standard procedures were applied for the proximate analysis of crude fiber, fat, moisture and ash contents. Results: The qualitative phytochemical screeningrevealed the presence of flavonoids in all tested fractions, while anthraquinones and coumarins were completely absent. In addition, the residue was dedicated for the presence of various secondary metabolite classes as; alkaloids and/or nitrogenous bases, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and tannins. On the other hand, dichloromethane soluble fraction demonstrated the presence of terpenes and/or sterols which were quantitively identified using gas chromatography (GC) analysis. The GLC of lipoidal matter tentatively revealed the identification of 9-octadecenoic (oleic acid) as the major unsaturated fatty acid (27.90%), while the hexadecanoic (palmitic acid, 18.68%) was pointed out as the most abundant, saturated one. Furthermore, n-hexacosane(16.45%), β-sitosterol (1.40%), and α-amyrin (1.90%) represented the most, identified saturated hydrocarbons, sterols, and triterpenes, respectively. Finally, the proximate analysis was denoted by the high crude fiber content (21.70 %), moderate ash value (14.91%) and moisture (10.77%), while the fat contents was relatively low (1.00%). Conclusion: From the eventual findings it could be concluded that Codiaeum variegatum cv. Gold Dust leaves and stems are valuable source of a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites, crude fibers, unsaturated fatty acids and sterols that may serve as bioactive dietary supplement, but it still needs further safety studies.